Pub Date : 2014-01-28DOI: 10.14334/WARTAZOA.V23I2.715
E. Sutedi
Availability of forage is one of the factors determining the success of ruminant livestock production, especially during drought that resulting in poor livestock condition. Forage legume is an important group of forage plants, containing high nutritive value. One of the legume plants which potential as ruminant feed is Clitoria ternatea. This plant can grow well in all types of soil and dry conditions, also produces seed continously. The production of forage was 25-29 ton DM/ha with seed production was 2.2 ton DM/ha per harvest (42 day cutting interval). The crude protein and crude fiber contents of C. ternatea leaf were 21.5 and 29%, respectively. Meanwhile, the crude protein, crude fat and sugar contents of C. ternatea seed were 25-38,10 and 5%, respectively. This plant can be fed to ruminant as fresh forage or hay with no negative effect on growth performance of animal. The average daily gain of cattle grazing on mixture of Brachiaria mutica grass and C. ternatea was 680 g/day. The value of DM and OM digestibilities of C. ternatea in cattle were 50.15 and 53.47%, respectively. Feeding C. ternatea to dairy cow impoved the content of fat and total solid of milk, meanwhile feeding it to male sheep improved quality of semen. Key words: Clitoria ternatea, animal feed
{"title":"Potency Of Clitoria Ternatea As Forage For Livestock","authors":"E. Sutedi","doi":"10.14334/WARTAZOA.V23I2.715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14334/WARTAZOA.V23I2.715","url":null,"abstract":"Availability of forage is one of the factors determining the success of ruminant livestock production, especially during drought that resulting in poor livestock condition. Forage legume is an important group of forage plants, containing high nutritive value. One of the legume plants which potential as ruminant feed is Clitoria ternatea. This plant can grow well in all types of soil and dry conditions, also produces seed continously. The production of forage was 25-29 ton DM/ha with seed production was 2.2 ton DM/ha per harvest (42 day cutting interval). The crude protein and crude fiber contents of C. ternatea leaf were 21.5 and 29%, respectively. Meanwhile, the crude protein, crude fat and sugar contents of C. ternatea seed were 25-38,10 and 5%, respectively. This plant can be fed to ruminant as fresh forage or hay with no negative effect on growth performance of animal. The average daily gain of cattle grazing on mixture of Brachiaria mutica grass and C. ternatea was 680 g/day. The value of DM and OM digestibilities of C. ternatea in cattle were 50.15 and 53.47%, respectively. Feeding C. ternatea to dairy cow impoved the content of fat and total solid of milk, meanwhile feeding it to male sheep improved quality of semen. Key words: Clitoria ternatea, animal feed","PeriodicalId":42818,"journal":{"name":"Wartazoa-Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Indonesia","volume":"18 1","pages":"51-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2014-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67040230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-28DOI: 10.14334/WARTAZOA.V23I2.717
I. Sendow
Bovine Ephemeral Fever (BEF) is one of arbovirus diseases infecting in ruminants especially cattle and buffaloes, which is transmitted by mosquito vectors. In general, vector borne disease is also related to climate change, that mosquito as a vector will significantly increase when the environment temperature increases. The disease was found in many countries in Asia, Africa and Australia. The clinical sign of the disease such as fever to paralysis causes economical impact to the farmer, eventhough the mortality is very low. This review will discuss the disease in relation to climate change, which affects vector population that spread the disease. The more population of vector is the higher chance of animal to be infected. This condition describes that the spread of BEF will depend on some factors included the increase of vectors, the availability of susceptible host and vector media facilities, climate condition and supportive ecology. This paper will discuss the feature of BEF, mode of transmission, the impact of environment and climate change, disease prevention and control, and other aspects to prevent further economical impact. It will also discuss how to the transmission, prevention and control of disease BEF. The information can be taken as an input for policy makers to prevent BEF infection in Indonesia. Key words: Bovine ephemeral fever, epidemiology, vector, diagnosis, climate change
