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A Systematic Review on the Role of Adrenergic Receptors in Angiogenesis Regulation in Health and Disease 肾上腺素能受体在健康和疾病血管生成调控中的作用的系统综述
Pub Date : 2021-11-30 DOI: 10.3390/ijtm1030021
Athanasios Xanthopoulos, Iliana Daskalopoulou, Sofia Frountzi, E. Papadimitriou
Angiogenesis is essential during development or when tissue restoration and oxygenation is required. Limited or excessive formation of blood vessels is a hallmark of several pathologies, and many angiogenesis-related pathways are being studied to highlight potential targets for effective angiogenesis-stimulating or inhibiting therapeutic approaches. A few studies point to the adrenergic system as a significant regulator of angiogenesis, directly or indirectly. Functional adrenergic receptors are expressed on endothelial cells and affect their response to the adrenergic system. The latter can also upregulate the release of growth factors by mural cells of the vessel wall, blood cells or cancer cells, thus subsequently affecting endothelial cell functions and angiogenesis. In the present study we summarize up-to-date literature on the known effects of the adrenergic receptors on physiological and pathological angiogenesis.
在发育过程中或组织修复和氧合需要时,血管生成是必不可少的。有限或过多的血管形成是几种疾病的标志,许多血管生成相关的途径正在被研究,以突出有效的血管生成刺激或抑制治疗方法的潜在靶点。一些研究指出肾上腺素能系统直接或间接地对血管生成起到重要的调节作用。功能性肾上腺素能受体在内皮细胞上表达并影响其对肾上腺素能系统的反应。后者还可上调血管壁细胞、血细胞或癌细胞对生长因子的释放,从而影响内皮细胞功能和血管生成。在本研究中,我们总结了关于肾上腺素能受体在生理和病理血管生成中的作用的最新文献。
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引用次数: 1
Developments in Non-Invasive Imaging to Guide Diagnosis and Treatment of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review 非侵入性影像学在指导增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变诊断和治疗中的进展:系统综述
Pub Date : 2021-11-26 DOI: 10.3390/ijtm1030020
Ellie Bowditch, Andrew Chang, H. Mehta
Diagnosis and management of proliferative diabetic retinopathy are reliant upon retinal imaging. A systematic literature review of non-invasive imaging to guide diagnosis and treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy was performed. There is a trend of moving away from invasive (e.g., fundus fluorescein angiography) to non-invasive (e.g., wide-field optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography and colour fundus photography) imaging modalities to allow for more objective assessments that can be readily repeated in a time-efficient manner without compromising patient safety. Such quantitative assessments generating large amounts of data could benefit from artificial intelligence approaches to aid clinical decision making. These non-invasive imaging modalities continue to improve both in terms of the quality of image acquisition and progress in image interpretation. It is important that newer non-invasive imaging modalities are appropriately validated in large-scale prospective observational studies or randomised clinical trials.
增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变的诊断和治疗依赖于视网膜成像。本文对无创影像指导增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变的诊断和治疗进行了系统的文献综述。有一种从侵入性(如眼底荧光素血管造影)转向非侵入性(如宽视场光学相干断层扫描(OCT)、OCT血管造影和眼底彩色摄影)成像模式的趋势,以允许更客观的评估,可以在不影响患者安全的情况下,以时间效率的方式轻松重复。这种产生大量数据的定量评估可以从人工智能方法中受益,以帮助临床决策。这些非侵入性成像模式在图像采集质量和图像解释方面都在不断改进。重要的是,新的非侵入性成像方式在大规模前瞻性观察研究或随机临床试验中得到适当的验证。
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引用次数: 1
Python Programming in PyPI for Translational Medicine 翻译医学PyPI中的Python编程
Pub Date : 2021-11-24 DOI: 10.3390/ijtm1030019
Yoshiyasu Takefuji
This is the world’s first tutorial article on Python Packaging for beginners and practitioners for translational medicine or medicine in general. This tutorial will allow researchers to demonstrate and showcase their tools on PyPI packages around the world. Nowadays, for translational medicine, researchers need to deal with big data. This paper describes how to build an executable Python Package Index (PyPI) code and package. PyPI is a repository of software for the Python programming language with 5,019,737 files and 544,359 users (programmers) as of 19 October 2021. First, programmers must understand how to scrape a dataset over the Internet; second, they must read the dataset file in csv format; third, build a program to compute the target values; fourth, convert the Python program to the PyPI package.; and fifth, upload the PyPI package. This paper depicts a covidlag executable package as an example for calculating the accurate case fatality rate (CFR) and the lag time from infection to death. You can install the covidlag by pip terminal command and test it. This paper also introduces deathdaily and scorecovid packages on PyPI Stats, which can inform how many users have downloaded the specified PyPI package. The usefulness and applicability of a developed tool can be verified by PyPI Stats with the number of downloaded users.
