Eksperimentalnaya Psikhologiya最新文献

The social isolation strategy adopted to prevent the spread of disease during the COVID-19 pandemic along with continuous traumatic stress foregrounded experiences of loneliness. The empirical data on pecular features of experience of loneliness in conditions of social norms helps to arrange psychological support in extreme situations in life activities. The hypothesis of this research, carried out in October 2019 before the COVID-19 pandemic, implies the existence of connection between interpersonal relationships, motives of affiliation and experience of loneliness in adolescence depending on the gender factor. The sample was based on secondary school students (n=60 people) aged 15—17 years (M = 16.6), 30 boys and 30 girls. Techniques: Differential Questionnaire of Loneliness, short version, E.N. Osin, D.A. Leontyev; Method of Subjective Assessment of Interpersonal Relationships, S.V. Dukhnovsky; Diagnostics of Affiliation Motives, A. Mehrabian, modified by M.Sh. Magomed-Eminov. No differences in the experience of loneliness depending on genderwere revealed in this sample. The girls' results revealed correlations of indicators oftension (r = 0.647; р ≤ 0.01); alienation (r = 0.705; р ≤ 0.01); aggression (r = 0.391; р ≤ 0.05); and general subjective assessment of interpersonal relationships(r = 0.611; р ≤ 0.01) with indicators of general level of loneliness. The boys' results identified correlations of indicators of tension (r = 0.426; р ≤ 0.05); proneness to conflict (r = 0.485; р ≤0.01); aggression (r = 0.404; р ≤ 0.05) and general subjective assessment of interpersonal relationships(r = 0.427; р ≤0.05) withdesire for isolation and its positive use; indicators of the affiliation motives (τ = 0.314; р ≤ 0.05) and dependence on communication to avoid loneliness. The obtained results determine the need to develop the characteristics of interpersonal communication to overcome negative consequences of experience of loneliness in conditions of social norms and in periods of extreme situations in human life activities.

Potential mechanisms underlying atypical joint attention that impede effective learning are analyzed using the example of the consequences of hearing impairment. A sample of preschool children with hearing impairment after cochlear implantation (sensorineural hearing loss, ICD-10 class H90) was studied. For the study, an experimental situation was created that would allow tracing the learning difficulties in children with hearing impairments associated with the skills of joint attention. In the course of completing a training task jointly with an adult in children with hearing impairment, eye movements were recorded with a portable tracker in the form of Pupil Headset glasses. In the course of the study, it was possible to identify and visualize markers of oculomotor activity that impede their effective learning: distribution of visual attention over a wide area of the visual field, not in a focused mode; in the trajectory of eye movements and the position of fixations, there is a preference for non-social signals, non-target objects, difficulties in switching attention from one object to another. The main manifestation of joint attention deficit in preschoolers with hearing impairment is a decrease in the volume and time of stable maintenance of synchronicity of perception in the learning process. The parameters of oculomotor activity can serve as an indicator of the ability of a child with a hearing impairment to maintain attention to the sample form and a diagnostic indicator of the possible number of errors in the learning process. Such indicators are the duration and number of fixations. The role of multimodal means of maintaining visual attention to the sample in the process of teaching children with hearing impairment is shown. It was revealed that the attention of a child with hearing impairment to the face of an adult is part of the joint attention to the object, which improves the effectiveness of learning and is associated with a longer visual attention to the object (teaching pattern).

Body image disorders are closely associated with eating disorders, suicidal thoughts and intentions. In foreign science and practice, the Contour Drawing Rating Scale (CDRS) by M. Thompson and J. Gray is widely used for diagnosing body image disorders. The purpose of the present study was to adapt the CDRS on a population sample of Russian-speaking respondents. Five hundred and sixty respondents completed the Russian-language versions of the CDRS, Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). To assess the convergent and concurrent validity of the Russian CDRS, the r-Pearson correlation coefficient was used. Sex and age differences in body image were examined using the Student's t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed that real and ideal body images according to the CDRS correlated statistically significantly with the EDI and DASS-21 scores, as well as reported weight and BMI. These findings proved the convergent and concurrent validity of the adapted instrument. Females and older respondents reported a greater discrepancy between real and ideal body images than did males and younger respondents. In conclusion, the Russian CDRS showed convergent and concurrent validity.

In decision-making research, the most common point of view is the synonymous similarity of intentions and actions. Most experimental procedures “reduce” them into a single act. Understanding the conventionality of separating these concepts, we distinguish two types of tasks. The first one involves only the intention and the second one also involves its subsequent behavioral implementation. The purpose of our study is to compare the risky choice as an intention and as an action. The hypothesis of various manifestations of risk-related personality traits in choice as an intention and as an action was tested. 462 students from 17 to 46 years old (M=21.20, SD=3.09) became participants in the study, including 80 male (17.3%) and 382 female (82.7%). To measure risk as intention, the participants were offered a case describing a hypothetical gambling game. To measure risk as an action, it was proposed to play a computer game of similar content. The results of one-way ANOVA (between group measures) showed that the choice of risk at the level of intention did not allow to fix the personal correlates of the decision making, however, at the level of real actions, its correlations with the Dark Triad and Uncertainty Tolerance appeared. These empirical facts were interpreted in the logic of cognitive, motivational and socio-psychological approaches. The results obtained can be used in the field of forecasting economic risks.

