Twenty-eight years after the creation of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA), private international law remains a “Cinderella subject” in western and central Africa. Indeed, there are no coherent sets of rules regarding the law applicable to contractual obligations, international jurisdiction, as well as the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments under OHADA law. This article contends that the main reason behind the lesser importance given to private international law in the OHADA region can be found in OHADA’s unification technique itself: OHADA unifies (and does not merely harmonize) business law. Its Uniform Acts are directly applicable and overriding in all the Member States; therefore, one could (erroneously) think that courts would never have to grapple with difficult questions as to which Member State’s law would apply to a dispute falling within the scope of a Uniform Act, as the laws of all the Member States would yield the same results. This article demonstrates that the Uniform Acts are incomplete either because they contain gaps or because they sometimes refer to the national legislations of the Member States. Thus, the unification of the substantive rules does not eliminate the need for the existence and the unification of conflict-of-laws rules. Moreover, this article provides a tour d’horizon of the existing seldom private international law rules under OHADA law. Additionally, it suggests new avenues for the development of a future OHADA legislation on the law applicable to contractual obligations, international jurisdiction, as well as the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments.
{"title":"Quo vadis, OHADA Private International Law?","authors":"Justin Monsenepwo","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unab020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unab020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Twenty-eight years after the creation of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA), private international law remains a “Cinderella subject” in western and central Africa. Indeed, there are no coherent sets of rules regarding the law applicable to contractual obligations, international jurisdiction, as well as the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments under OHADA law. This article contends that the main reason behind the lesser importance given to private international law in the OHADA region can be found in OHADA’s unification technique itself: OHADA unifies (and does not merely harmonize) business law. Its Uniform Acts are directly applicable and overriding in all the Member States; therefore, one could (erroneously) think that courts would never have to grapple with difficult questions as to which Member State’s law would apply to a dispute falling within the scope of a Uniform Act, as the laws of all the Member States would yield the same results. This article demonstrates that the Uniform Acts are incomplete either because they contain gaps or because they sometimes refer to the national legislations of the Member States. Thus, the unification of the substantive rules does not eliminate the need for the existence and the unification of conflict-of-laws rules. Moreover, this article provides a tour d’horizon of the existing seldom private international law rules under OHADA law. Additionally, it suggests new avenues for the development of a future OHADA legislation on the law applicable to contractual obligations, international jurisdiction, as well as the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73891830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Les intérêts des actionnaires et des créanciers sont moins antagonistes qu’ils le paraissent en dépit des différences les caractérisant. Les premiers n’existent pas sans les seconds et vice versa. Dès lors, seule une protection concurrente de ces intérêts constitue le soubassement de la confiance de ces partenaires et le garant de la continuité de l’exploitation de la société. Cette réflexion est organisée autour de l’analyse des aménagements mis en place dans le code burundais des sociétés privées et à participation publique et dans l’acte uniforme de l’OHADA portant droit des sociétés commerciales et groupement d’intérêt économique pour assurer une cohabitation fructueuse des intérêts des partenaires suscités dans la protection du capital social. La forme juridique qui sert de cadre d’analyse est la société anonyme. En explicitant les mécanismes de protection des intérêts des actionnaires et des créanciers, cette analyse met en lumière les principes de protection du capital social et des intérêts de ceux qui participent à sa formation. L’étude se veut un ingrédient indispensable pour maintenir la performance financière de la société. Étant par essence comparative, cette réflexion expose les textes commentés et est par conséquent susceptible de susciter les commentaires pouvant provoquer leur relecture par les décideurs. De l’ensemble de l’analyse, il s’avère que les principes qui protègent les intérêts des actionnaires préservent aussi par ricochet les intérêts des créanciers et vice versa. Il y a donc une interdépendance entre ces principes qui converge vers la protection du capital, centre d’intérêt des partenaires de la SA.
