Abstract When Paul Werth invented the concept of ‘text-worlds’ (1999), he drew on existing psychological accounts of how the mind processes stimuli, such as the idea of the ‘situation model’ (van Dijk and Kintsch 1983). Yet despite the important advancements to Werth’s approach that have been made in stylistics over the years, situation-model research is rarely, if ever, referenced in what is now called Text World Theory (Gavins 2007). In this article, I consult empirical research on situation models, consequently making two significant contributions: I show how empirical situation-model research bolsters the validity of Text World Theory; I propose a new concept for Text World Theory—‘world-retrieval’—to account for how readers trace the interconnections between text-worlds and attempt to resolve processing difficulties. An analysis of the opening to Ray Loriga’s (2003) novel Tokyo Doesn’t Love Us Anymore demonstrates the value of the ‘world-retrieval’ concept.
当Paul Werth发明了“文本世界”(1999)的概念时，他借鉴了现有的关于大脑如何处理刺激的心理学理论，比如“情境模型”(van Dijk and Kintsch 1983)。然而，尽管多年来在文体学方面取得了Werth方法的重要进展，情境模型研究很少被引用，如果有的话，现在被称为文本世界理论(Gavins 2007)。在本文中，我参考了情境模型的实证研究，从而做出了两个重要的贡献:我展示了实证情境模型研究如何支持文本世界理论的有效性;我为文本世界理论提出了一个新概念——“世界检索”——来解释读者如何追踪文本世界之间的相互联系，并试图解决处理困难。对雷·洛里加(Ray Loriga, 2003)小说《东京不再爱我们》(Tokyo Doesn ' t Love Us Anymore)开头的分析表明了“世界检索”概念的价值。
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Abstract In a key article on “Foregrounding and the sublime” (2007), David S. Miall outlined a stylistic as opposed to representational approach to the sublime in verbal art, focusing not on the object or scene that provokes sublime experience but instead on forms of poetic language that may evoke an analogously sublime experience in the reader. Miall theorized that such forms would be foregrounding devices, and his analysis of Percy Shelley’s epistolary and verse accounts of Mont Blanc identified four such devices in particular: explicit discourse of defamiliarization, deviant syntax, ultimately unimaginable images, and mind-nature blending through deictic shifts. In honor of David, this article imitates his method in order to (a) redefine the fourth of these devices in more general terms of spatial reference frame shifting and (b) nominate fictive motion constructions as a fifth foregrounding device in Shelley’s poetic sublime.
在一篇关于“前景与崇高”(2007)的重要文章中，David S. Miall概述了一种与语言艺术中崇高的具象性相反的风格方法，不关注激发崇高体验的对象或场景，而是关注可能在读者中唤起类似崇高体验的诗歌语言形式。米尔从理论上认为，这种形式将是前景装置，他对珀西·雪莱关于勃朗峰的书信体和诗歌的分析特别确定了四种这样的装置:明确的陌生化话语，偏离的句法，最终难以想象的图像，以及通过指示转换的心性融合。为了向大卫致敬，本文模仿他的方法，以期:(a)从更一般的空间参考框架转换的角度重新定义第四种方法，(b)将有效运动结构作为雪莱诗歌崇高中的第五种前景手段。
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Abstract This article takes its cue from David Miall’s influential 2011 paper, ‘Enacting the other: towards an aesthetics of feeling in literary reading’, in Elisabeth Schellekens and Peter Goldie (eds) The Aesthetic Mind: Philosophy and Psychology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 285–298. There, Miall considers the workings of readerly empathy with fictional people. He draws on work from philosophy, psychology, cognitive poetics, and both empirical and textual analysis to explore the complexities of how real readerly minds interact with fictional minds and the minds of real but remote authors. In this article, I revisit these arguments with the benefit of recent insights into the cognition of fictional minds. The key mechanism underlying characterisation, empathy, hostility, and engagement, I argue, is mind-modelling. With its origins in Theory of Mind, but extrapolated far from that simple phenomenon, mind-modelling captures the aesthetic and ethical relationships between minds both fictional and natural. I consider literary reading as a broader ecosystem: the reading mind as being embodied, enacted, and extended to include the imagined authorial mind. In recognition of Miall’s literary critical work, I will present a particular example from the poem ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ by John Keats – not only for the analytical demonstration but also in order to show the echoes between Romantic notions of holistic engagement with nature and recent work in cognition and literature. The analysis suggests a solution to a literary critical debate around its ending. An approach situated in mind-modelling offers a principled exploration of both fictional, poetic minds as well as authorial positioning.
