Pub Date : 2010-03-01DOI: 10.14334/WARTAZOA.V20I1.946
K. Diwyanto, S. Rusdiana, B. Wibowo
Developing an integrated coconut beef cattle system could be prospective in view of both technical and economical aspects. The present agribusiness of coconut plantation as monoculture, has not met sufficient farmer’s income, because each hectare of land, only produces equivalent to 2,500,000 rupiahs per year. Constraints such as plant disease, fluctuation price of coconut and the large areas of old plants need to be solved seriously. Integrated coconut-cattle system (CCS) in small holding scale region with Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA) approach is considered to be economically potential. Additional income is estimated increase 2 – 3 times than traditionally monoculture-based coconut production. About one percent (approximately 30,000 hectare) of total coconut plantation can support 30,000 until 100,000 cattle per year. This will contribute mostly (90%) of the national requirement of meat. Theoritically, when 10% of whole areas of coconut crop is integrated with cattle production, Indonesia could even export the meat.This program of CCS -based on coconut farming can be made posible, when it is supoported by sufficient fund, technology, supervision and condusive policy. Key words: Development, agribusiness, cattle, coconut farm
{"title":"Developing Cattle Agribusiness in an Intergrated Coconut Plantation Area","authors":"K. Diwyanto, S. Rusdiana, B. Wibowo","doi":"10.14334/WARTAZOA.V20I1.946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14334/WARTAZOA.V20I1.946","url":null,"abstract":"Developing an integrated coconut beef cattle system could be prospective in view of both technical and economical aspects. The present agribusiness of coconut plantation as monoculture, has not met sufficient farmer’s income, because each hectare of land, only produces equivalent to 2,500,000 rupiahs per year. Constraints such as plant disease, fluctuation price of coconut and the large areas of old plants need to be solved seriously. Integrated coconut-cattle system (CCS) in small holding scale region with Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA) approach is considered to be economically potential. Additional income is estimated increase 2 – 3 times than traditionally monoculture-based coconut production. About one percent (approximately 30,000 hectare) of total coconut plantation can support 30,000 until 100,000 cattle per year. This will contribute mostly (90%) of the national requirement of meat. Theoritically, when 10% of whole areas of coconut crop is integrated with cattle production, Indonesia could even export the meat.This program of CCS -based on coconut farming can be made posible, when it is supoported by sufficient fund, technology, supervision and condusive policy. Key words: Development, agribusiness, cattle, coconut farm","PeriodicalId":42818,"journal":{"name":"Wartazoa-Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67039978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I4.911
B. Haryanto, A. Thalib
Changing in atmosphere condition is affected by the quantity of gases produced from all activities on the earth. Gases that have effects on global warming are CO2, N2O, H2O, and CH4 (methane). Among other sources of methane are enteric fermentation of organic material from ruminants and feces decomposition. Methane production from ruminants is affected by several factors such as breed/type of animal, feed quality, environmental temperature and physiological status of the animal. Energy as methane in ruminants may reach 2 to 15% of the total energy consumption. To reduce the emission of methane from ruminants, it is necessary to apply a strategic feeding system for more efficient utilization of feed. Key words: Methane, global warming, ruminants, rumen fermentation
{"title":"Emission of Methane From Enteric Fermentation: National Contribution and Factors Affecting it in Livestock","authors":"B. Haryanto, A. Thalib","doi":"10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I4.911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I4.911","url":null,"abstract":"Changing in atmosphere condition is affected by the quantity of gases produced from all activities on the earth. Gases that have effects on global warming are CO2, N2O, H2O, and CH4 (methane). Among other sources of methane are enteric fermentation of organic material from ruminants and feces decomposition. Methane production from ruminants is affected by several factors such as breed/type of animal, feed quality, environmental temperature and physiological status of the animal. Energy as methane in ruminants may reach 2 to 15% of the total energy consumption. To reduce the emission of methane from ruminants, it is necessary to apply a strategic feeding system for more efficient utilization of feed. Key words: Methane, global warming, ruminants, rumen fermentation","PeriodicalId":42818,"journal":{"name":"Wartazoa-Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67039852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-09-01DOI: 10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I3.917
A. Alimon
