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2022 IEEE 1st International Conference on Cognitive Mobility (CogMob)最新文献

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Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition Using YOLOv5 and Its Versions 基于YOLOv5及其版本的交通标志检测与识别
Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.1109/CogMob55547.2022.10118112
Aaron Joaquin Lebumfacil, P. Abu
A Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition (TSDR) System, which helps navigate vehicles through computer vision and human-machine communication, has to perform quickly as vehicles using them travel at high speeds. During this study, a speedy one-stage detector such as YOLOv5, a deep learning model, was chosen to dive into. This study explores creating a TSDR model by comparing four different versions of YOLOv5, namely YOLOv5 Nano, Small, Medium, and Large. This study was accomplished by first creating a new traffic sign dataset. The four versions of the YOLOv5 algorithm were then trained with a 75–25 train validation split, and 24 models were created. Afterwards, the models were tested on a test set, and their metrics were tallied. Results showed that YOLOv5 Medium and Large offer a 10% increase in accuracy performance when compared to YOLOv5 Small, but due to the slower detection speed of YOLOv5 Large, the YOLOv5 Medium models are a better fit when it comes to the detection of traffic signs when prepared by a relatively small dataset. This study provides an overview of the performance of the different YOLOv5 versions in traffic sign detection and recognition that aims to contribute to the improvement of traffic sign detectors.
交通标志检测和识别(TSDR)系统,通过计算机视觉和人机通信来帮助车辆导航,必须在车辆高速行驶时快速执行。在这项研究中,我们选择了快速的一级探测器,如深度学习模型YOLOv5。本研究通过比较YOLOv5的Nano、Small、Medium和Large四个不同版本,探索建立TSDR模型。本研究首先通过创建一个新的交通标志数据集来完成。然后对四个版本的YOLOv5算法进行75-25列验证分割,并创建24个模型。之后,在测试集上对模型进行测试,并对其参数进行统计。结果表明,与YOLOv5 Small相比,YOLOv5 Medium和Large的准确率性能提高了10%,但由于YOLOv5 Large的检测速度较慢,因此在相对较小的数据集准备时,YOLOv5 Medium模型更适合交通标志的检测。本研究概述了不同版本的YOLOv5在交通标志检测和识别方面的性能,旨在为改进交通标志检测器做出贡献。
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引用次数: 1
Noise and vibration test of electric drive cars 电动汽车噪声与振动试验
Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.1109/CogMob55547.2022.10118037
Márton Zöldy, F. Dömötör
Electric drive vehicles play a growing role in today's society. More and more people are aware of their environmental advantages and drive them day by day. However, electric vehicles might have disadvantages, too. The authors of this paper have the goal to study the noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) features. For this purpose two electric drive cars have been tested running on a test pad. During the test vibration and noise were measured at various speeds at several locations both on the drive chain and inside the passenger cabin. Results are shown on individual vibration spectra and waterfall diagrams. It was found, that both the vibration severity and the noise depend very much on the speed.
电动汽车在当今社会中扮演着越来越重要的角色。越来越多的人意识到他们的环境优势,并日益推动他们。然而,电动汽车也可能有缺点。本文的目的是研究车辆的噪声、振动和粗糙度(NVH)特征。为此,两辆电动汽车在测试台上进行了测试。在测试过程中,在驱动链和客舱内部的几个位置测量了不同速度下的振动和噪声。结果显示在单个振动谱和瀑布图上。结果表明,振动强度和噪声与转速有很大关系。
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引用次数: 0
Artificial Neural Network Based Prediction of Engine Combustion and Emissions from a High Resolution Dataset 基于人工神经网络的高分辨率数据集发动机燃烧和排放预测
Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.1109/CogMob55547.2022.10118200
Márton Virt, M. Zöldy
Development of new advanced fuels require more efficient methods to reduce costs. Artificial neural networks can be used in the fuel designing process, but the dataset creation can be expensive. This paper aims to create highly accurate multilayer perceptron type artificial neural network models to predict a medium duty commercial diesel engine's combustion and emission properties. A high-resolution dataset with 6277 samples was used for the training, and the resulted models will be used for future researches on cost optimization. The NOx and PM emission, peak combustion temperature, peak pressure rise rate, indicated mean effective pressure, start of combustion, duration of combustion, ignition delay, brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency was predicted from the engine speed, torque and high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation valve position. First, the cost-efficient method of high resolution dataset creation is described, then the results of the predictive models are presented. The mean squared error for the scaled dataset, and the root-mean-square error, mean average percentage error, correlation coefficient and determination coefficient for the unscaled dataset was used to evaluate the performance of the resulted models. In addition the most informative prediction error plots are also presented. It was found that the high-resolution dataset resulted really accurate models that can be used for continuing the cost optimization research.