{"title":"Bovine Ephemeral Fever As A Disease Related To Climate Change","authors":"I. Sendow","doi":"10.14334/WARTAZOA.V23I2.717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14334/WARTAZOA.V23I2.717","url":null,"abstract":"Bovine Ephemeral Fever (BEF) is one of arbovirus diseases infecting in ruminants especially cattle and buffaloes, which is transmitted by mosquito vectors. In general, vector borne disease is also related to climate change, that mosquito as a vector will significantly increase when the environment temperature increases. The disease was found in many countries in Asia, Africa and Australia. The clinical sign of the disease such as fever to paralysis causes economical impact to the farmer, eventhough the mortality is very low. This review will discuss the disease in relation to climate change, which affects vector population that spread the disease. The more population of vector is the higher chance of animal to be infected. This condition describes that the spread of BEF will depend on some factors included the increase of vectors, the availability of susceptible host and vector media facilities, climate condition and supportive ecology. This paper will discuss the feature of BEF, mode of transmission, the impact of environment and climate change, disease prevention and control, and other aspects to prevent further economical impact. It will also discuss how to the transmission, prevention and control of disease BEF. The information can be taken as an input for policy makers to prevent BEF infection in Indonesia. Key words: Bovine ephemeral fever, epidemiology, vector, diagnosis, climate change","PeriodicalId":42818,"journal":{"name":"Wartazoa-Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Indonesia","volume":"23 1","pages":"76-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2014-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67040339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-28DOI: 10.14334/WARTAZOA.V23I1.955
Stéphanie, T. Purwadaria
Cassava peel which is not used during cassava starch extraction is one of potential resources for animal feed. However, cassava peel has low level protein content, high level crude fiber, and high level of toxic cyanogenic compound. These problems limit the utilization of cassava peel as feed. Solid substrate fermentation using mold may be a solution process to increase its nutritional value and decrease toxic level of cassava peel. In this paper, matters that related with cassava peel fermentation process are subsequently described, namely: (i) problems of cassava peel; (ii) biodegradation and detoxification process; (iii) solid state fermentation methods on cassava peel; (iv) nutritional quality of fermented cassava peel; and (v) application of fermented cassava peel in poultry feed. The fermented cassava peel application is compared with those of cassava root and waste ( onggok) . Addition of nitrogen inorganic in the fermentation process increases the mold growth and protein content of the product, while fiber and cyanogenic contents are decreased due to mold degradation activity. The fermentation process may be carried out using only the cassava peel as the substrate or mixed with wheat flour, using indigenous microbes, Aspergillus niger or a white rot fungus, Panus tigrinus as inoculum. As well as fermented cassava root and waste, fermented cassava peel can be used to substitute maize as poultry feed, although it is reported that the optimum substitution in broiler ration is only 10%. Key words: Cassava peel, fermentation, nutritional value, poultry
{"title":"Solid Substrate Fermentation of Cassava Peel for Poultry Feed Ingredient","authors":"Stéphanie, T. Purwadaria","doi":"10.14334/WARTAZOA.V23I1.955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14334/WARTAZOA.V23I1.955","url":null,"abstract":"Cassava peel which is not used during cassava starch extraction is one of potential resources for animal feed. However, cassava peel has low level protein content, high level crude fiber, and high level of toxic cyanogenic compound. These problems limit the utilization of cassava peel as feed. Solid substrate fermentation using mold may be a solution process to increase its nutritional value and decrease toxic level of cassava peel. In this paper, matters that related with cassava peel fermentation process are subsequently described, namely: (i) problems of cassava peel; (ii) biodegradation and detoxification process; (iii) solid state