这是世界上第一篇针对转化医学或一般医学的初学者和从业者的Python打包教程。本教程将允许研究人员在世界各地的PyPI包上演示和展示他们的工具。如今,对于转化医学来说,研究人员需要处理大数据。本文描述了如何构建一个可执行的Python包索引(PyPI)代码和包。PyPI是Python编程语言的软件存储库,截至2021年10月19日,拥有5,019,737个文件和544,359个用户(程序员)。首先,程序员必须了解如何在互联网上抓取数据集;其次,必须读取CSV格式的数据集文件;第三,编写计算目标值的程序;第四,将Python程序转换为PyPI包。第五,上传PyPI包。本文以covid - lag可执行包为例,计算准确的病死率(CFR)和从感染到死亡的滞后时间。您可以使用pip terminal命令安装covid - lag并进行测试。本文还介绍了PyPI Stats上的deathdaily和scorecovid包,它们可以告知有多少用户下载了指定的PyPI包。开发的工具的有用性和适用性可以通过PyPI Stats通过下载的用户数量来验证。
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引用次数: 2
Nanomedicine for Treating Diabetic Retinopathy Vascular Degeneration 纳米药物治疗糖尿病视网膜病变血管变性
Pub Date : 2021-11-24 DOI: 10.3390/ijtm1030018
Tatiana Borodina, D. Kostyushev, A. Zamyatnin, A. Parodi
The incidence of diabetes and the pathological conditions associated with chronic hyperglycemia is increasing worldwide. Among them, diabetic retinopathy represents a leading cause of vision loss, causing a significant structural and functional impairment of the retinal and choroidal capillary network. Current therapies include anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory drugs administered through repetitive and invasive intraocular injections, and associated with significant adverse effects. The presence of ocular barriers affects the efficiency of topically administered therapeutics for treating the posterior segment of the eye. In this scenario, nanomedicine could improve current therapies for diabetic retinopathy by providing tools that can decrease the number of injections thanks to their controlled release properties, while some materials showed a natural ability to mitigate pathological neo-angiogenesis. Moreover, specific surface modifications could open new scenarios for the development of topical treatments. This review describes current advances in generating nanomedicine for diabetic retinopathy, focusing on the properties of the different materials tested explicitly for this purpose.
糖尿病的发病率和与慢性高血糖相关的病理状况在世界范围内正在增加。其中,糖尿病性视网膜病变是导致视力丧失的主要原因,引起视网膜和脉络膜毛细血管网络的严重结构和功能损害。目前的治疗方法包括通过反复和侵入性眼内注射抗血管生成和抗炎药物,并伴有明显的不良反应。眼屏障的存在影响了局部给药治疗眼后段的效率。在这种情况下,纳米医学可以通过提供减少注射次数的工具来改善糖尿病视网膜病变的现有治疗方法,这要多亏了它们的控释特性,而一些材料显示出减轻病理性新血管生成的天然能力。此外,特定的表面修饰可以为局部治疗的发展开辟新的前景。本文综述了目前用于糖尿病视网膜病变的纳米药物的进展,重点介绍了为此目的明确测试的不同材料的特性。
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引用次数: 4
Review of OCT Angiography Findings in Diabetic Retinopathy: Insights and Perspectives 糖尿病视网膜病变的OCT血管造影研究综述:见解和观点
Pub Date : 2021-11-16 DOI: 10.3390/ijtm1030017
J. Moir, S. Khanna, D. Skondra
Diabetes mellitus (DM), a disorder rapidly growing in prevalence, is linked to the retinal microvasculature complication diabetic retinopathy (DR). As one of the leading global causes of vision impairment and loss, imaging techniques to detect and monitor DR must continue to improve in order to address this growing burden. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a nascent imaging modality that generates three-dimensional visualizations of the retinal and choroidal microvasculature. Compared to fluorescein angiography, the gold-standard imaging modality for retinal vessels, OCTA offers the advantages of being non-invasive, quick, and able to resolve the multiple plexuses within the retina. Quantitative OCTA studies have explored parameters such as vessel density (VD), foveal avascular zone (FAZ), acircularity index, vessel tortuosity (VT), and fractal dimension (FD) amongst DR patients. This review synthesizes the main trends emerging from quantitative OCTA-based studies of DR and interrogates them within the context of DR pathophysiology. We offer a glimpse into how analysis techniques have shifted in the years since OCTA came into existence, while speculating on its future role in clinical practice.