开发新的先进燃料需要更有效的方法来降低成本。人工神经网络可以用于燃料设计过程,但数据集的创建成本很高。本文旨在建立高精度的多层感知器型人工神经网络模型来预测中型商用柴油机的燃烧和排放特性。使用6277个样本的高分辨率数据集进行训练,所得模型将用于未来成本优化的研究。根据发动机转速、扭矩和高压废气再循环阀位置,预测NOx和PM排放量、燃烧峰值温度、峰值压力上升率、指示平均有效压力、燃烧开始时间、燃烧持续时间、点火延迟时间、制动比油耗和制动热效率。首先描述了高分辨率数据集创建的成本效益方法,然后给出了预测模型的结果。使用缩放数据集的均方误差和未缩放数据集的均方根误差、平均百分比误差、相关系数和决定系数来评估所得模型的性能。此外,还给出了最具信息量的预测误差图。研究发现,高分辨率数据集产生了非常准确的模型,可用于继续进行成本优化研究。
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引用次数: 0
Defining metrics for scenario-based evaluation of autonomous vehicle models 定义基于场景的自动驾驶汽车模型评估指标
Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.1109/CogMob55547.2022.10117768
Peter Farkaš, Lászlo Szőke, S. Aradi
The paper deals with the evaluation of autonomous vehicles along with the quantification of their behavior and maneuvers. The article outlines the positive aspects of autonomy and lists several arguments in their favor, e.g. convenience and efficiency considerations. Furthermore, it also addresses the associated difficulties including the feasibility of road testing and the establishment of appropriate simulations. The current work aims to define methods providing objective indicators to compare algorithms solving the complex tasks of road transport. Rule-based, supervised and reinforcement learning control models, test environments, accelerated test methods and assessment indicators of the corresponding literature are reviewed and evaluated. After investigating the different metrics, we formulate an evaluation framework that can be applied in the development and assessment process of new artificial intelligence controlled models. As an outcome of this work, we aim to aid a missing sector in the field of autonomous driving function development by collecting and defining metrics that intend to help qualitatively evaluate and compare algorithms. The key aspect during the definition of the suggested method was to ensure its extensive applicability by selecting only metrics that can be obtained from the already installed sensors of the vehicles. Additionally, we also assess multiple agents to observe how their behavior compares and whether the proposed metrics reflect the expected behavior.
本文研究了自动驾驶汽车的评价及其行为和机动的量化。文章概述了自主的积极方面,并列出了一些有利于他们的论点,例如便利和效率方面的考虑。此外,它还解决了相关的困难,包括道路测试的可行性和建立适当的模拟。目前的工作旨在定义提供客观指标的方法,以比较解决道路运输复杂任务的算法。对相应文献的基于规则学习、监督学习和强化学习控制模型、测试环境、加速测试方法和评估指标进行了综述和评价。在研究了不同的度量标准之后,我们制定了一个评估框架,可以应用于新的人工智能控制模型的开发和评估过程。作为这项工作的结果,我们的目标是通过收集和定义旨在帮助定性评估和比较算法的指标来帮助自动驾驶功能开发领域缺失的部门。在定义所建议的方法时,关键的方面是通过只选择可以从已安装的车辆传感器中获得的指标来确保其广泛的适用性。此外,我们还评估了多个代理,以观察它们的行为如何比较,以及提议的指标是否反映了预期的行为。
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引用次数: 0
Overview of the Relationship between Human Spatial Abilities and GPS Usage 人类空间能力与GPS使用关系综述
Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.1109/CogMob55547.2022.10117612
Borbóla Berki
GPS-based (Global Positioning System) navigation is a great help when traveling to new places. Although, many of us have experienced the feeling that after driving across town with a GPS device, that we cannot retrieve the road and we feel that without the GPS we will not be able to find our way back. This paper presents human spatial abilities and spatial orientation. Then shows the state of the art in the empirical research regarding the effects of using GPS. Then presents some methods and design principles that aim to overcome this detrimental effect. For example, raising the awareness of the drivers and users, to be more conscious when they decide whether they need navigational aid or not. Furthermore, the interaction design of these devices could also initiate actively dealing with the information to enhance active encoding. In addition, by integrating landmarks as reference points in the GPS aids, the users are also encouraged to pay more attention to the environment.