fermentation methods on cassava peel; (iv) nutritional quality of fermented cassava peel; and (v) application of fermented cassava peel in poultry feed. The fermented cassava peel application is compared with those of cassava root and waste ( onggok) . Addition of nitrogen inorganic in the fermentation process increases the mold growth and protein content of the product, while fiber and cyanogenic contents are decreased due to mold degradation activity. The fermentation process may be carried out using only the cassava peel as the substrate or mixed with wheat flour, using indigenous microbes, Aspergillus niger or a white rot fungus, Panus tigrinus as inoculum. As well as fermented cassava root and waste, fermented cassava peel can be used to substitute maize as poultry feed, although it is reported that the optimum substitution in broiler ration is only 10%. Key words: Cassava peel, fermentation, nutritional value, poultry","PeriodicalId":42818,"journal":{"name":"Wartazoa-Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Indonesia","volume":"23 1","pages":"15-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2014-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67040548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-30DOI: 10.14334/WARTAZOA.V22I3.845
A. Kusumaningsih
Food is an essential need for various human body activities. Consequently, food must be guaranteed to be free from biological, chemical, and physical contaminants and other hazardous substances that can obstruct health. The presence of various hazardous contaminants in food may result in the appearance of foodborne diseases, i.e. human diseases spread through contaminated food and drinks. Biological contaminants in food can be bacteria, viruses, parasites, moulds, or fungi. The most dangerous biological contaminants that may cause an epidemic disease in human are pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp. , Vibrio cholerae, Enterobacter sakazakii, Shigella, etc. Researchers believe that there are several factors that can be the trigger that increase of foodborne diseases cases such as community demography by increasing the individual groups that are more susceptible to pathogenic foodborne infections, human behaviour related to the changes in the community life style and consumption, the advances in industrial and technological sectors through the increase of large scale food industries concentrated in one location, the global trade or travel, and increasing bacterial resistances against antimicrobials as the result of the increasing the uses of antimicrobials for disease prevention and cure in animals and humans. Key words: F actors trigger, foodborne diseases, contaminants, livestock, food
{"title":"Some Factors Trigger Increasing Foodborne Diseases Cases of Livestock Origin","authors":"A. Kusumaningsih","doi":"10.14334/WARTAZOA.V22I3.845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14334/WARTAZOA.V22I3.845","url":null,"abstract":"Food is an essential need for various human body activities. Consequently, food must be guaranteed to be free from biological, chemical, and physical contaminants and other hazardous substances that can obstruct health. The presence of various hazardous contaminants in food may result in the appearance of foodborne diseases, i.e. human diseases spread through contaminated food and drinks. Biological contaminants in food can be bacteria, viruses, parasites, moulds, or fungi. The most dangerous biological contaminants that may cause an epidemic disease in human are pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp. , Vibrio cholerae, Enterobacter sakazakii, Shigella, etc. Researchers believe that there are several factors that can be the trigger that increase of foodborne diseases cases such as community demography by increasing the individual groups that are more susceptible to pathogenic foodborne infections, human behaviour related to the changes in the community life style and consumption, the advances in industrial and technological sectors through the increase of large scale food industries concentrated in one location, the global trade or travel, and increasing bacterial resistances against antimicrobials as the result of the increasing the uses of antimicrobials for disease prevention and cure in animals and humans. Key words: F actors trigger, foodborne diseases, contaminants, livestock, food","PeriodicalId":42818,"journal":{"name":"Wartazoa-Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Indonesia","volume":"22 1","pages":"107-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2013-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67040243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-30DOI: 10.14334/WARTAZOA.V22I3.847
