Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.34293/english.v9i1.3467
P. Shelonitta
The paper titled, Role of Gender Essentialism in the world of children showcases how gender roles are planted in the minds of young minds. Gender Essentialism involves the stereotypical practices which were followed from ancient civilizations, without analyzing and discarding the toxic elements behind it. It involves the idea that certain ideas as of chastity, patience, virtue, gentleness are the feminine trends while anger, pride, ego, attitude are viewed from a male angle. This paper does try to bring out the gender politics which is seen in society as a social manipulation game transformed by the mainstream media.
{"title":"Role of Gender Essentialism in the World of Children","authors":"P. Shelonitta","doi":"10.34293/english.v9i1.3467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34293/english.v9i1.3467","url":null,"abstract":"The paper titled, Role of Gender Essentialism in the world of children showcases how gender roles are planted in the minds of young minds. Gender Essentialism involves the stereotypical practices which were followed from ancient civilizations, without analyzing and discarding the toxic elements behind it. It involves the idea that certain ideas as of chastity, patience, virtue, gentleness are the feminine trends while anger, pride, ego, attitude are viewed from a male angle. This paper does try to bring out the gender politics which is seen in society as a social manipulation game transformed by the mainstream media.","PeriodicalId":42863,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48972391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.34293/english.v9i1.3332
K. Gabriel Karthick
This paper analyses the social commentaries in T.S. Eliot’s Sweeney among the Nightingales. As we all know that Eliot was a well known expert in using social themes in his poetic works. It shows his deepest concerns for modern society. He had brought out the primitive instincts and other vices of mankind that ultimately end in its own destruction. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the reasons for the destructive nature of mankind with special focus on social themes expressed by Eliot is his poetic work.
{"title":"Social Commentaries in T.S. Eliot’s Sweeney among the Nightingales","authors":"K. Gabriel Karthick","doi":"10.34293/english.v9i1.3332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34293/english.v9i1.3332","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the social commentaries in T.S. Eliot’s Sweeney among the Nightingales. As we all know that Eliot was a well known expert in using social themes in his poetic works. It shows his deepest concerns for modern society. He had brought out the primitive instincts and other vices of mankind that ultimately end in its own destruction. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the reasons for the destructive nature of mankind with special focus on social themes expressed by Eliot is his poetic work.","PeriodicalId":42863,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49290109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.34293/english.v9i1.3440
Pooja Pradeep Shinde
This article deals with R.K. Narayan’s The Man-Eater of Malgudi as an allegorical novel. An allegorical story tries to entertain the reader through theuse of extended metaphor in which characters, plot, abstract ideas represents not only moral lessons but also explains story hidden underneath. In R.K. Narayan’s The Man-Eater of Malgudi, the author has profoundly used allegorical element to explain the relationship between Natraj and Vasu. Natraj, a welltodo printer of the town lives his life peacefully but he gets outraged with the arrival of Vasu. Vasu is just like Shakespeare’s Lago in Othello who is an embodiment of self-destruction. He has been called the Man-Eater of Malgudi who tries to suppress the innocent lives of Malgudi. The author has used the mythological term,‘Bhasmasura’ to explain the demonic attributes of Vasu. He kills innocent animals, seduces women, threatens people of Malgudi and seeks pleasure out of it. He considers himself as supreme figure which leads him to his doom. R.K. Narayan through Vasu’s character has highlighted that who are prideful will bring about their self-destruction. In allegorical view, the author has depicted the sad reality of modern society where people like Vasu try to squash the innocent people.