糖尿病(DM)是一种快速增长的疾病,与视网膜微血管并发症糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)有关。作为全球视力损害和丧失的主要原因之一,DR的检测和监测成像技术必须继续改进,以解决这一日益增长的负担。光学相干断层血管造影(OCTA)是一种新生的成像方式,可以生成视网膜和脉络膜微血管的三维可视化。与荧光素血管造影(视网膜血管的金标准成像方式)相比,OCTA具有非侵入性、快速和能够解决视网膜内多个神经丛的优点。定量OCTA研究探讨了DR患者的血管密度(VD)、中央凹无血管区(FAZ)、循环指数、血管弯曲度(VT)和分形维数(FD)等参数。这篇综述综合了基于定量octa的DR研究的主要趋势,并在DR病理生理学的背景下对它们进行了探讨。我们提供了一窥分析技术如何在OCTA出现以来的几年里发生了变化,同时推测其在临床实践中的未来作用。
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引用次数: 5
Food Insecurity Is Associated with Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review of Findings across the Life Course 粮食不安全与认知功能相关:对生命历程研究结果的系统回顾
Pub Date : 2021-11-09 DOI: 10.3390/ijtm1030015
Michael F. Royer, Nicolas Guerithault, B. Braden, M. Laska, M. Bruening
Food insecurity (FI) has negative implications across the life course that include poor health outcomes among both children and adults. However, the behavioral mechanisms by which FI impacts health behaviors are not clear. By understanding how FI is related to cognitive function/brain structure across the life course, we can design more targeted interventions. A systematic literature review was performed by conducting comprehensive database searches in Google Scholar and PubMed. Inclusion criteria required studies to include measures of FI and cognitive function/brain structure in humans. Study sample, design, outcomes, and biases were extracted. In total, 17 studies met the inclusion criteria. Cognitive domains included general cognition (n = 13), executive function (n = 10), visuospatial abilities (n = 4), and verbal memory (n = 8). No studies examined brain structure. Most studies (88%) indicated significant inverse associations between FI and cognitive function across all stages of the life course, particularly for general cognition and executive function. Significant inverse associations were observed between FI and either general cognition or executive function among children (n = 3) and adults (n = 12). All studies considered confounding variables; however, given that all were observational, no causality can be inferred from the findings. These findings indicate that FI is related to lower cognitive function across the life course. Research should explore how changes in food security status impacts cognitive function and brain structure to develop optimal FI interventions and improve cognitive health.
粮食不安全在整个生命过程中都有负面影响,包括儿童和成人的健康状况不佳。然而,FI影响健康行为的行为机制尚不清楚。通过了解FI如何与整个生命过程中的认知功能/大脑结构相关,我们可以设计更有针对性的干预措施。通过在Google Scholar和PubMed中进行全面的数据库搜索,进行系统的文献综述。纳入标准要求研究包括人类FI和认知功能/大脑结构的测量。提取研究样本、设计、结果和偏差。总共有17项研究符合纳入标准。认知领域包括一般认知(n = 13)、执行功能(n = 10)、视觉空间能力(n = 4)和言语记忆(n = 8)。没有研究检查大脑结构。大多数研究(88%)表明,FI与认知功能之间存在显著的负相关关系,贯穿生命历程的各个阶段,尤其是一般认知和执行功能。在儿童(n = 3)和成人(n = 12)中,FI与一般认知或执行功能之间存在显著的负相关。所有的研究都考虑了混杂变量;然而,考虑到所有这些都是观察性的,从这些发现中无法推断出因果关系。这些发现表明,在整个生命过程中,FI与认知功能低下有关。研究应探讨粮食安全状况的变化如何影响认知功能和大脑结构,以制定最佳的FI干预措施,改善认知健康。
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引用次数: 10
Biological Analyses-Derived Translational Findings in the T Cell Receptor Alpha Chain Knockout Mouse as an Experimental Model for Ulcerative Colitis T细胞受体α链敲除小鼠作为溃疡性结肠炎实验模型的生物学分析衍生的翻译发现
Pub Date : 2021-11-08 DOI: 10.3390/ijtm1030014
E. Mizoguchi, Takayuki Sadanaga, Toshiyuki Okada