{"title":"Cohabitation des intérêts des créanciers et des actionnaires de la société anonyme dans la protection du capital social: quid de la législation burundaise et de l’espace OHADA?","authors":"Anaclet Nzohabonayo","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unaa023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unaa023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Les intérêts des actionnaires et des créanciers sont moins antagonistes qu’ils le paraissent en dépit des différences les caractérisant. Les premiers n’existent pas sans les seconds et vice versa. Dès lors, seule une protection concurrente de ces intérêts constitue le soubassement de la confiance de ces partenaires et le garant de la continuité de l’exploitation de la société. Cette réflexion est organisée autour de l’analyse des aménagements mis en place dans le code burundais des sociétés privées et à participation publique et dans l’acte uniforme de l’OHADA portant droit des sociétés commerciales et groupement d’intérêt économique pour assurer une cohabitation fructueuse des intérêts des partenaires suscités dans la protection du capital social. La forme juridique qui sert de cadre d’analyse est la société anonyme.\u0000 En explicitant les mécanismes de protection des intérêts des actionnaires et des créanciers, cette analyse met en lumière les principes de protection du capital social et des intérêts de ceux qui participent à sa formation. L’étude se veut un ingrédient indispensable pour maintenir la performance financière de la société. Étant par essence comparative, cette réflexion expose les textes commentés et est par conséquent susceptible de susciter les commentaires pouvant provoquer leur relecture par les décideurs.\u0000 De l’ensemble de l’analyse, il s’avère que les principes qui protègent les intérêts des actionnaires préservent aussi par ricochet les intérêts des créanciers et vice versa. Il y a donc une interdépendance entre ces principes qui converge vers la protection du capital, centre d’intérêt des partenaires de la SA.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"6 1","pages":"408-425"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73797440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"« Haro sur le juge statuant à bref délai en droit OHADA »","authors":"Moukete Ekoume Francis Guillaume","doi":"10.1093/ULR/UNAA014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ULR/UNAA014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84875657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
En raison de son caractère synallagmatique, le contrat de transport met à la charge de l’expéditeur ou du destinataire, selon le cas, l’obligation de payer le prix du déplacement des marchandises. Ainsi, en cas de refus de paiement du prix du transport le transporteur a le droit de retenir les marchandises transportées jusqu’à complet paiement de sa créance. Mais malgré que le droit de rétention du transporteur ait été érigé au rang de sûreté, c’est parfois avec peine que son exercice par le transporteur débouche sur un paiement spontané du débiteur du prix du transport. La réalisation de la sûreté n’étant pas en principe possible, le désintéressement du transporteur ne peut être assuré que grâce au secours des autres moyens qui lui sont offerts par la loi. Et là encore, c’est à prendre avec des réserves. Due to its synallagmatic nature, the transport contract places the responsibility of the sender or the recipient, as the case may be, with the obligation to pay the price of moving the goods. Thus, in the event of refusal to pay the price of the transport, the carrier has the right to withhold the goods transported until full payment of his debt. But despite the fact that the carrier's lien has been raised to the rank of security, it is sometimes with difficulty that its exercise by the carrier leads to a spontaneous payment by the debtor of the transport price. The realization of the security is not in principle possible; the disinterestedness of the carrier can be assured only thanks to the help of the other means which are offered to him by the law. And there again, it is to be taken with reservations.
{"title":"Considérations sur le droit de rétention du transporteur routier de marchandises en droit OHADA ","authors":"Innocent Tchamgwe","doi":"10.1093/ULR/UNAA028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ULR/UNAA028","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 En raison de son caractère synallagmatique, le contrat de transport met à la charge de l’expéditeur ou du destinataire, selon le cas, l’obligation de payer le prix du déplacement des marchandises. Ainsi, en cas de refus de paiement du prix du transport le transporteur a le droit de retenir les marchandises transportées jusqu’à complet paiement de sa créance. Mais malgré que le droit de rétention du transporteur ait été érigé au rang de sûreté, c’est parfois avec peine que son exercice par le transporteur débouche sur un paiement spontané du débiteur du prix du transport. La réalisation de la sûreté n’étant pas en principe possible, le désintéressement du transporteur ne peut être assuré que grâce au secours des autres moyens qui lui sont offerts par la loi. Et là encore, c’est à prendre avec des réserves.\u0000 Due to its synallagmatic nature, the transport contract places the responsibility of the sender or the recipient, as the case may be, with the obligation to pay the price of moving the goods. Thus, in the event of refusal to pay the price of the transport, the carrier has the right to withhold the goods transported until full payment of his debt. But despite the fact that the carrier's lien has been raised to the rank of security, it is sometimes with difficulty that its exercise by the carrier leads to a spontaneous payment by the debtor of the transport price. The realization of the security is not in principle possible; the disinterestedness of the carrier can be assured only thanks to the help of the other means which are offered to him by the law. And there again, it is to be taken with reservations.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74990196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Les conditions d’acquisition de la qualité d’entreprenant-commerçant présentent des particularités au moment de l’entrée dans le cadre de l’entreprenant. Ainsi, contrairement au statut du commerçant qui est ouvert tant aux personnes physiques, qu’aux personnes morales, le statut d’entreprenant est exclusivement réservé aux personnes physiques et la déclaration au RRCM est simplifiée. Mais, au moment de l’exercice de l’activité commerciale, les conditions se rapprochent de celles du commerçant. Cet état de chose fait que les frontières des deux statuts sont poreuses et l’on pourra s’interroger sur l’opportunité de leur distinction.