In the paper we present the analysis of the processes of parental identity among men without children and fathers. In the background of the growing multifactorial influences of modern society and the multitasking of modern man, it is extremely important to identify the processes of personal identity that allow a person to find his or her place in the world. Various transformations of parenting bring actuality to the studies of parental identity processes, which may help in effective performing in parental roles. We studied the specifics of parental identity processes among men. We used descriptive characteristics, Student's t-test, and correlation analysis. The study involved 97 men (60% without children, 40% of fathers) aged 17 to 44 years (M = 26,44; SD = 11,14). We used Caregiving and Breadwinning Identity and Reflected Appraisal Inventory (J. Pleck and colleagues), test of statuses and structure of ego-identity (E. L. Soldatova), Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS) (K. Luyckx and colleagues), Identity Stage Resolution Index (ISRI) (J. E. Cote), the Utrecht scale for studying identity processes-Parent identity (U-MICS-PI) (modification by K. Piotrowski) and test of life-meaningful orientations (D. A. Leontiev). Parental identity in men is formed even before the birth of a child and before interacting with him or her. Parental identity is interrelated with identity processes, such as: commitment making, and all exploration processes. There is a significant relationship between parental identity and processes such as commitment and exploration.

This work is devoted to situational factors of experimental research influence on the insight assessment of problem solving. We considered such factors as the solution strategy (insightful, step-by-step), the form of problem presentation (visual, verbal), the solution independence (solution found by the participant or presented by the experimenter) and the solution speed (fast, slow). Understanding the impact of these factors on the insight assessment can contribute to both improving research practice and developing a unified theoretical model of insight and insightful solution. The studies included in this paper were carried out in various research approaches, with different materials, by different experimenters and under different experimental conditions. Danek and Wiley’s questionnaire was used for the insight assessment in all studies. According to the results, all the above situational factors have a significant impact on the differentiated subjective assessment of insightful solutions.

We performed the analysis of electrophysiological markers of visual information processing in schizophrenia. The relevance of this work is determined by the advantages of combining of the method of cognitive visual evoked potentials and the method of spatial-frequency filtering of images with different semantics in order to detect disorders. This method allows assessing of the functional state of the visual system in the early stages of cognitive impairment, based on the objective electrophysiological methods. We studied the nature of changes in the amplitudes of the components of evoked potentials in response to the presentation of a combination of stimuli with different spatial-frequency and semantic characteristics (objects of animate and inanimate nature) in patients with schizophrenia in the early stages. The obtained data indicated a predominant decrease in the activity of the "high-frequency" parvo system, which manifests itself in a perception disorder and the abnormality of processing of small images and their details. Also, we obtained data in patients with schizophrenia that signifies an abnormality of the involuntary classification of images of objects of animate and inanimate nature. The obtained result is important for the understanding of the features of visual information processing in patients with schizophrenia in the early stages of the disease and the development of methods of cognitive impairments measuring.

The article is devoted to exploring the resource potential of values for coping with the fear of COVID-19 and negative psychological and emotional states in a cross-cultural context. The study involved 2,310 Russian and 500 Kazakhstan students (71.2% - girls, average age 19.7 years). It is found that with the moderate level of fear among the majority of students the proportion of Kazakhstan students experiencing depression, exhaustion and nervousness due to coronavirus over the past month is less than the proportion of Russian students, which is explained by the greater orientation of traditional Kazakhstan culture towards mutual dependence and support in difficult life situations. It is established that value orientation Openness to change, regardless of the country of residence, is accompanied by lower fear scores before COVID-19 and the absence of negative psychological and emotional states, while the focus on Conservation values is accompanied by higher indicators of fear and the presence of these psychological and emotional states. It is shown that the fear of COVID-19 encourages both Russian and Kazakhstan students to take more responsible attitude towards their own health and the health of others, to suppress their socially destructive tendencies and limit actions that harm others. It is concluded that the actualization of conservative values and the suppression of self-oriented hedonistic goals can be a psychological resource of the individual, which contributes to coping with fear and negative psychological and emotional states caused by the stressful impact of COVID-19.

The article is described a new method for assessing the regulation of behavior — the questionnaire "Behavioral Control". The behavioral control within the framework of the system-subject approach is considered as a united regulatory system, including three subsystems of regulation, which are based on the resources of individuality and are integrated, creating an individual pattern of self-regulation. The questionnaire contains 27 questions and allows to evaluate three components of behavioral control: cognitive, emotional and volitional control, as well as the general level of behavioral control. The questionnaire was standardized on a sample of 689 people (aged 18-79 years). The questionnaire has good psychometric indicators (Cronbach's alpha 0.86 for the total score and 0.65-0.82 for individual scales). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the theoretical three-component model of behavior control. The questionnaire can be used in various types of research to solve diverse psychological tasks.