The increase in world fuel prices in the last few years has charged the global animal feedstuffs. In Malaysia, the feed industry is dependent on the importation of corn and soybean meal as the poultry and swine industries are almost totally based on corn soya bean meal diets. However, there are many byproducts and coproducts available in Malaysia as alternatives to corn or soy bean. Since Malaysia has more than 4 million hectares of oil palm plantation and after processing for the oil, large quantities of several byproducts are produced. This paper describes several available byproducts and co products in Malaysia, their nutritive value and their problems. Key words: Byproducts, non conventional feed, Malaysia
{"title":"Alternative Raw Materials for Animal Feed","authors":"A. Alimon","doi":"10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I3.917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I3.917","url":null,"abstract":"The increase in world fuel prices in the last few years has charged the global animal feedstuffs. In Malaysia, the feed industry is dependent on the importation of corn and soybean meal as the poultry and swine industries are almost totally based on corn soya bean meal diets. However, there are many byproducts and coproducts available in Malaysia as alternatives to corn or soy bean. Since Malaysia has more than 4 million hectares of oil palm plantation and after processing for the oil, large quantities of several byproducts are produced. This paper describes several available byproducts and co products in Malaysia, their nutritive value and their problems. Key words: Byproducts, non conventional feed, Malaysia","PeriodicalId":42818,"journal":{"name":"Wartazoa-Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67039734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-09-01DOI: 10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I3.916
L. Cruz
There are two major types of water buffaloes in the world, the riverine type and the swamp type. The total number of Swamp buffalo is 37.6 M and represents 21.8% of the world’s buffalo population. The swamp buffaloes have played a major role in draft animal-dependent farming system. But intensified rice production became more pronounced in irrigated areas and this has led to increased utilization of small farm machineries, displacing significantly the draft buffaloes for land tillage. To some extent, the introduction of tractors for land preparation and transport for corn, sugarcane and other crops in production areas has similar effect. Utilization of the existing population of swamp buffaloes to meet the growing domestic demand for milk and meat, against the background of increasing farm mechanization, is a good reason to transform the huge number of draft animals into producers of milk and meat. According to the UNDP/FAO-assisted project in the Philippines carried from 1982 to 1998, that crossing swamp buffalo and riverine buffaloes, despite the differences in chromosome numbers, is producing crossbreds with high growth rate potentials and milk production abilities several folds over the swamp buffalo parents. The known fact that swamp and riverine buffaloes have different chromosome number, the diploid chromosome number of the swamp buffalo is 48 and that of the river buffalo is 50. When crossbreeding between the 2 buffalo types occur, males and females of the F1 generation are heterozygous for the fusion and are apparently fertile with chromosome 2n = 49. Three-way crossbred hybrids were obtained by (native buffalo x Murrah x Nili Ravi) or (native buffalo x Nili Ravi x Murrah). They had two chromosome categories viz. 2n=49 and 2n=50, respectively. Crossbreeding Swamp with Riverine Breed is done for quality beef . Most of the NT produced TenderBuff is farm-bred or purchased from other suppliers as swamp buffalo yearlings and growth out for a further 8 – 16 months to achieve target weights on the pastures. The reproductive performance of F1 females produced out of crossing Murrah buffalo and Philippine carabao are not different. Assessment of the fertility of F1 bulls was made on the basis of the pregnancy rate obtained from AI on Philippine carabaos using frozen semen. The data indicated that there was no significant difference between the pregnancy rate of the Philippine carabaos inseminated with either Murrah buffaloes or F1 frozen semen. However, a signigicant difference on conception rate was observed (P < 0.05) compared to hybrid with 2n = 50 chromosomes. The calving rate of hybrids with 2n = 49 chromosomes decreased by 17.77 – 17.89% and the total calves reduced by 1.33 – 1.54 heads from the first calving to age of 11 years. The fundamental initiative that is most consistent with the envisaged improvement in the productivity of the carabao is the establishment of germplasm pools from where superior materials can be obtained on a sustain