L. Natalia
Botulism is a potential lethal disease in animals as well as in human, a neuroparalytic disease caused by Clostridium botulinum toxin. C. botulinum is widely distributed in the soil and vegetation, intestinal contents of mammals, birds and fish. Eight types of C. botulinum (A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F, G) have been recognized, each elaborating an immunologically distinct form of toxin. Botulinum neurotoxins are the most powerful biological toxins known and in some countries they have been studied and developed as biological weapon. The medical aspects of the toxin were also developed for therapeutic uses in human diseases. The spores of C. botulinum are relatively heat resistant and in contrast to the spores, botulinum toxin is relatively heat labile. Botulinum toxins are inactivated by their antitoxins. Botulinum toxin produces clinical manifestations when either inhaled or ingested. After toxin is absorbed, it enters the bloodstream and travels to peripheral cholinergic synapses, primarily the neuromuscular junction. Once at these sites, botulinum toxin is internalized and enzymatically prevents the release of acteylcholine leads to paralysis. Laboratory diagnoses for botulism should include isolating C. botulinum and detecting of toxin in the patient. Rapid and sensitive detection of all types of botulinum toxin are needed. Cases of botulism in Indonesia were found primarily in poultry and many cases were suspected and remained undiagnosed. Cases of botulism were suspected affecting cattle in East Java and serologically results showed positive to C. botulinum type C. The botulismus prevention using vaccine induced a strong antibody response and could be remained protective for 12 months, while botulism treatment in animals is usually ineffective. Key words: Botulism, Clostridium botulinum , toxin, diagnosis, prevention
肉毒杆菌中毒是一种由肉毒杆菌毒素引起的神经麻痹性疾病，在动物和人类中都有潜在的致命性疾病。肉毒杆菌广泛分布于土壤、植被、哺乳动物、鸟类和鱼类的肠道内容物中。八种类型的肉毒杆菌(A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F, G)已经被确认，每一种都有一种免疫上不同的毒素形式。肉毒杆菌神经毒素是已知的最强大的生物毒素，在一些国家已将其作为生物武器进行研究和开发。毒素的医学方面也被开发用于治疗人类疾病。肉毒杆菌的孢子相对耐热，与孢子相反，肉毒杆菌毒素相对热不稳定。肉毒杆菌毒素被抗毒素灭活。肉毒杆菌毒素在吸入或摄入时会产生临床表现。毒素被吸收后，进入血液并进入周围胆碱能突触，主要是神经肌肉连接处。一旦在这些部位，肉毒杆菌毒素被内化，酶阻止乙酰胆碱的释放，导致瘫痪。肉毒杆菌中毒的实验室诊断应包括分离肉毒杆菌和检测患者体内的毒素。需要对所有类型的肉毒杆菌毒素进行快速和灵敏的检测。印度尼西亚的肉毒杆菌中毒病例主要在家禽中发现，许多病例被怀疑存在，但仍未得到诊断。怀疑东爪哇牛感染肉毒杆菌病例，血清学结果显示c型肉毒杆菌阳性。使用疫苗预防肉毒杆菌可引起强烈抗体反应，并可保持12个月的保护作用，而动物肉毒杆菌中毒治疗通常无效。关键词:肉毒杆菌，肉毒梭菌，毒素，诊断，预防
{"title":"Botulism: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Prevention","authors":"L. Natalia","doi":"10.14334/WARTAZOA.V22I3.847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14334/WARTAZOA.V22I3.847","url":null,"abstract":"Botulism is a potential lethal disease in animals as well as in human, a neuroparalytic disease caused by Clostridium botulinum toxin. C. botulinum is widely distributed in the soil and vegetation, intestinal contents of mammals, birds and fish. Eight types of C. botulinum (A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F, G) have been recognized, each elaborating an immunologically distinct form of toxin. Botulinum neurotoxins are the most powerful biological toxins known and in some countries they have been studied and developed as biological weapon. The medical aspects of the toxin were also developed for therapeutic uses in human diseases. The spores of C. botulinum are relatively heat resistant and in contrast to the spores, botulinum toxin is relatively heat labile. Botulinum toxins are inactivated by their antitoxins. Botulinum toxin produces clinical manifestations when either inhaled or ingested. After toxin is absorbed, it enters the bloodstream and travels to peripheral cholinergic synapses, primarily the neuromuscular junction. Once at these sites, botulinum toxin is internalized and enzymatically prevents the release of acteylcholine leads to paralysis. Laboratory diagnoses for botulism should include isolating C. botulinum and detecting of toxin in the patient. Rapid and sensitive detection of all types of botulinum toxin are needed. Cases of botulism in Indonesia were found primarily in poultry and many cases were suspected and remained undiagnosed. Cases of botulism were suspected affecting cattle in East Java and serologically results showed positive to C. botulinum type C. The botulismus prevention using vaccine induced a strong antibody response and could be remained protective for 12 months, while botulism treatment in animals is usually ineffective. Key words: Botulism, Clostridium botulinum , toxin, diagnosis, prevention","PeriodicalId":42818,"journal":{"name":"Wartazoa-Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Indonesia","volume":"22 1","pages":"127-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2013-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67040356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-09-01DOI: 10.14334/WARTAZOA.V22I3.848