{"title":"Portrayal of R.K. Narayan’s ‘The Man-Eater of Malgudi’ as an Allegorical Novel: An Overview","authors":"Pooja Pradeep Shinde","doi":"10.34293/english.v9i1.3440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34293/english.v9i1.3440","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with R.K. Narayan’s The Man-Eater of Malgudi as an allegorical novel. An allegorical story tries to entertain the reader through theuse of extended metaphor in which characters, plot, abstract ideas represents not only moral lessons but also explains story hidden underneath. In R.K. Narayan’s The Man-Eater of Malgudi, the author has profoundly used allegorical element to explain the relationship between Natraj and Vasu. Natraj, a welltodo printer of the town lives his life peacefully but he gets outraged with the arrival of Vasu. Vasu is just like Shakespeare’s Lago in Othello who is an embodiment of self-destruction. He has been called the Man-Eater of Malgudi who tries to suppress the innocent lives of Malgudi. The author has used the mythological term,‘Bhasmasura’ to explain the demonic attributes of Vasu. He kills innocent animals, seduces women, threatens people of Malgudi and seeks pleasure out of it. He considers himself as supreme figure which leads him to his doom. R.K. Narayan through Vasu’s character has highlighted that who are prideful will bring about their self-destruction. In allegorical view, the author has depicted the sad reality of modern society where people like Vasu try to squash the innocent people.","PeriodicalId":42863,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45843126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.34293/english.v9i1.3302
P. Gopika Unni
Untouchability is an evil social menace, where certain group of people are discriminated or alienated based on their caste, class or job from the mainstream sections of the society. Untouchables are the most oppressed and marginalized people, who often lack right and voice in the public domain. Manual scavenging is considered or treated as a job attributed to the untouchables of lowest strata of the society. These people are not given any dignity due to their job of carrying human waste using their bare hands. Mulk Raj Anand presents the sufferings and hardships of an untouchable boy named Bakha as a manual scavenger faced in the casteist society through his well known novel Untouchable.
{"title":"Manual Scavenging and the Issue of Untouchability in Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable","authors":"P. Gopika Unni","doi":"10.34293/english.v9i1.3302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34293/english.v9i1.3302","url":null,"abstract":"Untouchability is an evil social menace, where certain group of people are discriminated or alienated based on their caste, class or job from the mainstream sections of the society. Untouchables are the most oppressed and marginalized people, who often lack right and voice in the public domain. Manual scavenging is considered or treated as a job attributed to the untouchables of lowest strata of the society. These people are not given any dignity due to their job of carrying human waste using their bare hands. Mulk Raj Anand presents the sufferings and hardships of an untouchable boy named Bakha as a manual scavenger faced in the casteist society through his well known novel Untouchable.","PeriodicalId":42863,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47356471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ambivalence is the hallmark of Shelley’s poetry, but the ambivalence of Shelley’s often underappreciated wit remains a relatively uncharted area of critical exploration. The characterization of laughter as ‘heartless fiend’ – or ‘heartless friend’ – in Shelley’s sonnet ‘To Laughter’ underscores this very ambivalence while also spotlighting the sociality of laughter. Drawing upon the ancient Greek ambiguities of laughter as socially divisive and socially integrative, laughter in Shelley’s poetry vacillates between ostracizing bursts and harmonizing glee. This essay explores the ambivalence of Shelleyan laughter and its echo in the poetry of Louis MacNeice, prompted by the modern poet’s early interest in ‘a comparison of Shelley & Nietzsche & a deification of laughter’. MacNeice’s realist leanings remain coloured by Romantic predispositions throughout his career. With attention to Shelley and MacNeice’s Classical backgrounds, this essay reveals how Shelleyan laughter echoes throughout MacNeice’s poetry and, in its ambivalence, unveils the extent to which identity is unfixed for both poets.
{"title":"Ephemeral are Gay Gulps of Laughter’: P. B. Shelley, Louis Macneice, and the Ambivalence of Laughter","authors":"A. B. Davis","doi":"10.1093/english/efaa021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/english/efaa021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Ambivalence is the hallmark of Shelley’s poetry, but the ambivalence of Shelley’s often underappreciated wit remains a relatively uncharted area of critical exploration. The characterization of laughter as ‘heartless fiend’ – or ‘heartless friend’ – in Shelley’s sonnet ‘To Laughter’ underscores this very ambivalence while also spotlighting the sociality of laughter. Drawing upon the ancient Greek ambiguities of laughter as socially divisive and socially integrative, laughter in Shelley’s poetry vacillates between ostracizing bursts and harmonizing glee. This essay explores the ambivalence of Shelleyan laughter and its echo in the poetry of Louis MacNeice, prompted by the modern poet’s early interest in ‘a comparison of Shelley & Nietzsche & a deification of laughter’. MacNeice’s realist leanings remain coloured by Romantic predispositions throughout his career. With attention to Shelley and MacNeice’s Classical backgrounds, this essay reveals how Shelleyan laughter echoes throughout MacNeice’s poetry and, in its