世界上有两种主要的水牛，河流型和沼泽型。沼泽水牛的总数为3760万头，占世界水牛总数的21.8%。沼泽水牛在依赖动物的农业系统中起着重要作用。但是，在灌溉地区，集约化水稻生产变得更加明显，这导致小型农业机械的利用率增加，大大取代了土地耕作的水牛。在一定程度上，引进拖拉机对玉米、甘蔗等产区的作物进行整地和运输也有类似的效果。在农业机械化程度不断提高的背景下，利用现有沼泽水牛种群来满足国内对奶和肉日益增长的需求，是将数量庞大的役畜转变为奶和肉生产者的一个很好的理由。根据1982年至1998年在菲律宾进行的开发计划署/粮农组织协助的项目，杂交沼泽水牛和河流水牛，尽管染色体数目不同，但产生的杂交品种具有高生长潜力和产奶能力，是沼泽水牛亲本的几倍。已知的事实是沼泽水牛和河流水牛的染色体数目不同，沼泽水牛的二倍体染色体数目为48，河流水牛的二倍体染色体数目为50。当两种水牛杂交时，F1代雄性和雌性为杂合子，染色体2n = 49，明显可育。通过(本地水牛x Murrah x Nili Ravi)或(本地水牛x Nili Ravi x Murrah)获得三元杂交杂种。它们有两个染色体类别，分别是2n=49和2n=50。沼泽与河流品种杂交是为了获得优质牛肉。大多数北领地生产的TenderBuff都是农场饲养的，或者是从其他供应商那里购买的，作为沼泽水牛的一岁仔，在牧场上再生长8 - 16个月，达到目标体重。穆拉水牛与菲律宾水牛杂交产生的F1雌性繁殖性能没有差异。利用冷冻精液对菲律宾大鲵进行人工授精，获得受孕率，对F1公牛的育性进行评价。结果表明，用穆拉水牛和F1冷冻精液受精的菲律宾水牛受孕率无显著差异。但与2n = 50染色体杂交的受精率有显著差异(P < 0.05)。2n = 49染色体杂交种的产犊率从第一次产犊到11岁减少了17.77 ~ 17.89%，总产仔数减少了1.33 ~ 1.54头。与提高卡拉巴生产力的设想最一致的根本举措是建立种质资源库，从那里可以可持续地获得优质材料，如菲律宾精选本地卡拉巴基因库(PC)、肉品改良河流水牛基因库、牛奶生产改良基因库。从上述观点来看，未来将会看到持续和更密集的努力，以追求将传统的役用动物转化为奶和肉的生产者的目标，并最终建立可行和进步的水牛企业。关键词:沼泽水牛，杂交，回交
{"title":"Transforming Swamp Buffaloes to Producers of Milk and Meat Through Crossbreeding and Backcrossing","authors":"L. Cruz","doi":"10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I3.916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I3.916","url":null,"abstract":"There are two major types of water buffaloes in the world, the riverine type and the swamp type. The total number of Swamp buffalo is 37.6 M and represents 21.8% of the world’s buffalo population. The swamp buffaloes have played a major role in draft animal-dependent farming system. But intensified rice production became more pronounced in irrigated areas and this has led to increased utilization of small farm machineries, displacing significantly the draft buffaloes for land tillage. To some extent, the introduction of tractors for land preparation and transport for corn, sugarcane and other crops in production areas has similar effect. Utilization of the existing population of swamp buffaloes to meet the growing domestic demand for milk and meat, against the background of increasing farm mechanization, is a good reason to transform the huge number of draft animals into producers of milk and meat. According to the UNDP/FAO-assisted project in the Philippines carried from 1982 to 1998, that crossing swamp buffalo and riverine buffaloes, despite the differences in chromosome numbers, is producing crossbreds with high growth rate potentials and milk production abilities several folds over the swamp buffalo parents. The known fact that swamp and riverine buffaloes have different chromosome number, the diploid chromosome number of the swamp buffalo is 48 and that of the river buffalo is 50. When crossbreeding between the 2 buffalo types occur, males and females of the F1 generation are heterozygous for the fusion and are apparently fertile with chromosome 2n = 49. Three-way crossbred hybrids were obtained by (native buffalo x Murrah x Nili Ravi) or (native buffalo x Nili Ravi x Murrah). They had two chromosome categories viz. 2n=49 and 2n=50, respectively. Crossbreeding Swamp with Riverine Breed is done for quality beef . Most of the NT produced TenderBuff is farm-bred or purchased from other suppliers as swamp buffalo yearlings and growth out for a further 8 – 16 months to achieve target weights on the pastures. The reproductive performance of F1 females produced out of crossing Murrah buffalo and Philippine carabao are not different. Assessment of the fertility of F1 bulls was made on the basis of the pregnancy rate obtained from AI on Philippine carabaos using frozen semen. The data indicated that there was no significant difference between the pregnancy rate of the Philippine carabaos inseminated with either Murrah buffaloes or F1 frozen semen. However, a signigicant difference on conception rate was observed (P < 0.05) compared to hybrid with 2n = 50 chromosomes. The calving rate of hybrids with 2n = 49 chromosomes decreased by 17.77 – 17.89% and the total calves reduced by 1.33 – 1.54 heads from the first calving to age of 11 years. The fundamental initiative that is most consistent with the envisaged improvement in the productivity of the carabao is the establishment of germplasm pools from where superior materials can be obtained on a sustain","PeriodicalId":42818,"journal":{"name":"Wartazoa-Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67039672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-09-01DOI: 10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I3.919
Soeripto
Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) of chicken is the most costly disease confronting poultry industries in the world. The economic losses due to CRD was estimated up to billions rupiahs per year in Indonesia, and in the USA was estimated up to hundred millions dollars per year. The losses mainly due to decreases of body weight gain, egg production, feed efficiencies, hatchabilities and increases of embryo mortality. The main causative agent of CRD is Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Respiratory disturbances, excretion of nasal exudate, coughing, sneezing and hyperaemic of the conjunctiva are very often seen as the clinical signs. Pathological lesions are often found as inflammation of respiratory organs and more specific lesions are seen as inflammation and thickening of the airsac membranes with foci cheesy materials scattered around the airsacs. Diagnosis of CRD can be made by clinical symptoms, serology examination dan isolation of MG. Treatment, prevention and controls of CRD have been carried out for years, but cases of CRD are still present up to now. The MGTS11 vaccine as the third generation of CRD vaccine was reported to be effective for controlling CRD of chickens and potentially used as a tool for eradication programme of CRD in the future. Key words: Chronic respiratory disease, chicken