gps(全球定位系统)导航是一个很大的帮助,当旅行到一个新的地方。虽然,我们中的许多人都有过这样的经历:带着GPS设备开车穿过城镇后,我们无法找回道路,我们觉得没有GPS我们将无法找到回去的路。本文介绍了人的空间能力和空间取向。然后介绍了GPS使用效果的实证研究现状。然后提出了克服这种不利影响的一些方法和设计原则。例如,提高司机和用户的意识,让他们在决定是否需要导航辅助时更加有意识。此外,这些设备的交互设计还可以启动对信息的主动处理,以增强主动编码。此外,通过在GPS辅助设备中整合地标作为参考点,也鼓励用户更多地关注环境。
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引用次数: 0
Motorcycle rider posture measurement for on-road experiments on rider intention detection 摩托车骑手姿态测量用于骑手意图检测的道路实验
Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.1109/CogMob55547.2022.10118004
Karl Ludwig Stolle, A. Wahl, Stephan Schmidt
Motorcycle riders represent a highly vulnerable group of road users with high risk of heavy injuries and fatalities per distance traveled. Hence there is an ongoing demand for the development of assistance systems to improve riding safety. Collecting information about a rider's intention – the desired maneuver to carry out or trajectory to travel through – is considered as an enabler for new systems that can warn or intervene before or assist in dangerous driving situations. The observation of the rider's posture is necessary for a holistic understanding of the human-machine interface as riders typically move their body during riding for various reasons. The authors develop and test an on-road capable measurement system of high accuracy and robustness for the detection of rider upper body posture in riding experiments as off-the-shelf systems are not existent. AprilTag optical markers applied to the back of the rider that are filmed by a camera from behind prove to be superior to other concepts tested. Two new methods named subarea and dynamic frame rate evaluation are introduced to reduce computational effort from raw video data to rider posture information. First measurement results from on-road riding are presented and reveal positional errors below 1 cm or 3 deg rider lean angle. Based on the data that is collected in an ongoing riding study, the meaning of posture information for the identification of rider behavior and intention will be further investigated.