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory disorders that affects many individuals throughout their lives. Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) are two major forms of IBD. Until the early 1990s, a murine model of spontaneous chronic colitis was unavailable. As a major breakthrough in the basic research field of IBD, three genetically manipulated murine chronic colitis models, including interleukin (IL)-2 knockout (KO), IL-10 KO, and T cell receptor alpha chain (TCRα) KO models, were established in 1993. Since then, complicated immunobiological mechanisms during the development of UC have been gradually discovered by utilizing a wide variety of murine models of IBD, including the TCRα KO mouse model. In particular, it has been recognized that four major factors, including enteric, environmental, and immunological factors as well as enteric microbiota are highly and mutually involved in the pathogenesis of UC. As a pioneer of the TCRα KO murine model of UC, our group has identified that the interactions between the unique TCRα-β+ T cell population and antigen-presenting cells, including dendritic cells and B cells, play a key role for the development and regulation of UC-like chronic colitis, respectively. Here we have summarized clinically proven pathogenic and regulatory factors which have been identified by this novel TCRα KO murine model of UC in the past nearly three decades.
炎症性肠病(IBD)是一组慢性炎症性疾病,影响许多人的一生。溃疡性结肠炎(UC)和克罗恩病(CD)是IBD的两种主要形式。直到20世纪90年代初,自发性慢性结肠炎的小鼠模型还没有建立。作为IBD基础研究领域的重大突破,1993年建立了白细胞介素(IL)-2敲除(KO)、IL-10 KO和T细胞受体α链(TCRα) KO三种基因操纵小鼠慢性结肠炎模型。此后,通过利用包括TCRα KO小鼠模型在内的多种IBD小鼠模型,逐渐发现UC发展过程中复杂的免疫生物学机制。特别是肠道因素、环境因素、免疫因素和肠道菌群这四大因素在UC的发病过程中高度相互参与。作为UC的TCRα KO小鼠模型的先驱,我们的团队已经确定了独特的TCRα-β+ T细胞群和抗原呈递细胞(包括树突状细胞和B细胞)之间的相互作用分别在UC样慢性结肠炎的发展和调节中发挥关键作用。在这里,我们总结了近三十年来通过这种新型TCRα KO小鼠UC模型发现的临床证实的致病因素和调节因素。
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引用次数: 1
Artificial Intelligence in Translational Medicine 人工智能在转化医学中的应用
Pub Date : 2021-10-18 DOI: 10.20944/preprints202110.0242.v1
S. Brogi, V. Calderone
The huge advancement of Internet web facilities as well as the progress in computing and algorithm development, along with current innovations regarding high-throughput techniques enables the scientific community to gain access to biological datasets, clinical data, and several databases containing billions of information concerning scientific knowledge. Consequently, during the last decade the system for managing, analyzing, processing and extrapolating information from scientific data has been considerably modified in several fields including the medical one. As a consequence of the mentioned scenario, scientific vocabulary was enriched by novel lexicons such as Machine Learning (ML)/Deep Learning (DL) and overall Artificial Intelligence (AI). Beyond the terminology, these computational techniques are revolutionizing the scientific research in drug discovery pitch, from the preclinical studies to clinical investigation. Interestingly, between preclinical and clinical research, the translational research is benefitting from computer-based approaches, transforming the design and execution of the translational research, resulting in breakthroughs for advancing human health. Accordingly, in this review article, we analyze the most advanced applications of AI in translational medicine, providing an up-to-date outlook regarding this emerging field.