{"title":"Chronic Respiratory Disease (Crd) of Chicken","authors":"Soeripto","doi":"10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I3.919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I3.919","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) of chicken is the most costly disease confronting poultry industries in the world. The economic losses due to CRD was estimated up to billions rupiahs per year in Indonesia, and in the USA was estimated up to hundred millions dollars per year. The losses mainly due to decreases of body weight gain, egg production, feed efficiencies, hatchabilities and increases of embryo mortality. The main causative agent of CRD is Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Respiratory disturbances, excretion of nasal exudate, coughing, sneezing and hyperaemic of the conjunctiva are very often seen as the clinical signs. Pathological lesions are often found as inflammation of respiratory organs and more specific lesions are seen as inflammation and thickening of the airsac membranes with foci cheesy materials scattered around the airsacs. Diagnosis of CRD can be made by clinical symptoms, serology examination dan isolation of MG. Treatment, prevention and controls of CRD have been carried out for years, but cases of CRD are still present up to now. The MGTS11 vaccine as the third generation of CRD vaccine was reported to be effective for controlling CRD of chickens and potentially used as a tool for eradication programme of CRD in the future. Key words: Chronic respiratory disease, chicken","PeriodicalId":42818,"journal":{"name":"Wartazoa-Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67039754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-06-01DOI: 10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I2.926
K. Diwyanto, I. Inounu
Artificial Insemination (AI) in beef cattle in Indonesia is widely practised. Nowadays, the goal of AI program is not clear; whether to produce: composite breed; terminal cross or as a commercial animal. In fact, farmer assisted by inseminator do the grading up toward Simmental or Limousine. In this paper, crossbreeding impact on reproductive performance of beef cattle in Indonesia is discussed. Farmers prefer the crossbred cattle resulted from AI because its male offspring has higher price than that of local breed. However, 50% of the offspring are female and are used as replacement stock. This AI practice resulted bigger cattle that need more feed. In the scarce feed condition, this bigger cattle become skinny and in bad shape. This leads to bad reproductive performance such as high ‘service per conception’ (S/C), 'long calving interval' and 'low calf crop'. Moreover, it produces less milk and results in high mortality rate of the offspring. In good management condition, crossbred cattle shows good performance, but often ‘day open’ is longer, since weaning time is postponed. That is why long calving interval still exists eventhough the S/C is low. Local cattle are very adaptive, resistant to tropical diseases and have high reproductive rate, high quality of leather and good quality of carcass. In scarce feed condition, local cattle are skinny but still can show estrous and get pregnant. In bad condition, they produce very small offsprings that die because of lack of milk from the cow. The availability of feed supply both in quantity and quality is the key factor in AI practices to maintain good body condition of crossbred and to produce good quality of offspring. Key words: Artificial insemination, crossbreeding, reproduction, beef cattle
{"title":"The Impact of Crossbreeding in The Artificial Insemination Program on Reproductive Performance of Beef Cattle","authors":"K. Diwyanto, I. Inounu","doi":"10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I2.926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I2.926","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial Insemination (AI) in beef cattle in Indonesia is widely practised. Nowadays, the goal of AI program is not clear; whether to produce: composite breed; terminal cross or as a commercial animal. In fact, farmer assisted by inseminator do the grading up toward Simmental or Limousine. In this paper, crossbreeding impact on reproductive performance of beef cattle in Indonesia is discussed. Farmers prefer the crossbred cattle resulted from AI because its male offspring has higher price than that of local breed. However, 50% of the offspring are female and are used as replacement stock. This AI practice resulted bigger cattle that need more feed. In the scarce feed condition, this bigger cattle become skinny and in bad shape. This leads to bad reproductive performance such as high ‘service per conception’ (S/C), 'long calving interval' and 'low calf crop'. Moreover, it produces less milk and results in high mortality rate of the offspring. In good management condition, crossbred cattle shows good performance, but often ‘day open’ is longer, since weaning time is postponed. That