摘要本文来源于David Miall 2011年发表在Elisabeth Schellekens和Peter Goldie（编辑）《审美心灵：哲学与心理学》（the Aesthetic Mind:Philosophy and Psychology）上的一篇颇具影响力的论文《创造另一种：走向文学阅读中的情感美学》，牛津：牛津大学出版社，第285–298页。在那里，Miall思考了与虚构人物的现成同理心的运作方式。他借鉴了哲学、心理学、认知诗学以及实证和文本分析的成果，探索了真实的阅读思维如何与虚构思维以及真实但遥远的作者的思维互动的复杂性。在这篇文章中，我重新审视了这些论点，并借鉴了最近对虚构思维认知的见解。我认为，表征、同理心、敌意和参与的关键机制是思维模型。心智模型起源于《心智理论》，但与这一简单现象相去甚远，它捕捉到了虚构和自然心智之间的美学和伦理关系。我认为文学阅读是一个更广泛的生态系统：阅读思维被体现、实施和扩展，包括想象中的作者思维。为了表彰Miall的文学批评作品，我将举一个约翰·济慈的诗歌《希腊瓮颂》中的特定例子——不仅是为了进行分析论证，也是为了展示浪漫主义与自然的整体接触概念与最近的认知和文学作品之间的呼应。该分析为围绕其结局展开的文学批评辩论提供了解决方案。一种基于心理建模的方法提供了对虚构、诗意心理以及作者定位的原则性探索。
{"title":"Mind-modelling literary personas","authors":"P. Stockwell","doi":"10.1515/jls-2022-2056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jls-2022-2056","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article takes its cue from David Miall’s influential 2011 paper, ‘Enacting the other: towards an aesthetics of feeling in literary reading’, in Elisabeth Schellekens and Peter Goldie (eds) The Aesthetic Mind: Philosophy and Psychology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 285–298. There, Miall considers the workings of readerly empathy with fictional people. He draws on work from philosophy, psychology, cognitive poetics, and both empirical and textual analysis to explore the complexities of how real readerly minds interact with fictional minds and the minds of real but remote authors. In this article, I revisit these arguments with the benefit of recent insights into the cognition of fictional minds. The key mechanism underlying characterisation, empathy, hostility, and engagement, I argue, is mind-modelling. With its origins in Theory of Mind, but extrapolated far from that simple phenomenon, mind-modelling captures the aesthetic and ethical relationships between minds both fictional and natural. I consider literary reading as a broader ecosystem: the reading mind as being embodied, enacted, and extended to include the imagined authorial mind. In recognition of Miall’s literary critical work, I will present a particular example from the poem ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ by John Keats – not only for the analytical demonstration but also in order to show the echoes between Romantic notions of holistic engagement with nature and recent work in cognition and literature. The analysis suggests a solution to a literary critical debate around its ending. An approach situated in mind-modelling offers a principled exploration of both fictional, poetic minds as well as authorial positioning.","PeriodicalId":42874,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF LITERARY SEMANTICS","volume":"51 1","pages":"131 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43147906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract David Miall was, for many scholars, the person welcoming them into the field of empirical literary studies. The research he conducted together with Don Kuiken on the effects of stylistic features on reading, with a central role for (self-modifying) feeling (cf. Miall, David S. & Don Kuiken. 1994. Foregrounding, defamiliarization, and affect: Response to literary stories. Poetics 22(5). 389–407) has been the inspirational foundation for much of the research conducted in this and other fields, such as cognitive poetics. By combining methods from traditional literary reading (such as close reading), with methods more commonly used in psychology (such as experimental designs and self-report questionnaires), he gave new depth to the concept of reader response research (Whiteley, Sara & Patricia Canning. 2017. Reader response research in stylistics. Language and Literature 26(2). 71–87), concerning himself with actual readers’ testimonials. In honour of David, this paper will present a close reading, not of a literary text, but of a particular reader testimonial, namely an online book review. By applying a close reading informed by Text World Theory, I attempt to show how the social context in which this review was written influenced the expression of narrative absorption the reader experienced during reading. Consequently, I argue for an expansion not just of the methodological toolbox we use to investigate absorption in online social reading, but for an expansion of the concept of story world absorption itself.