摩托车骑手是道路使用者中一个非常脆弱的群体,每行驶一段距离造成严重伤害和死亡的风险很高。因此,有一个持续的需求,以发展辅助系统,以提高骑行安全。收集有关驾驶员意图的信息——期望进行的机动或行驶轨迹——被认为是新系统的推动因素,可以在危险驾驶情况之前警告或干预或协助。观察骑手的姿势对于全面理解人机界面是必要的,因为骑手在骑行过程中由于各种原因通常会移动他们的身体。针对目前市面上还没有现成的测量系统的情况,开发并测试了一种具有高精度和鲁棒性的可用于骑行实验中骑手上半身姿态检测的测量系统。应用于骑手背部的AprilTag光学标记,由相机从后面拍摄,证明优于其他测试的概念。为了减少从原始视频数据到骑手姿态信息的计算量,引入了子区域和动态帧率评估两种新方法。第一次测量结果从公路骑行提出,并揭示了定位误差低于1厘米或3度的骑手倾斜角度。基于正在进行的骑行研究中收集的数据,将进一步研究姿势信息对识别骑手行为和意图的意义。
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引用次数: 1
Closer-to-reality artificial ageing of engine oils with implemented nitration 更接近现实的人工老化与实施硝化发动机油
Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.1109/CogMob55547.2022.10117853
A. Agocs, C. Besser, M. Frauscher
Internal combustion engine development is predominantly focusing on emission aspects, where improvements are often achieved by turbocharged engines and higher compression ratios. These trends combined with increasingly higher oil change intervals require increasing stability of engine oils, especially since lubricant condition and tribological performance are strongly interrelated. Various artificial alteration methods have been developed to simulate lubricant degradation in the laboratory, however, nitration as a degradation mechanism is often not considered in standardized tests. Nitration is especially relevant, as it might be tied to emission values and petrol and diesel passenger vehicles show significant differences in this regard. Furthermore, the provision of close-to-reality, defined and reproducible test oils in large quantities are necessary to be able to perform component bench tests or engine dynamometer tests which can reliably predict on performance and lifetime of engine components. This study presents a novel artificial alteration method, where test oils can be produced for engine dynamometer testing or component testing during the development phase. This method is capable of close-to-reality simulation of additive degradation, nitration, oxidation, and various further degradation steps of engine oils in batches up to 200 l. Comparability of various chemical parameters of used oils from a modern turbocharged gasoline passenger car with the artificially altered oils is demonstrated
内燃机的发展主要集中在排放方面,在这方面,涡轮增压发动机和更高的压缩比通常可以实现改进。这些趋势加上越来越长的换油间隔,要求发动机机油的稳定性越来越高,特别是因为润滑油状况和摩擦学性能密切相关。在实验室中,人们已经开发了各种人工改变方法来模拟润滑油的降解,然而,在标准化测试中,硝化作为一种降解机制往往没有被考虑。硝化作用尤其重要,因为它可能与排放值有关,而汽油和柴油乘用车在这方面表现出很大的差别。此外,为了能够进行部件台架试验或发动机测力机试验,可靠地预测发动机部件的性能和寿命,需要大量提供接近实际的、明确的和可重复的试验油。本研究提出了一种新的人工改造方法,即在研制阶段生产试验油用于发动机测力机试验或部件试验。该方法能够接近真实地模拟添加剂降解、硝化、氧化和各种进一步降解步骤,批量最多可达200升。演示了现代涡轮增压汽油乘用车废油与人工改变机油的各种化学参数的可比性
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引用次数: 0
Long term utilisation effect on vehicle battery performance 长期使用对汽车电池性能的影响
Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.1109/CogMob55547.2022.10118087
Dávid Tollner, M. Zöldy
E-mobility is and will be part of the mobility in the third millennium. As the other potential solutions it has several advantages and critical areas. Our research is focusing one of the critical dimensions: the battery and its degradation during the utilization. Based on considering the typical utilisation of electric vehicles a test route was designed. Theoretical calculations were validated in a real word test of a vehicle fleet. The results showed that batteries lose 4% of their capacity in 10,000 km and almost 14% in 45,000 km.
电动交通现在是,将来也会是第三个千年交通的一部分。与其他潜在的解决方案一样,它有几个优势和关键领域。我们的研究集中在一个关键的维度:电池及其在使用过程中的退化。在考虑电动汽车典型使用情况的基础上,设计了试验路线。理论计算在车队的实际测试中得到了验证。结果显示,电池在1万公里内会损失4%的容量,在4.5万公里内损失近14%的容量。
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引用次数: 0
Examination of hydraulic hybrid drive unit for PHHV PHHV液压混合动力传动装置的检验
Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.1109/CogMob55547.2022.10118100
P. Harth
Nowadays, hybrid drive technology is one of the most significant research fields that has attracted much attention in the last decades. Hydraulic hybrid technologies can improve the fuel (electric) economy by recovering energy. In this paper, a design of a test bench for a hybrid drive unit is presented. This hybrid unit makes the improvement of its efficiency possible, approaching the total efficiency of the vehicle from drive unit to wheel. The presented development contains an e-motors and hydraulic pump/motor (HPM) unit. The experimental hybrid drive unit is designed to reach the highest efficiency during vehicle launching, acceleration and regenerative braking.