is why long calving interval still exists eventhough the S/C is low. Local cattle are very adaptive, resistant to tropical diseases and have high reproductive rate, high quality of leather and good quality of carcass. In scarce feed condition, local cattle are skinny but still can show estrous and get pregnant. In bad condition, they produce very small offsprings that die because of lack of milk from the cow. The availability of feed supply both in quantity and quality is the key factor in AI practices to maintain good body condition of crossbred and to produce good quality of offspring. Key words: Artificial insemination, crossbreeding, reproduction, beef cattle","PeriodicalId":42818,"journal":{"name":"Wartazoa-Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67039585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-06-01DOI: 10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I2.923
S. P. Ginting
Complete feed is a strategic feeding system that has been widely adopted by the dairy cattle industry, but it has been rarely practised in goat enterprises. The prospect of using complete feed for goat production could be considered from two aspects, namely 1) its relevancy to the goat metabolic requirement, and 2) its potential as an effective means for maximal utilization of crop residues and agro-industrial byproducts as alternative feeds. Metabolically, the higher energy requirement and the lower gut capacity of goats due to its relatively smaller body size make this animal more adapted to feedstuffs with denser nutrient contents as typified by the complete feed. As complete feed is characteristically dry, it has potential to cause hypovolemia and induce later a lower feed consumption when fed to goats. But, this event occurs only during the initial meal and the condition returns to the normal state thereafter. Total saliva secretion tend to decrease by consuming dry feed which can cause parakeratosis, laminitis or acidosis. However, these metabolic disorder could be prevented by formulating complete feed with optimal roughage/concentrate ratio. Review from literatures showed that, when used in complete feed, the inclusion rate of several low palatability crop residues or agro-industrial ranged from 15 to 60%. The roughage/concentrate ratio was in the range of 0.25 to 3.0. Some physical characteristics are important for effective complete feed such as the particle size of roughage, the content of physically effective fibre and the form of the complete feed. Complete feed processed into pellet generally resulted in better performances. The ME and CP content of complete feed used ranged from 1800 to 2800 kcal/kg DM and from 15 to 20%, respectively. The rate of feed intake by goats receiving complete feed ranged from 2.0 to 4.9% BW, the ADG ranged from 40 to 145 g, FCR ranged from 5.2 to 13.0 and DM digestibility ranged from 62 to 81%. These parameters are all influenced by the age and physiological state and the genotype of the goat as well as the physical form and the roughage/concentrate ratio of the complete feed. The carcass quality, characteristics and fatty acid compositions of goat fed complete feed are comparatively similar to those fed conventional feed. It is concluded that complete feed for goat production should be considered as an alternative and effective feeding method to maximize the utilization of local feed resources. This feeding method has huge potential for the acceleration of the development of commercial goat entrepises in the future in Indonesia. Key words: Complete feed, goats, physical characteristics, nutritive quality
{"title":"The Prospect of Using Complete Feed in Goat Production: A Review on its Utility and Physical Form and Animal Responses","authors":"S. P. Ginting","doi":"10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I2.923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I2.923","url":null,"abstract":"Complete feed is a strategic feeding system that has been widely adopted by the dairy cattle industry, but it has been rarely practised in goat enterprises. The prospect of using complete feed for goat production could be considered from two aspects, namely 1) its relevancy to the goat metabolic requirement, and 2) its potential as an effective means for maximal utilization of crop residues and agro-industrial byproducts as alternative feeds. Metabolically, the higher energy requirement and the lower gut capacity of goats due to its relatively smaller body size make this animal more adapted to feedstuffs with denser nutrient contents as typified by the complete feed. As complete feed is characteristically dry, it has potential to cause hypovolemia and induce later a lower feed consumption when fed to goats. But, this event occurs only during the initial meal and the condition returns to the normal state thereafter. Total saliva secretion tend to decrease by consuming dry feed which can cause parakeratosis, laminitis or acidosis. However, these metabolic disorder could be prevented by formulating complete feed with optimal roughage/concentrate ratio. Review from literatures showed that, when used in complete feed, the inclusion rate of several low palatability crop residues or agro-industrial