S. D. Widhyari
Z inc (Zn) is a micro mineral which is needed by every cell in the body. Adequate Zn mineral is important in maintaining optimal health. Zn functions as a cofactor of various enzymes, structural integrity of cells, DNA synthesis, hormonal storage and release, immunotransmision and immune system. Zn deficiency causes decreased appetite, dermatitis, growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infertility and imunodeficiency. This is associated with changes in the function of immune system response, such as decreased B and T cell functions, reduced phagocytosis and decreased cytokine production. Severe Zn deficiency is characterized by severely depressed immune function and frequent infections. Zn enhances immune function for specific and non-specific immunity. The role of non-specific immune respone is through the activity of cells phagocytosis by neutrophils and monocytes, while the specific immune response can be humoral and cellular mediated by lymphocytes B and T. Supplementation of Zn can improve the activity of leukocyte cells through stimulating the production of tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α) by monocytes cells, thereby increasing the ability of phagocytosis. In addition, Zn is also able to increase the production of lymphokines that cause lymphocyte cells able to differentiate and proliferate. Key words: Zn, deficiency, immunity, leucocyte cells
{"title":"The Role and Deficiency of Zinc Mineral in Immune System","authors":"S. D. Widhyari","doi":"10.14334/WARTAZOA.V22I3.848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14334/WARTAZOA.V22I3.848","url":null,"abstract":"Z inc (Zn) is a micro mineral which is needed by every cell in the body. Adequate Zn mineral is important in maintaining optimal health. Zn functions as a cofactor of various enzymes, structural integrity of cells, DNA synthesis, hormonal storage and release, immunotransmision and immune system. Zn deficiency causes decreased appetite, dermatitis, growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infertility and imunodeficiency. This is associated with changes in the function of immune system response, such as decreased B and T cell functions, reduced phagocytosis and decreased cytokine production. Severe Zn deficiency is characterized by severely depressed immune function and frequent infections. Zn enhances immune function for specific and non-specific immunity. The role of non-specific immune respone is through the activity of cells phagocytosis by neutrophils and monocytes, while the specific immune response can be humoral and cellular mediated by lymphocytes B and T. Supplementation of Zn can improve the activity of leukocyte cells through stimulating the production of tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α) by monocytes cells, thereby increasing the ability of phagocytosis. In addition, Zn is also able to increase the production of lymphokines that cause lymphocyte cells able to differentiate and proliferate. Key words: Zn, deficiency, immunity, leucocyte cells","PeriodicalId":42818,"journal":{"name":"Wartazoa-Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Indonesia","volume":"22 1","pages":"141-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67040432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-01DOI: 10.14334/WARTAZOA.V21I1.948
N. Dharmayanti