ambivalence, unveils the extent to which identity is unfixed for both poets.","PeriodicalId":42863,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47074362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“CO-EXISTENCE OR NO-EXISTENCE” When the Haboob Sings. By Nejoud Al Yagout","authors":"C. Allani","doi":"10.1093/ENGLISH/EFAA024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ENGLISH/EFAA024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42863,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ENGLISH/EFAA024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46564105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zadie Smith’s shorter forms – the short story and the essay – have received much less critical attention than her five novels. As an approach to these shorter forms and, specifically, to Smith’s interest in politics and aesthetics, I consider, in various ways, the notion of ‘moving between’. In the introductory section, I discuss Smith’s comments on the characteristics of the two forms, namely the association of the short story with feeling and the essay with the intellectual or analytic, and Smith’s repeated claim that she fails in both forms. In each of the following two sections, a short story and an essay are paired. The context is the period from 2016 to 2018 in the USA and the UK. In the first pairing, the essay, ‘Getting In and Out’ (2017), and the story, ‘Now More Than Ever’ (2018), the focus is the fevered debate around identity politics and political correctness, and a punitive use of social media. The second pairing, ‘Fences: A Brexit Diary (2016) and the story, ‘The Lazy River’, is, self-evidently, about Brexit. In these texts, we see how a sense of aesthetic possibility and intellectual freedom confronts a prescriptive politics; how Smith draws the reader’s attention to problems of political divisiveness in her use of pronouns, figures of speech, and catchphrases; and how, sometimes, her aesthetic response can sit awkwardly alongside her political principles. In the range, interest, and provocativeness of Smith’s short stories and essays, the reader is led to question her claims of incompetence.
{"title":"Moving between Politics and Aesthetics in Zadie Smith’s Shorter Forms","authors":"M. Eagleton","doi":"10.1093/english/efaa013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/english/efaa013","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Zadie Smith’s shorter forms – the short story and the essay – have received much less critical attention than her five novels. As an approach to these shorter forms and, specifically, to Smith’s interest in politics and aesthetics, I consider, in various ways, the notion of ‘moving between’. In the introductory section, I discuss Smith’s comments on the characteristics of the two forms, namely the association of the short story with feeling and the essay with the intellectual or analytic, and Smith’s repeated claim that she fails in both forms. In each of the following two sections, a short story and an essay are paired. The context is the period from 2016 to 2018 in the USA and the UK. In the first pairing, the essay, ‘Getting In and Out’ (2017), and the story, ‘Now More Than Ever’ (2018), the focus is the fevered debate around identity politics and political correctness, and a punitive use of social media. The second pairing, ‘Fences: A Brexit Diary (2016) and the story, ‘The Lazy River’, is, self-evidently, about Brexit. In these texts, we see how a sense of aesthetic possibility and intellectual freedom confronts a prescriptive politics; how Smith draws the reader’s attention to problems of political divisiveness in her use of pronouns, figures of speech, and catchphrases; and how, sometimes, her aesthetic response can sit awkwardly alongside her political principles. In the range, interest, and provocativeness of Smith’s short stories and essays, the reader is led to question her claims of incompetence.","PeriodicalId":42863,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/english/efaa013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47478459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feminist historians and eighteenth-century scholars alike have employed strategic essentialisms of identity categories like the sapphic to reclaim the historical presence and agency of social groups whose histories have been erased (or obscured) under patriarchy. Methodologically, strategic essentialisms enable the speculative alignment of eighteenth-century figures with contemporary identity categories even though such categories may not have been constituted as such at the time. Works like Susan Lanser’s Sexuality of History exemplify the use of strategic essentialisms to retain a phenomenological position in relation to power structures without assimilating historical figures into contemporary identity constructs.1 Though work like Lanser’s exists for lesbian and gay identities, similar work has yet to focus on the intertextual experience of transgender embodiment, despite the fact that scholars have recently argued that the lack of a speculative transgender/transsexual history in the West has led to the problematic interpolation of so-called ‘third genders’ across the globe through a Western (largely white) lens.2 In this article, I seek to construct and employ a strategic essentialism of Western trans embodiment and experience to reconstitute the historical presence and agency of individuals whose unique experiences align in degrees to transgender identity today.3 I argue that the intertextual experience of Charlotte Charke with her multi-faceted identities and roles, her resistance to pseudo-histories, as well as her negotiation and generation of origin narratives and embodied borderlands, constitutes a phenomenology of intertextuality and serves as a viable starting place for the (re)construction of a lost, Western transgender history.