{"title":"Bodily involvement in readers’ online book reviews: applying Text World Theory to examine absorption in unprompted reader response","authors":"M. Kuijpers","doi":"10.1515/jls-2022-2055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jls-2022-2055","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract David Miall was, for many scholars, the person welcoming them into the field of empirical literary studies. The research he conducted together with Don Kuiken on the effects of stylistic features on reading, with a central role for (self-modifying) feeling (cf. Miall, David S. & Don Kuiken. 1994. Foregrounding, defamiliarization, and affect: Response to literary stories. Poetics 22(5). 389–407) has been the inspirational foundation for much of the research conducted in this and other fields, such as cognitive poetics. By combining methods from traditional literary reading (such as close reading), with methods more commonly used in psychology (such as experimental designs and self-report questionnaires), he gave new depth to the concept of reader response research (Whiteley, Sara & Patricia Canning. 2017. Reader response research in stylistics. Language and Literature 26(2). 71–87), concerning himself with actual readers’ testimonials. In honour of David, this paper will present a close reading, not of a literary text, but of a particular reader testimonial, namely an online book review. By applying a close reading informed by Text World Theory, I attempt to show how the social context in which this review was written influenced the expression of narrative absorption the reader experienced during reading. Consequently, I argue for an expansion not just of the methodological toolbox we use to investigate absorption in online social reading, but for an expansion of the concept of story world absorption itself.","PeriodicalId":42874,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF LITERARY SEMANTICS","volume":"51 1","pages":"111 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44831371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Postscript Mark J. Bruhn","authors":"W. van Peer","doi":"10.1515/jls-2022-2058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jls-2022-2058","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42874,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF LITERARY SEMANTICS","volume":"51 1","pages":"169 - 169"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48331627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Virdis, Daniela Francesca, Elisabetta Zurru & Ernestine Lahey,Language in place: stylistic perspectives on landscape, place and environment","authors":"Anne Furlong","doi":"10.1515/jls-2022-2059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jls-2022-2059","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42874,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF LITERARY SEMANTICS","volume":"51 1","pages":"163 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43195891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction: the art of sweet persuasion. David Miall’s life and work","authors":"W. van Peer","doi":"10.1515/jls-2022-2052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jls-2022-2052","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42874,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF LITERARY SEMANTICS","volume":"51 1","pages":"73 - 74"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45917253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julia de Jonge, Serena Demichelis, S. Rebora, M. Salgaro
Abstract Within the field of Holocaust Studies the last decade has witnessed a turn to the figure of the perpetrator, who had hitherto received little attention due to ethical, legal and psychological reasons. A similar turn can also be observed in connection with the study of empathy. In this context, the concept of “negative empathy,” intended as a sharing of emotions with morally negative fictional characters, has become an increasingly discussed topic. For research in this area, the novel The Kindly Ones (2006) by Jonathan Littell takes up a privileged position in light of its intrinsic literary quality and due to its commercial and critical success. This novel recounts the memories of an SS-officer, Maximilian Aue, who participated in the Shoah. We have carried out an experiment using some passages of this novel to test the empathic reactions of (104) readers. Passages were presented under either of two conditions: as a fictional text or as part of an autobiography. Results showed that fictionalization has a significant effect on moral disengagement; readers who read the narrative presented to them as fictional experienced higher levels of moral disengagement compared to readers in the autobiography condition. Moreover, higher levels of moral disengagement led to significantly higher levels of empathy for the protagonist of the novel.
{"title":"Operationalizing perpetrator studies. Focusing readers’ reactions to The Kindly Ones by Jonathan Littell","authors":"Julia de Jonge, Serena Demichelis, S. Rebora, M. Salgaro","doi":"10.1515/jls-2022-2057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jls-2022-2057","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Within the field of Holocaust Studies the last decade has witnessed a turn to the figure of the perpetrator, who had hitherto received little attention due to ethical, legal and psychological reasons. A similar turn can also be observed in connection with the study of empathy. In this context, the concept of “negative empathy,” intended as a sharing of emotions with morally negative fictional characters, has become an increasingly discussed topic. For research in this area, the novel The Kindly Ones (2006) by Jonathan Littell takes up a privileged position in light of its intrinsic literary quality and due to its commercial and critical success. This novel recounts the memories of an SS-officer, Maximilian Aue, who participated in the Shoah. We have carried out an experiment using some passages of this novel to test the empathic reactions of (104) readers. Passages were presented under either of two conditions: as a fictional text or as part of an autobiography. Results showed that fictionalization has a significant effect on moral disengagement; readers who read the narrative presented to them as fictional experienced higher levels of moral disengagement compared to readers in the autobiography condition. Moreover, higher levels of moral disengagement led to significantly higher levels of empathy for the protagonist of the novel.","PeriodicalId":42874,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF LITERARY SEMANTICS","volume":"51 1","pages":"147 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46123695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper attempts to rescue the notion of foregrounding from the prevailing focus on defamiliarization. It does so by engaging in a phenomenological dialogue with David Miall’s account of foregrounding and feeling and Viktor Shklovsky’s discussion of literary device and aesthetic function. In particular, it contextualizes Miall’s proposal of the response to foregrounding as a feeling-guided process involving boundary crossings, a defamiliarization-refamiliarization cycle, and self-transformative feelings within Husserl’s philosophical analysis of sense constitution. Miall’s feeling explorations and explications find their counterpart in Husserl’s active egoic turning toward the affective allure and enticement of affective resonances. Using Miall’s work as a touchstone, some frequently overlooked aspects of Shklovsky’s conception of ostranenie are clarified by drawing on Husserl’s notions of the natural attitude, active and passive synthesis, affective allure, expressive explication, and awakenings.