Phylogenetic is described as taxonomy classification of an organism based on its evolution history namely its phylogeny and as a part of systematic science that has objective to determine phylogeny of organism according to its characteristic. Phylogenetic analysis from amino acid and protein usually became important area in sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis can be used to follow the rapid change of a species such as virus. The phylogenetic evolution tree is a two dimensional of a species graphic that shows relationship among organisms or particularly among their gene sequences. The sequence separation are referred as taxa (singular taxon) that is defined as phylogenetically distinct units on the tree. The tree consists of outer branches or leaves that represents taxa and nodes and branch represent correlation among taxa. When the nucleotide sequence from two different organism are similar, they were inferred to be descended from common ancestor. There were three methods which were used in phylogenetic, namely (1) Maximum parsimony, (2) Distance, and (3) Maximum likehoood. Those methods generally are applied to construct the evolutionary tree or the best tree for determine sequence variation in group. Every method is usually used for different analysis and data. Key words: Phylogenetic, analysis, evolution, nucleotide/protein sequence
系统发育学是根据生物的进化史即系统发育对其进行分类学分类，是客观地根据生物的特征来确定其系统发育的系统科学的一部分。氨基酸和蛋白质的系统发育分析已成为序列分析的重要领域。系统发育分析可用于跟踪病毒等物种的快速变化。系统发育进化树是一个物种图形的二维，它显示了生物之间的关系，特别是它们的基因序列。序列分离被称为分类群(单一分类群)，它被定义为在系统发育上不同的单位。树由外部分支或叶子组成，代表分类群，节点和分支代表分类群之间的相关性。当两个不同生物体的核苷酸序列相似时，就可以推断它们是共同祖先的后代。系统发育的方法有三种，即(1)Maximum parsimony (2) Distance (3) Maximum likehood(3)。这些方法通常用于构建进化树或确定群体序列变异的最佳树。每种方法通常用于不同的分析和数据。关键词:系统发育，分析，进化，核苷酸/蛋白序列
{"title":"Molecular Phylogenetic: Organism Taxonomy Method Based on Evolution History","authors":"N. Dharmayanti","doi":"10.14334/WARTAZOA.V21I1.948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14334/WARTAZOA.V21I1.948","url":null,"abstract":"Phylogenetic is described as taxonomy classification of an organism based on its evolution history namely its phylogeny and as a part of systematic science that has objective to determine phylogeny of organism according to its characteristic. Phylogenetic analysis from amino acid and protein usually became important area in sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis can be used to follow the rapid change of a species such as virus. The phylogenetic evolution tree is a two dimensional of a species graphic that shows relationship among organisms or particularly among their gene sequences. The sequence separation are referred as taxa (singular taxon) that is defined as phylogenetically distinct units on the tree. The tree consists of outer branches or leaves that represents taxa and nodes and branch represent correlation among taxa. When the nucleotide sequence from two different organism are similar, they were inferred to be descended from common ancestor. There were three methods which were used in phylogenetic, namely (1) Maximum parsimony, (2) Distance, and (3) Maximum likehoood. Those methods generally are applied to construct the evolutionary tree or the best tree for determine sequence variation in group. Every method is usually used for different analysis and data. Key words: Phylogenetic, analysis, evolution, nucleotide/protein sequence","PeriodicalId":42818,"journal":{"name":"Wartazoa-Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Indonesia","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67040064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-01DOI: 10.14334/WARTAZOA.V21I1.951
S. Bahri, T. Syafriati
The effect of global warming and climate change is changing the season, included flooding in one area and very dry in other area, changing the temperature and humidity. These changes will trigger changing of the life of biological agent (virus, bacteria, parasites and so on), variety of animal species, variety of vectors as reservoir host of animal with the role of transmitting the disease to other animal species, This condition will trigger the new animal disease (emerging disease) or old disease will be re-emerged (re-emerging diseases). This paper will discuss the effect of global warming and climate change on animal diseases in Indonesia such as Bluetongue (BT), Nipah, Japanese encephalitis (JE), West Nile (WN), and Rift Valley fever (RVF). The climate changes such as increasing the earth temperature and rainfall will cause extremely increase of vector population for BT, JE, WN and RVF. In addition, animal transportation and bird migration from one country to others or region will cause changing of ecological system and will open the chance to distribute the diseases. Hence, anticipation on those disease outbreaks should be taken by conducting the surveilance and early detection to those diseases. The possibility of entering Nipah disease in Indonesia should be anticipated because the avaibility of Nipah virus and the reservoir host ( Pteropus spp) and also pigs as amplifier host in the surrounding area. Other diseases such as, leptospirosis, anthrax and avian influenza (H5N1) are also have a wider potential to distributing the disease related to the climate change in Indonesia. Key words: Global warming, climate change, zoonotic disease