ranged from 15 to 60%. The roughage/concentrate ratio was in the range of 0.25 to 3.0. Some physical characteristics are important for effective complete feed such as the particle size of roughage, the content of physically effective fibre and the form of the complete feed. Complete feed processed into pellet generally resulted in better performances. The ME and CP content of complete feed used ranged from 1800 to 2800 kcal/kg DM and from 15 to 20%, respectively. The rate of feed intake by goats receiving complete feed ranged from 2.0 to 4.9% BW, the ADG ranged from 40 to 145 g, FCR ranged from 5.2 to 13.0 and DM digestibility ranged from 62 to 81%. These parameters are all influenced by the age and physiological state and the genotype of the goat as well as the physical form and the roughage/concentrate ratio of the complete feed. The carcass quality, characteristics and fatty acid compositions of goat fed complete feed are comparatively similar to those fed conventional feed. It is concluded that complete feed for goat production should be considered as an alternative and effective feeding method to maximize the utilization of local feed resources. This feeding method has huge potential for the acceleration of the development of commercial goat entrepises in the future in Indonesia. Key words: Complete feed, goats, physical characteristics, nutritive quality","PeriodicalId":42818,"journal":{"name":"Wartazoa-Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67039960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-01DOI: 10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I1.930
Armiadi
Nitrogen (N) is one of the major limiting factors for crop growth and is required in adequate amount, due to its function as protein and enzyme components. In general, plants need sufficient nitrogen supply at all levels of growth, especially at the beginning of growth phase. Therefore, the availability of less expensive N resources would reduce the production cost. The increasing use of chemical fertilizer would probably disturb soil microorganisms, reduce the physical and chemical characteristics of soil because not all of N based fertilizer applied can be absorbed by the plants. Approximately only 50% can be used by crops, while the rest will be altered by microorganism into unavailable N for crops or else dissappear in the form of gas. Leguminous crops have the capacity to immobilize N2 and convert into the available N if innoculated with Rhizobium . The amount of N2 fixed varies depending on legume species and their environment. Key words: Nitrogen fixation, legume
{"title":"Biological Nitrogen Fixation on Legume","authors":"Armiadi","doi":"10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I1.930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14334/WARTAZOA.V19I1.930","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen (N) is one of the major limiting factors for crop growth and is required in adequate amount, due to its function as protein and enzyme components. In general, plants need sufficient nitrogen supply at all levels of growth, especially at the beginning of growth phase. Therefore, the availability of less expensive N resources would reduce the production cost. The increasing use of chemical fertilizer would probably disturb soil microorganisms, reduce the physical and chemical characteristics of soil because not all of N based fertilizer applied can be absorbed by the plants. Approximately only 50% can be used by crops, while the rest will be altered by microorganism into unavailable N for crops or else dissappear in the form of gas. Leguminous crops have the capacity to immobilize N2 and convert into the available N if innoculated with Rhizobium . The amount of N2 fixed varies depending on legume species and their environment. Key words: Nitrogen fixation, legume","PeriodicalId":42818,"journal":{"name":"Wartazoa-Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67039550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-06-01DOI: 10.14334/WARTAZOA.V18I2.901
A. Anggraeni, S. Iskandar
An intensive development in Indonesian dairy industry has expanded over two decades. During this period, the structure of the national dairy industry has progressed completely. The capacity of the national fresh milk production, however, has been able to supply only 35% of domestic milk demand. The milk domestic demand is predicted to be continous due to the increases in the national population and their welfare. Raising temperate dairy breed (Holstein-Friesian) under tropical climate has resulted many deteriorates in productivity. More inferiority has been found under a semi-intensive management at small dairy farms. The existence of various changes in the global trade regulation for agriculture commodities has been a considerable factor directly affecting the future development of the national dairy industry. Increasing efficiency of various determinant components of the national dairy industry is required to produce domestic fresh milk in a good quality at a competitive price. This paper is dealing with the status of various determined factors especially for dairy livestock components to improve the future national dairy industry prospectively, involving for the national dairy cattle population, domestic milk yield, productivity of dairy cattle, breeding system and supporting reproduction technology. More over, other essential factors providing for dairy institution as well as distribution and marketing domestic milk production are also described. Key words: Dairy cattle husbandry, small dairy farms, national dairy industry