{"title":"The affective allure – a phenomenological dialogue with David Miall’s studies of foregrounding and feeling","authors":"Paul Sopcak, Don Kuiken","doi":"10.1515/jls-2022-2053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jls-2022-2053","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper attempts to rescue the notion of foregrounding from the prevailing focus on defamiliarization. It does so by engaging in a phenomenological dialogue with David Miall’s account of foregrounding and feeling and Viktor Shklovsky’s discussion of literary device and aesthetic function. In particular, it contextualizes Miall’s proposal of the response to foregrounding as a feeling-guided process involving boundary crossings, a defamiliarization-refamiliarization cycle, and self-transformative feelings within Husserl’s philosophical analysis of sense constitution. Miall’s feeling explorations and explications find their counterpart in Husserl’s active egoic turning toward the affective allure and enticement of affective resonances. Using Miall’s work as a touchstone, some frequently overlooked aspects of Shklovsky’s conception of ostranenie are clarified by drawing on Husserl’s notions of the natural attitude, active and passive synthesis, affective allure, expressive explication, and awakenings.","PeriodicalId":42874,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF LITERARY SEMANTICS","volume":"51 1","pages":"75 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48139457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article offers our reply to Wolfgang Teubert. 2021. Embodiment is not the answer to meaning: A discussion of the theory underlying the article by Carina Rasse and Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr. in JLS 50(1). Journey of Literary Semantics 50. 89–106. Teurbert’s article examined discussion of our earlier publication in this journal on metaphorical thinking in people’s literary experiences of J.D. Salinger’s novel “The Catcher in the Rye.” Teubert makes several points about our advocacy of an embodied perspective on literary meaning and interpretation. He argues that literary experience is best characterized in terms of people’s verbalized, reflective statements about the meanings of literary texts. Data from cognitive linguistic analyses and behavioral experiments are less compelling, in his view, because these studies examine embodied metaphors from a discourse-external perspective and mostly focus on people’s fast, mostly unconscious processing of verbal metaphors. Our reply highlights the importance of studying linguistic understanding, and literary experience, along varying time-dimensions, the fact that many linguistic and behavioral studies examine embodied metaphorical thinking in more reflective, social circumstances, exactly as Teubert recommends. Finally, we suggest that looking at literary experience from an embodied perspective is tightly associated with a discourse-analytic point of view. Scholars can never dismiss the reality of embodiment in literary experience because it provides a critical, but not exclusive, constraint on how we express ourselves and enable others to create specific patterns of meaning in the words they read.
本文是对Wolfgang Teubert的回复。具体化不是意义的答案:对Carina Rasse和Raymond W. Gibbs Jr.在JLS 50(1)中文章的理论基础的讨论。文学语义学之旅89 - 106。图尔伯特的文章考察了我们之前在本刊上发表的关于J.D.塞林格小说《麦田里的守望者》中人们文学体验中的隐喻思维的讨论。对于我们倡导的文学意义和阐释的具身视角，图伯特提出了几点看法。他认为，文学体验的最佳特征是人们对文学文本意义的语言化、反思性陈述。在他看来，来自认知语言学分析和行为实验的数据不那么引人注目，因为这些研究从话语外部的角度考察了体现隐喻，并且主要关注人们对言语隐喻的快速、无意识的处理。我们的回答强调了沿着不同的时间维度研究语言理解和文学经验的重要性，事实上，许多语言和行为研究在更具反思性的社会环境中检验体现的隐喻思维，正如图伯特所建议的那样。最后，我们认为从具身的角度看待文学经验与话语分析的观点密切相关。学者们永远不能忽视文学经验中体现的现实，因为它为我们如何表达自己提供了一个关键的，但不是排他性的约束，并使其他人能够在他们所读的文字中创造出特定的意义模式。
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