互联网网络设施的巨大进步以及计算和算法发展的进步,以及当前关于高通量技术的创新,使科学界能够访问包含数十亿科学知识信息的生物数据集、临床数据和几个数据库。因此,在过去十年中,从科学数据中管理、分析、处理和推断信息的系统在包括医学在内的几个领域有了很大的改进。由于上述情况,科学词汇丰富了新的词汇,如机器学习(ML)/深度学习(DL)和整体人工智能(AI)。除了术语之外,这些计算技术正在彻底改变药物发现领域的科学研究,从临床前研究到临床研究。有趣的是,在临床前研究和临床研究之间,转化研究受益于基于计算机的方法,改变了转化研究的设计和执行,为促进人类健康带来了突破。因此,在这篇综述文章中,我们分析了人工智能在转化医学中的最新应用,并对这一新兴领域提供了最新的展望。
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引用次数: 4
Challenges in Diabetic Micro-Complication Management: Focus on Diabetic Neuropathy 糖尿病微并发症管理的挑战:关注糖尿病神经病变
Pub Date : 2021-10-06 DOI: 10.3390/ijtm1030013
Prawej Ansari, J. Hannan, S. Azam, M. Jakaria
The progression of diabetes leads to macro and microvascular complications, including diabetic neuropathy, which is the most prevalent microvascular complication with diabetes. Clinical manifestations of diabetic neuropathy begin with the loss of distal sensory function, pain, and substantial morbidity. It has been evident that ~50% of diabetic patients develop neuropathy at a certain stage in their lifetime. Interestingly, two major subtypes (type I and II) of diabetes do not share the same epidemiology and pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy; thus, their management or treatment strategies may vary from each other. The past few decades of research suggest that many etiological features, diagnosis, and management complexities depend on the type of diabetes. However, the underlying mechanism of neuropathy in type I and type II diabetes remains unclear. This review provides the current knowledge on successful assessment, management, and pharmacological biomarkers to explore the treatment and surpass current challenges in diabetic neuropathy.
糖尿病的进展导致大血管和微血管并发症,包括糖尿病神经病变,这是糖尿病最常见的微血管并发症。糖尿病神经病变的临床表现开始于远端感觉功能丧失、疼痛和大量发病率。很明显,约50%的糖尿病患者在其一生中的某个阶段会发生神经病变。有趣的是,糖尿病的两种主要亚型(I型和II型)在糖尿病神经病变的流行病学和病理生理学上并不相同;因此,他们的管理或治疗策略可能彼此不同。过去几十年的研究表明,许多病因特征、诊断和管理复杂性取决于糖尿病的类型。然而,I型和II型糖尿病神经病变的潜在机制尚不清楚。这篇综述提供了目前关于成功评估、管理和药理生物标志物的知识,以探索糖尿病神经病变的治疗和克服当前的挑战。
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引用次数: 5
The Metastatic Capacity of Melanoma Reveals Alternative Pathways of Cancer Dissemination 黑色素瘤的转移能力揭示了癌症传播的其他途径
Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.3390/ijtm1030012
Michela Corsini, C. Ravelli, E. Grillo, S. Mitola
For many years the growth of solid tumors has been associated with their vascularization. The new vessels are needed to deliver oxygen and nutrients within the tumor mass. At the same time, these poorly stabilized vessels act as “Trojan horses” and open a way out for cancer cells. More recently, tumors have been identified whose growth appears to be independent of endothelial cell activity. Here we describe the ability of cancer cells to differentiate and reorganize themself in channels similar to blood vessels containing blood flow, overcoming the need for the angiogenic process of tumor vascularization. Together with the new vessels arising both from angiogenic and vasculogenic processes, these vessel-like structures can be exploited by tumor cells as a guide for migration and metastatic dissemination. In addition to classical intravascular dissemination, cancer cells can acquire pericytic features, interact with the endothelial basal lamina and migrate toward vessels or outside of the vessels. As expected, these alternative tumor behaviors assume greater importance if we consider that drugs with anti-angiogenic action directed against endothelial cells or their ligands are currently used in cancer therapy.
多年来,实体瘤的生长一直与它们的血管化有关。新的血管需要在肿瘤内输送氧气和营养物质。与此同时,这些稳定性差的血管充当了“特洛伊木马”,为癌细胞打开了一条出路。最近,肿瘤已被确定其生长似乎独立于内皮细胞活性。在这里,我们描述了癌细胞在类似于含有血流的血管的通道中分化和重组自身的能力,克服了肿瘤血管化血管生成过程的需要。与血管生成和血管生成过程中产生的新血管一起,这些血管样结构可以被肿瘤细胞利用,作为迁移和转移传播的指南。除了典型的血管内播散外,癌细胞还可以获得周细胞特征,与内皮基底层相互作用,向血管或血管外迁移。正如预期的那样,如果我们考虑到目前用于癌症治疗的针对内皮细胞或其配体的抗血管生成作用的药物,这些替代的肿瘤行为就会变得更加重要。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Journal of International Translational Medicine
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