混合动力驱动技术是近几十年来备受关注的重要研究领域之一。液压混合动力技术可以通过回收能量来提高燃料(电)经济性。本文介绍了一种混合动力传动装置试验台的设计。这种混合动力装置使其效率的提高成为可能,接近车辆从驱动装置到车轮的总效率。所提出的发展包括一个电动机和液压泵/电动机(HPM)单元。实验混合动力驱动单元的设计是为了在车辆启动、加速和再生制动过程中达到最高效率。
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引用次数: 0
Toward a Resilient Automotive Service-Oriented Architecture by using Dynamic Orchestration 通过使用动态编排实现弹性的汽车面向服务的体系结构
Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.1109/CogMob55547.2022.10118016
Marc Schindewolf, D. Grimm, Christian Lingor, E. Sax
Modern software development in vehicles is focusing on a service-oriented approach. Structuring software systems into self-sufficient software components that provide specific capabilities to the overall system allow software engineers to make changes to vehicle functions more granularly. The decentralized SOA approach offers advantages, as it enables loose coupling between components instead of statically implementing their relationships. But with the increasing degree of autonomy and dynamism of the vehicle's software, the system's safety and security requirements are also growing. Preventive measures will no longer suffice here; instead, resilient systems are required that provide a minimum level of safety even in the event of an unexpected problem. Today, a SOA's services are assigned to a hardware platform during development and executed there, which lacks being able to react to problems or changing requirements. One possibility for being more flexible at runtime, is the use of an orchestrator, which dynamically allocates resources to services while retaining the advantages of a loosely coupled architecture. This paper proposes a methodology for implementing a resilient vehicular electronic architecture based on orchestrating containerized software. To avoid a single point of failure, a distributed approach for a dynamic orchestrator that deploys the software to appropriate execution platforms is proposed. The orchestrator makes its deployment decisions based on specifiable parameters (e.g., required RAM, GPU) and dependencies between services. The decision process adapts to changes in these factors dynamically, making the system able to react to external influences. The concept differentiates itself from other approaches by tracking dynamic changes to specified parameters and easily extensible interfaces for new parameters or requirements. In addition, the concept introduces a priority metric to describe the impact of services in the system and models how this metric is inherited through dependencies. The concept is evaluated qualitatively by three exemplary use cases, demonstrating the effect of dynamic orchestration on the resilience of the vehicle.
现代汽车软件开发的重点是面向服务的方法。将软件系统构建为自给自足的软件组件,为整个系统提供特定的功能,允许软件工程师更精细地更改车辆功能。分散的SOA方法提供了优势,因为它支持组件之间的松散耦合,而不是静态地实现它们的关系。但随着汽车软件的自主性和动态性的不断提高,系统的安全和安保要求也在不断提高。在这里,预防措施已不再足够;相反,需要弹性系统,即使在发生意外问题时也能提供最低水平的安全性。今天,SOA的服务在开发期间被分配到硬件平台并在那里执行,这缺乏对问题或需求变化的响应能力。在运行时更灵活的一种可能性是使用编排器,它可以动态地将资源分配给服务,同时保留松耦合体系结构的优点。本文提出了一种基于编排容器化软件实现弹性车载电子架构的方法。为了避免单点故障,提出了一种动态编排器的分布式方法,将软件部署到适当的执行平台上。编排器根据可指定的参数(例如,所需的RAM、GPU)和服务之间的依赖关系做出部署决策。决策过程动态地适应这些因素的变化,使系统能够对外部影响作出反应。该概念通过跟踪指定参数的动态变化和针对新参数或需求的易于扩展的接口,将自己与其他方法区别开来。此外,该概念引入了一个优先级度量来描述系统中服务的影响,并对如何通过依赖项继承该度量进行建模。该概念通过三个示例用例进行定性评估,展示了动态编排对车辆弹性的影响。
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引用次数: 4
期刊
2022 IEEE 1st International Conference on Cognitive Mobility (CogMob)
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