{"title":"L’acquisition du statut d’entreprenant-commerçant en droit OHADA","authors":"Guy Armel Tamkam Silatchom","doi":"10.1093/ULR/UNAA030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ULR/UNAA030","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Les conditions d’acquisition de la qualité d’entreprenant-commerçant présentent des particularités au moment de l’entrée dans le cadre de l’entreprenant. Ainsi, contrairement au statut du commerçant qui est ouvert tant aux personnes physiques, qu’aux personnes morales, le statut d’entreprenant est exclusivement réservé aux personnes physiques et la déclaration au RRCM est simplifiée. Mais, au moment de l’exercice de l’activité commerciale, les conditions se rapprochent de celles du commerçant. Cet état de chose fait que les frontières des deux statuts sont poreuses et l’on pourra s’interroger sur l’opportunité de leur distinction.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78641442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article contains the first draft of the envisaged African Principles on the Law Applicable to International Commercial Contracts. The drafting of various sets of African Principles of Commercial Private International Law is a project of the Research Centre for Private International Law at the University of Johannesburg. The future sets of principles, in the form of model laws, could be used by national legislators on the continent and African economic integration organisations, particularly the African Union, in, respectively, domestic legislation and regional or supranational laws of a soft or binding nature. The existence of a reliable transnational legal infrastructure in respect of international commercial law, including commercial private international law, is a prerequisite for investor confidence, inclusive economic growth, sustainable development, and the ultimate alleviation of poverty on the African continent. The proposed sets of African Principles may contribute to sustainable growth on a long-term basis. The regulation of private international law of contract is essential in the further development of the African Continental Free Trade Area, which was established in 2018. Academics and other interested parties are invited to provide comments on the draft below before the end of June 2021.
{"title":"The African Principles on the Law Applicable to International Commercial Contracts – a first drafting experiment","authors":"Jan L Neels","doi":"10.1093/ULR/UNAA016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ULR/UNAA016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article contains the first draft of the envisaged African Principles on the Law Applicable to International Commercial Contracts. The drafting of various sets of African Principles of Commercial Private International Law is a project of the Research Centre for Private International Law at the University of Johannesburg. The future sets of principles, in the form of model laws, could be used by national legislators on the continent and African economic integration organisations, particularly the African Union, in, respectively, domestic legislation and regional or supranational laws of a soft or binding nature. The existence of a reliable transnational legal infrastructure in respect of international commercial law, including commercial private international law, is a prerequisite for investor confidence, inclusive economic growth, sustainable development, and the ultimate alleviation of poverty on the African continent. The proposed sets of African Principles may contribute to sustainable growth on a long-term basis. The regulation of private international law of contract is essential in the further development of the African Continental Free Trade Area, which was established in 2018. Academics and other interested parties are invited to provide comments on the draft below before the end of June 2021.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81335879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has taken a toll on people all across the world in various aspects. The severe consequences of this pandemic can be seen in international trade and commercial contracts. The underlying principle of contract law is that the parties are bound by the promises given under an agreement; however, events such as COVID-19 affect the parties’ performance of contractual duties. The harsh measures, such as prohibition on importation and exportation of goods or travel bans, have seriously affected the parties’ performances. In such situations, force majeure clauses, which serve as an exemption from non-performance, come into play. This article aims to reveal how COVID-19 will be assessed in terms of force majeure and the possible attitudes of arbitral tribunals towards these cases. This assessment is undertaken in light of force majeure clauses laid under the Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods, the Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts, and the International Chamber of Commerce’s 2020 Force Majeure Clause.