{"title":"Anticipating the Emerging of Some Strategical Infectious Animal Diseases in Indonesia Related to The Effect of Global Warming and Climate Change","authors":"S. Bahri, T. Syafriati","doi":"10.14334/WARTAZOA.V21I1.951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14334/WARTAZOA.V21I1.951","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of global warming and climate change is changing the season, included flooding in one area and very dry in other area, changing the temperature and humidity. These changes will trigger changing of the life of biological agent (virus, bacteria, parasites and so on), variety of animal species, variety of vectors as reservoir host of animal with the role of transmitting the disease to other animal species, This condition will trigger the new animal disease (emerging disease) or old disease will be re-emerged (re-emerging diseases). This paper will discuss the effect of global warming and climate change on animal diseases in Indonesia such as Bluetongue (BT), Nipah, Japanese encephalitis (JE), West Nile (WN), and Rift Valley fever (RVF). The climate changes such as increasing the earth temperature and rainfall will cause extremely increase of vector population for BT, JE, WN and RVF. In addition, animal transportation and bird migration from one country to others or region will cause changing of ecological system and will open the chance to distribute the diseases. Hence, anticipation on those disease outbreaks should be taken by conducting the surveilance and early detection to those diseases. The possibility of entering Nipah disease in Indonesia should be anticipated because the avaibility of Nipah virus and the reservoir host ( Pteropus spp) and also pigs as amplifier host in the surrounding area. Other diseases such as, leptospirosis, anthrax and avian influenza (H5N1) are also have a wider potential to distributing the disease related to the climate change in Indonesia. Key words: Global warming, climate change, zoonotic disease","PeriodicalId":42818,"journal":{"name":"Wartazoa-Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Indonesia","volume":"21 1","pages":"25-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67039624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-06-01DOI: 10.14334/WARTAZOA.V20I2.938
N. Dharmayanti
Matrix (M) and Non Structural (NS) proteins are smallest segments of influenza virus genome. The noncoding sequences at each end include the sequences of 11 – 13 nucleotides at the 5’ ends and 9 – 11 nucleotides at the 3’ end which are highly conserved between seven or eight different RNA segments and very similar for A, B and C influenza viruses. Protein of M1 is an essential structural component of the virion and participates in other steps during the replication of influenza virus. During early viral infection, dissociation of M1 from RNP is required for entry of viral RNP into the cytoplasm of the host cell. On the other hand, NS1 is a multifunctions protein that performs a plethora of activities, which may additionally contribute toward efficient virus replication and virulence during infection. The role of NS1 are temporal regulation of viral RNA synthesis, control of viral mRNA splicing, enhancement of viral mRNA translation, regulation of virus particle morphogenesis, suppression of host immune/apoptotic responses, activation of phosphoinositide 3–kinase (PI3K); and involvement in strain-dependent pathogenesis. This paper reviews the structure and role of two proteins i.e. Matrix and Nonstructural to understand the character of influenza virus especially in virulence and pathogenesis ability of virus other than hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) protein as known. Key words: Influenza virus, matrix protein, non structural protein