{"title":"The Role of Dairy Cattle Husbandry in Supporting The Development of National Dairy Industry","authors":"A. Anggraeni, S. Iskandar","doi":"10.14334/WARTAZOA.V18I2.901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14334/WARTAZOA.V18I2.901","url":null,"abstract":"An intensive development in Indonesian dairy industry has expanded over two decades. During this period, the structure of the national dairy industry has progressed completely. The capacity of the national fresh milk production, however, has been able to supply only 35% of domestic milk demand. The milk domestic demand is predicted to be continous due to the increases in the national population and their welfare. Raising temperate dairy breed (Holstein-Friesian) under tropical climate has resulted many deteriorates in productivity. More inferiority has been found under a semi-intensive management at small dairy farms. The existence of various changes in the global trade regulation for agriculture commodities has been a considerable factor directly affecting the future development of the national dairy industry. Increasing efficiency of various determinant components of the national dairy industry is required to produce domestic fresh milk in a good quality at a competitive price. This paper is dealing with the status of various determined factors especially for dairy livestock components to improve the future national dairy industry prospectively, involving for the national dairy cattle population, domestic milk yield, productivity of dairy cattle, breeding system and supporting reproduction technology. More over, other essential factors providing for dairy institution as well as distribution and marketing domestic milk production are also described. Key words: Dairy cattle husbandry, small dairy farms, national dairy industry","PeriodicalId":42818,"journal":{"name":"Wartazoa-Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2008-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67032632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-03-01DOI: 10.14334/WARTAZOA.V18I1.906
E. Wina, Susana Iwr, T. Pasaribu
One of the alternatives to solve the problem of less fossil energy is to utilize plant as a new source of energy, i.e Jatropha curcas , known as physic nut. This plant has been promoted as a source of energy as its seed contains high level of oil which can be used as biodiesel. The meal produced after pressing the seed will become a by product which contains high level of protein but also contains several anti nutritive factors or toxic compounds. This causes a problem to utilize this seed meal for animal feed. This paper descibes the nutritional quality and anti nutritive factors of jatropha seed meal, detoxification of jatropha seed meal and its utilization as feed ingredient and the problem of its utilization. Jatropha seed meal as a feed ingredient has to go through a combination process of detoxification. There is a need to find a cheap and easy detoxification technology to produce a safe and high nutritional quality of jatropha seed meal for animal. Key words: Jatropha curcas , anti nutritive factors, detoxification, utilization, problem
{"title":"Utilization of Jatropha curcas Seed Meal and its Limitation as Feed Ingredient","authors":"E. Wina, Susana Iwr, T. Pasaribu","doi":"10.14334/WARTAZOA.V18I1.906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14334/WARTAZOA.V18I1.906","url":null,"abstract":"One of the alternatives to solve the problem of less fossil energy is to utilize plant as a new source of energy, i.e Jatropha curcas , known as physic nut. This plant has been promoted as a source of energy as its seed contains high level of oil which can be used as biodiesel. The meal produced after pressing the seed will become a by product which contains high level of protein but also contains several anti nutritive factors or toxic compounds. This causes a problem to utilize this seed meal for animal feed. This paper descibes the nutritional quality and anti nutritive factors of jatropha seed meal, detoxification of jatropha seed meal and its utilization as feed ingredient and the problem of its utilization. Jatropha seed meal as a feed ingredient has to go through a combination process of detoxification. There is a need to find a cheap and easy detoxification technology to produce a safe and high nutritional quality of jatropha seed meal for animal. Key words: Jatropha curcas , anti nutritive factors, detoxification, utilization, problem","PeriodicalId":42818,"journal":{"name":"Wartazoa-Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Indonesia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2008-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67032626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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