Eksperimentalnaya Psikhologiya最新文献

Categorization is the process by which objects are combined according to a certain principle, which provides more efficient and cost-effective information processing. One of the topical areas of research in this field is the study of the categorical effect in perceptual tasks, for example in the task visual search task. The present study investigated the effect of the role of category (basic or superordinate) on the time of guidance - the search for a target stimulus and verification - the time of identification of a target stimulus in a hybrid search task. Subjects had to find certain objects on the screen, which could be specified either as basic-level categories (e.g., cars) or superordinate-level categories (e.g., transport vehicles). An eye-tracking method was used to separate the entire hybrid search process into a guidance and a verification. A significant effect of category level was found on the rate of guidance, but not on the rate of verification.

The article is devoted to the study of the “Self” system’s role in the mental state’s self-regulation. The research is based on the concept of states mental regulation and the system-functional approach to the human psychic. According to the empirical research the specifics of the relationship between the “Self” system components and the factors combining various students’ regulatory qualities (self-regulation methods, copings, regulatory abilities, social self-control) are shown. The closest connections between regulatory qualities and the "Self" system components form, on the one hand, an integral indicator of the cognitive aspect of self—regulation, on the other - the self-esteem of personal qualities, self-confidence, as well as the cognitive component of the self-attitude. The features of the interrelation of the “Self” system components and the effectiveness of mental states self-regulation in various forms of educational activity (lecture, seminar, exam) are revealed. Decreasing the level of self-regulation effectiveness with increasing intensity of the educational situation is established. Consequently, the importance of the “Self” system in the regulation of mental states is shown. Which is revealed through the organization of relationships with regulatory qualities, the effectiveness of self-regulation, the choice of regulating ways in various life situations. The results of the study can be useful for psychologists developing techniques for mental states regulation supporting in various conditions of life.

The article presents an analysis of the effect of context in cognitive activity. Contextual influences are expressed in changes of productivity and time of problem solving under the influence of actual irrelevant information or previously formed knowledge structures. The importance of studying contextual variables stems from their fundamental role in cognitive processes. Examples of contextual mediation are the effects of dependence of perception of an object (figure) on the perceptual environment (background), priming effects, effects of awareness of multivalued information, effects of context-dependent memory, effects of contextual cues, effects of functional fixation in solving thinking tasks, etc. By analogy with types of memory it is proposed to differentiate ultra-short-term, short-term and long-term (stable) contexts. A prospect in the study of contextual influences can become the study of types and character of interaction of contexts having different characteristics. The latter include: "homogeneity/heterogeneity" of the context, "relevance/irrelevance" to the task, "power" - the integration of local contexts in a single context, "congruence/dissociation" as the correspondence/dissimilarity of different contexts to each other.

The article represents the description of the results of the empirical research of the peculiarities of the acoustic events interpretation by the tuvans living in different regions of the Republic of Tuva. This article includes the analytical statistics of the emotions that have been felt by the respondents while listening to the natural sounds of the surrounding area. It has been revealed that the research participants prefer describing the perceived acoustic events in terms of “pleasant-unpleasant” and the most widely spread basic emotions are fear and happiness.

The work was carried out in the paradigm of analyzing the structure of erroneous responses when performing the identification of emotional facial expressions. The subjects performed the task of non-verbal recognition of facial expressions at tachistoscopic exposure time (16 ms, 8 ms, 4 ms). The search for predictors that determine the partial proportions of responses for different combinations (response, expression shown) was performed among the subscales of the Boyko empathy questionnaire, the EmIn questionnaire, the analytical-holistic scale, and the Alekseev thinking styles questionnaire. The study involved students from Moscow universities. Sample size: 49 people, 9 men, 40 women, average age m=22.2 years, sd=4.45.The identified predictors are specific (not universal) in nature, different for different combinations of the presented image and the assessment performed. We believe that this result should be interpreted as indicating the presence of competing parallel processes associated with testing for the presence of different emotional expressions. The selected system of predictors is not complete. A promising direction for further research is expanding the scope of the search for predictors through methods that measure individual personality characteristics and the level of anxiety.