{"title":"Reclaiming a Transgender History: The Intertextual Life of Charlotte Charke","authors":"Jesse Jack","doi":"10.1093/english/efaa022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/english/efaa022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Feminist historians and eighteenth-century scholars alike have employed strategic essentialisms of identity categories like the sapphic to reclaim the historical presence and agency of social groups whose histories have been erased (or obscured) under patriarchy. Methodologically, strategic essentialisms enable the speculative alignment of eighteenth-century figures with contemporary identity categories even though such categories may not have been constituted as such at the time. Works like Susan Lanser’s Sexuality of History exemplify the use of strategic essentialisms to retain a phenomenological position in relation to power structures without assimilating historical figures into contemporary identity constructs.1 Though work like Lanser’s exists for lesbian and gay identities, similar work has yet to focus on the intertextual experience of transgender embodiment, despite the fact that scholars have recently argued that the lack of a speculative transgender/transsexual history in the West has led to the problematic interpolation of so-called ‘third genders’ across the globe through a Western (largely white) lens.2 In this article, I seek to construct and employ a strategic essentialism of Western trans embodiment and experience to reconstitute the historical presence and agency of individuals whose unique experiences align in degrees to transgender identity today.3 I argue that the intertextual experience of Charlotte Charke with her multi-faceted identities and roles, her resistance to pseudo-histories, as well as her negotiation and generation of origin narratives and embodied borderlands, constitutes a phenomenology of intertextuality and serves as a viable starting place for the (re)construction of a lost, Western transgender history.","PeriodicalId":42863,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/english/efaa022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41413809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.34293/english.v8i4.2491
Gopika Unni P
Life is not a bed of roses. It has its ups and downs. A man has to move through different phases during his life time. Shakespeare compared the entire world to a stage in his poem, “All the world’s a stage.”. We all are mere players in this stage of life. Shakespeare presents a philosophical reflection of life in “All the world’s a stage.” He exhibits each stage undergone by a man, during his course of a life time. The seven stages of encompass infancy, childhood, boyhood, adulthood, middle age, old age, second childhood. All the materialistic happiness and reputations are secondary as death will capture everyone in the end; death is the great conqueror.
{"title":"Philosophical Reflection of Life in William Shakespeare’s “All the World’s a Stage”","authors":"Gopika Unni P","doi":"10.34293/english.v8i4.2491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34293/english.v8i4.2491","url":null,"abstract":"Life is not a bed of roses. It has its ups and downs. A man has to move through different phases during his life time. Shakespeare compared the entire world to a stage in his poem, “All the world’s a stage.”. We all are mere players in this stage of life. Shakespeare presents a philosophical reflection of life in “All the world’s a stage.” He exhibits each stage undergone by a man, during his course of a life time. The seven stages of encompass infancy, childhood, boyhood, adulthood, middle age, old age, second childhood. All the materialistic happiness and reputations are secondary as death will capture everyone in the end; death is the great conqueror.","PeriodicalId":42863,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45686013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.34293/english.v8i4.3354
A. Bah
The novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe, theme depicts the philosophy of existentialism. Existentialism argues the existence of humans through freedom of choice of the existence of who or what to become. The Robinson Crusoe character’s struggle to realize his freedom of life and defend his existence exemplars the existentialism. Robinson was adamant to his fathers’ advice and went to the sea. This paper discusses the characteristics of existentialism evident in the novel Robinson Crusoe. These aspects include the essence of existence, existence precedes essence, human alienation or estrangement, Fear and Trembling Anxiety, The Encounter with Nothingness, and Freedom. The relationships between existence and freedom of choice in human life establish the fact on augmentation of existentialism, as seen in Robinson Crusoe Character.
{"title":"The Augmentation of Existentialism: Robinson Crusoe’s Character","authors":"A. Bah","doi":"10.34293/english.v8i4.3354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34293/english.v8i4.3354","url":null,"abstract":"The novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe, theme depicts the philosophy of existentialism. Existentialism argues the existence of humans through freedom of choice of the existence of who or what to become. The Robinson Crusoe character’s struggle to realize his freedom of life and defend his existence exemplars the existentialism. Robinson was adamant to his fathers’ advice and went to the sea. This paper discusses the characteristics of existentialism evident in the novel Robinson Crusoe. These aspects include the essence of existence, existence precedes essence, human alienation or estrangement, Fear and Trembling Anxiety, The Encounter with Nothingness, and Freedom. The relationships between existence and freedom of choice in human life establish the fact on augmentation of existentialism, as seen in Robinson Crusoe Character.","PeriodicalId":42863,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48774078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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