{"title":"COVID-19 and force majeure clauses: an examination of arbitral tribunal’s awards","authors":"S. E. Kiraz, Esra Yildiz Üstün","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unaa027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unaa027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has taken a toll on people all across the world in various aspects. The severe consequences of this pandemic can be seen in international trade and commercial contracts. The underlying principle of contract law is that the parties are bound by the promises given under an agreement; however, events such as COVID-19 affect the parties’ performance of contractual duties. The harsh measures, such as prohibition on importation and exportation of goods or travel bans, have seriously affected the parties’ performances. In such situations, force majeure clauses, which serve as an exemption from non-performance, come into play. This article aims to reveal how COVID-19 will be assessed in terms of force majeure and the possible attitudes of arbitral tribunals towards these cases. This assessment is undertaken in light of force majeure clauses laid under the Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods, the Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts, and the International Chamber of Commerce’s 2020 Force Majeure Clause.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78898210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since normal corporate insolvency proceedings run by law courts and purely aimed at liquidating troubled entities are generally considered inappropriate for peculiar institutions like banks, having a special administrative regime, which provides the authorities with resolution-like tools, is of paramount importance to maintaining the stability of the system and reducing the destruction of value. Still, in order for these special administrative regimes to properly work and, thereby, for the winding up to be orderly, as provided by the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive, an active and leading role should be played by deposit guarantee schemes. Accordingly, this article advocates the adoption of special administrative regimes dedicated to troubled banks, harmonized at the European Union level and based on the interventionist role of deposit guarantee schemes, which I define as harmonized deposit guarantee scheme-centred special administrative regimes. But, from this perspective, a review of the European Union legislation, with regard to State aid provision and depositor preference, is needed to enable such schemes to properly perform their function through the so-called optional measures. And, in this regard, the article advances some reform proposals.
由于一般认为，由法院进行的纯粹以清算陷入困境的实体为目的的正常公司破产程序不适用于银行等特殊机构，因此，建立一个特别的行政制度，为当局提供类似于决议的工具，对于维持系统的稳定和减少价值的破坏至关重要。不过，为了使这些特别行政制度正常运作，从而使清算井然有序，就像《银行复苏与处置指令》(Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive)所规定的那样，存款担保计划应该发挥积极和主导作用。因此，本文主张采用专门针对陷入困境的银行的特别行政制度，在欧盟层面进行协调，并基于存款担保计划的干预作用，我将其定义为以存款担保计划为中心的协调特别行政制度。但是，从这个角度来看，需要审查欧洲联盟关于国家援助提供和存款人优先的立法，以使这些计划能够通过所谓的任择措施适当履行其职能。并在此基础上提出了改革建议。
{"title":"Alternative forms of deposit insurance and the quest for European harmonized deposit guarantee scheme-centred special administrative regimes to handle troubled banks","authors":"Marco Bodellini","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unaa012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unaa012","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Since normal corporate insolvency proceedings run by law courts and purely aimed at liquidating troubled entities are generally considered inappropriate for peculiar institutions like banks, having a special administrative regime, which provides the authorities with resolution-like tools, is of paramount importance to maintaining the stability of the system and reducing the destruction of value. Still, in order for these special administrative regimes to properly work and, thereby, for the winding up to be orderly, as provided by the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive, an active and leading role should be played by deposit guarantee schemes. Accordingly, this article advocates the adoption of special administrative regimes dedicated to troubled banks, harmonized at the European Union level and based on the interventionist role of deposit guarantee schemes, which I define as harmonized deposit guarantee scheme-centred special administrative regimes. But, from this perspective, a review of the European Union legislation, with regard to State aid provision and depositor preference, is needed to enable such schemes to properly perform their function through the so-called optional measures. And, in this regard, the article advances some reform proposals.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79054596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article analyses the many actors and initiatives that, in the last decades, have pursued the goal of worldwide harmonization of secured transaction laws, scrutinizing the achievements and the limits of these experiments. In light of such results, the article also outlines the methodological contribution that comparative law can offer to legal change in the sector of secured transactions law, by way of confronting positive law models with meta-legal elements such as culture, society, economy, law-making processes, and geopolitics.
{"title":"Secured transactions and patterns of legal change: the contribution of comparative law","authors":"F. Fiorentini","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unaa020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unaa020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The article analyses the many actors and initiatives that, in the last decades, have pursued the goal of worldwide harmonization of secured transaction laws, scrutinizing the achievements and the limits of these experiments. In light of such results, the article also outlines the methodological contribution that comparative law can offer to legal change in the sector of secured transactions law, by way of confronting positive law models with meta-legal elements such as culture, society, economy, law-making processes, and geopolitics.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76277647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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