The aim of the work was to identify the features of constructing the age of an unfamiliar person based on the perception of his face (portrait photography) and physique (height photography). The main method was the procedure of "Photovideopresentation of the appearance" by T.A. Vorontsova. Photographs of four women and four men of different ages were presented to the subjects of perception for age assessment; the eye movements of the subjects of perception were tracked using the Gazepoint GP3 Eye Tracker. The sample of perception subjects included 76 people — 38 men (M=28.84 years) and 38 women (M=28.79 years) aged 21 to 59 years. Results: 1) the perceived age of an unfamiliar person, constructed by the observing subject on the basis of the perception of a face (portrait photograph), significantly differs from the age constructed on the basis of the perception of his integral appearance, presented in a growth photograph. The differences are mediated by the gender-age characteristics of the object of perception; 2) the number of fixations in solving the problem of determining the age of an unfamiliar person when considering his portrait photography is significantly greater than when considering a growth photograph, regardless of the gender and age characteristics of the object of perception; differences in viewing time are mediated by gender and age of the object of perception: the face of women and mature adults is viewed longer than photos of their integral appearance (growth photos); 3) the number of fixations and the time of viewing the faces of women is significantly more than the faces of men; there are significantly more faces of mature people than young people; the number of fixations in the perception of a growth photograph of women is significantly greater than a growth photograph of men; 4) the greatest concentration of views in determining the age of an unfamiliar person is focused on his face, regardless of the accessibility to the perception of body features. The "triangle of interest" in the perception of portrait photography (forehead, bridge of nose, eyes, nose, upper lip) is described; when perceiving a growth photograph, the zone of the greatest concentration of fixations includes 2/3 of the upper left part of the face of the object of perception and captures the hair, forehead, ear, nose, eyes. The results obtained are discussed in the context of a communicative approach to perception research.

The article presents the results of the development and validation of a new questionnaire "Spiritual Orientation of a Personality", the theoretical basis of which is the theory of spiritual capacities proposed by the author. The characteristics of the construct "spiritual orientation of the personality" are given, the psychometric properties of the questionnaire are described. 702 respondents took part in the study aimed at identifying the psychometric characteristics of the new questionnaire (sample 1); 296 people participated in the study to check the convergent validity (sample 2); 58 people participated in the test-retest reliability measurement (sample 3). All the results of the study (verification of the factor structure, reliability, convergent validity) allow us to speak about the good suitability of this psychodiagnostic tool for studying the manifestation of spiritual orientation of the personality.

In this experimental study, we continue investigating an association between facial morphology and individual psychological characteristics. The study was conducted in the population of Maasai (Ngorongoro, Tanzania) in two stages during field trips in 2016 and 2021. At the first stage, we collected anthropological photo portraits from 305 individuals (123 women and 182 men) and interviewed them to identify the propensity to help others. Six generalized morphed portraits of Maasai (men and women) were created based on individual propensity to help. At the second stage of the study, portraits were presented to 200 Maasai, men and women from the same population. The portraits were evaluated according to the degree of expression of four qualities: physical strength, proneness to help others, a "good friend", and self-confidence. The results of the study revealed that representatives of the same population are able to distinguish altruistic men by their facial shape. Men who were prone to provide assistance to others were perceived as physically stronger. No such association was found for female portraits. The results are interpreted from the standpoint of evolutionary psychology.

A comparative study of the strength of the Ponzo and Müller-Lyer illusions in preschool children, primary school children and adults was performed. Significant differences in the strength of the Ponzo and Müller-Lyer illusions were revealed between groups of children and adults. The results obtained indicate a higher degree of intensity of illusion in children. Meanwhile, no significant differences were found between the groups of primary school and preschool children. For the first time, the magnitude of the illusory effect in children with different levels of maturity of visual perception was compared. When comparing data on the level of maturity of visual perception using the M.M. Bezrukih methodic, we found significant differences in the strength of the Ponzo illusion between groups of children with high and low levels of maturity of perceptual constancy. The results suggest the magnitude of the Ponzo illusion is associated with the maturity level of the constancy of visual perception. Such a connection was not found for the Müller-Lyer illusion, which may indicate differences in the mechanisms of formation of the visual illusions under study.

We carried out psychophysical experiments to study perception mechanisms of images that are elements of building projections in ancient and classical architecture. The curvature of isolated lines and lines superimposed on a fan picture (Wundt-Hering illusion), as well as the orientation of lines in the presence of distractors with varying inclination and separation (tilt illusion) were estimated. We used the methods of constant stimuli and the forced choice procedure. The experiments were carried out on three subjects with a large number of presentations of stimuli, which made it possible to evaluate the statistical significance of the obtained dependences. The values of distortions in the illusion of Wundt-Hering (WH) and in the tilt illusion were determined. It is shown that the curvature of single lines without fan lines is estimated adequately. The analysis of the results led to the conclusion that corrections of the orientation and curvature of elements in classical architecture compensate for the distortions of visual perception. At the same time, the curvature of some elements may be due to the aesthetics of perception.