{"title":"The Structure and Role of Segment 7 (Matrix Protein) and Segment 8 (Non Structural) in The Life Cycle and Virulence of Influenza Virus","authors":"N. Dharmayanti","doi":"10.14334/WARTAZOA.V20I2.938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14334/WARTAZOA.V20I2.938","url":null,"abstract":"Matrix (M) and Non Structural (NS) proteins are smallest segments of influenza virus genome. The noncoding sequences at each end include the sequences of 11 – 13 nucleotides at the 5’ ends and 9 – 11 nucleotides at the 3’ end which are highly conserved between seven or eight different RNA segments and very similar for A, B and C influenza viruses. Protein of M1 is an essential structural component of the virion and participates in other steps during the replication of influenza virus. During early viral infection, dissociation of M1 from RNP is required for entry of viral RNP into the cytoplasm of the host cell. On the other hand, NS1 is a multifunctions protein that performs a plethora of activities, which may additionally contribute toward efficient virus replication and virulence during infection. The role of NS1 are temporal regulation of viral RNA synthesis, control of viral mRNA splicing, enhancement of viral mRNA translation, regulation of virus particle morphogenesis, suppression of host immune/apoptotic responses, activation of phosphoinositide 3–kinase (PI3K); and involvement in strain-dependent pathogenesis. This paper reviews the structure and role of two proteins i.e. Matrix and Nonstructural to understand the character of influenza virus especially in virulence and pathogenesis ability of virus other than hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) protein as known. Key words: Influenza virus, matrix protein, non structural protein","PeriodicalId":42818,"journal":{"name":"Wartazoa-Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Indonesia","volume":"20 1","pages":"55-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67039995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-03-01DOI: 10.14334/WARTAZOA.V20I1.943
R. Adjid, M. Saepulloh
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) caused by Bovine herpesvirus -1 (BHV-1) infects cattle and widely spreads in Indonesia. The disease infected cattle in breeding centers, artificial insemination centers and also holderfarmers. This infectious disease may cause economical losses primarily due to reproductive failure of infected animals. Recommended strategy for disease control is step by step control with priorities, started from upper to downstream, from breeding and artificial insemination (AI) centers as the first priority, then village breeding centers as the second priority, and the last priority is in cattle owned by smallholders. In the breeding and AI centers, eradication of the disease is carried out by surveilance, excluding reactors, and applying biosecurity. In the village breeding centers, the use of semen for AI should come from centers that free from IBR, the use of bull that free from IBR, surveilance and application of biosecurity. At the farmer levels, IBR control is bone by using semen from AI centers free from IBR and routine vaccination. The final step is performed after evaluating the successful rate and economic impact of the disease control. Key words: Cattle, IBR
{"title":"Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (Ibr) on Cattle in Indonesia and The Strategy For Disease Control","authors":"R. Adjid, M. Saepulloh","doi":"10.14334/WARTAZOA.V20I1.943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14334/WARTAZOA.V20I1.943","url":null,"abstract":"Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) caused by Bovine herpesvirus -1 (BHV-1) infects cattle and widely spreads in Indonesia. The disease infected cattle in breeding centers, artificial insemination centers and also holderfarmers. This infectious disease may cause economical losses primarily due to reproductive failure of infected animals. Recommended strategy for disease control is step by step control with priorities, started from upper to downstream, from breeding and artificial insemination (AI) centers as the first priority, then village breeding centers as the second priority, and the last priority is in cattle owned by smallholders. In the breeding and AI centers, eradication of the disease is carried out by surveilance, excluding reactors, and applying biosecurity. In the village breeding centers, the use of semen for AI should come from centers that free from IBR, the use of bull that free from IBR, surveilance and application of biosecurity. At the farmer levels, IBR control is bone by using semen from AI centers free from IBR and routine vaccination. The final step is performed after evaluating the successful rate and economic impact of the disease control. Key words: Cattle, IBR","PeriodicalId":42818,"journal":{"name":"Wartazoa-Buletin Ilmu Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Indonesia","volume":"20 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67039878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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