Eksperimentalnaya Psikhologiya最新文献

Pro-environmental behavior largely depends on the socio-cultural context and the availability of specific infrastructure. Thus, the use of Western scales for measuring this behavior in Russia does not allow for in-depth analysis of both the variability of pro-environmental behavior and of the effects of its determinants. Current study aims to develop a scale of pro-environmental behavior using qualitative and quantitative methods: literature analysis (n = 61), semi-structured interviews (n = 65), as well as socio-psychological surveys (n1 = 542; n2 = 56; n3 = 462). Based on the obtained data, a five-factor scale of pro-environmental behavior was developed. The created scale consists of 23 questions and 5 categories: household waste management, social actions, resource conservation, green consumption, and climate (transport) actions.

Localization of sound in space is an important component of auditory perception, which is involved in the selection of various sound streams, the perception of speech in noise, and the organization of auditory images. Research over the past century has shown that sound localization is achieved through: differences in the intensity and time delay of sound waves arriving at different ears; spectral distortions arising from the anatomical features of the structure of the auricles, head, torso; dynamic cues (listener head movements), etc. However, some scientific and methodological issues (primarily related to the perception of natural sounds and the ecological validity of studies) have not been resolved. The development of digital audio techniques also leads to the emergence of new areas of research, including the processing of sound for the transmission of spatial information in headphones (which is solved using the head related transfer function — HRTF) and the creation of auditory interfaces. The tasks facing researchers in these areas are to improve the perception of spatial information (by manipulating the characteristics of the sound, prompts or training) and the creation of such sound events that can be perceived as object-related, i.e., inextricably linked with the purpose of the operator's activity. The methodology of the perceived quality of events, which makes it possible to distinguish which properties of the auditory image become the most important in human activity and which physical properties of the event they correspond to, can help in solving the tasks set and increasing the ecological validity of research.

The article presents the results of a study of the ideas of Tuvans about the individual psychological characteristics of representatives of the Tuvan and Russian ethnic groups. The subjects of the study were Tuvinians living in the largest city of the Republic of Tyva — Kyzyl (n=72) and in a remote, southwestern region of the Republic of Tyva — Mongun-Taiginsky district (n=69). As part of the study, the author's methodology "Cards" was used, which allows for the assessment and self-assessment of individual psychological characteristics in a concise and understandable format for respondents. The analysis of the data was carried out taking into account three age cohorts of the subjects — the younger, middle and older age groups. Differences were recorded in the content of the representations of Tuvans of different age groups in relation to representatives of the Russian and Tuvan ethnic groups. The age factor had a more significant impact to ethnic representations than the place of residence and life.

Based on the analysis of Kisler's commitment model and Weiner's attribution theory, a hypothetical chain of events resulting in brand commitment was offered: focus of attention → causal dimension → self-esteem → commitment. Its existence was tested in two studies that manipulated the focus of attention of participants in order to strengthen the weight of one of the two causal dimensions, attribution of choice results to internal/external causes (Experiment 1) and attribution of choice results to stable/unstable causes (Experiment 2). 60 students (29 men) and 72 students (29 men), respectively participated in studies. Results were analyzed using ANOVA and path analysis and supported the existence of the assumed chain of events resulting in commitment in both studies. At the same time, as expected, such a chain of events was more pronounced in the situation of success in Experiment 1 and in the situation of failure in Experiment 2. The advantages of using the attribution theory to explain the commitment and prospects for further research in this area are discussed.

A comparison was made between each other at the level of subscales of the Boyko empathy questionnaire and the EmIn questionnaire. Additionally, the subscales of the questionnaires were compared with the results of the genetic analysis of COMT, DRD4, 5HTR2A. It is shown that the subscales of the questionnaires are mutually complementary. The revealed relationships of gene polymorphism with a number of subscales of both the Boyko empathy questionnaire and the EmIn questionnaire as a whole do not contradict existing data on the mechanisms in the regulation of which the studied genes are involved. At the same time, empathy, as measured by Boyko's questionnaire, is obviously not a monolithic construct. We believe that the final indicator of EEI, measured by the EmIn questionnaire, should also not be considered as a monolithic construct.

This article presents the results of a study aimed at measuring the level of anxiety, both situational and personal, before and after a short-term exposure procedure with the use of virtual reality technology (VR). The study, subdivided into threestages with independent samples, involved 107 students of higher education, mostly in the humanities (relevant for the first two stages). The first two stages of the experiment included a series of immersions of respondents in virtual space with specialized equipment (vive helmets) and two measures, primary (before exposure) and secondary (15 or 3 minutes after leaving the virtual space). Within the study, the respondents of the experimental group were immersed in one of two virtual reality programs: 'Anxiety: no1', with an anthropomorphous female avatar (in third person), and 'Anxiety: no2' (in first person).Respondents in the control group were offered to watch a relaxation TV video similar in content to the virtual reality training programs. The psychodiagnostic research complex included methods aimed at measuring the level of anxiety, including situational and personal anxiety, as well as the current state, mood and activity of the respondents. According to the results of the study and statistical analysis using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Wilcoxon T-test, significant differences were found between the indicators of the level of anxiety before and after the exposure procedure using virtual reality technologies for respondents with initially low and medium levels of anxiety. Similarly, significant differences were found on the scales of situational and personal anxiety for the initial "medium" and "high" anxiety groups, respectively. In the third part of the study conducted in the Chinese clinic on 43 respondents with severe depression, significant differences between the indicators of the level of anxiety, information processing speed, attentiveness, working memory and visual learning before and after the application of VR technologies of medium immersiveness (without VR helmets), with a relaxation program with an anthropomorphic female avatar (in third person), were obtained.

The construction of the integral model of polygraph testing implies the disclosure of a method that will be valid on the task of identifying the fact of information concealment. The aim of this study was to verify the criterion validity of polygraph testing method based on the registration of a person's heart rate with the use of a block test. The experiment was carried out in two series, where the examinees concealed autobiographical information, chosen according to the instruction (lie according to the instruction, 1st series), or at their own request (lie for the purpose of deception, 2nd series). The participants in the experiment (40 people in each part) were people undergoing the real polygraph testing, which increased the environmental validity of the experiment. We used indicators that reflect different systems of heart rate regulation and are observed for different types of mathematical calculation, which made it possible to take into account their interindividual variability. Based on the results of the study, the model based on the interpretation of heart rate indicators in the framework of the system-evolutionary approach was developed with a lie detection efficiency of 74.5%.

The article presents the results of a study of the features of volitional regulation among representatives of various generations of Tuvans living in the urban and rural regions. The study involved 773 people from Erzin (185 people), Mugur-Aksa (266 people), Kyzyl (173 people) and Moscow (149 people). Age of respondents: from 18 to 22 years old (203 people), from 23 to 35 years old (184 people), from 36 to 60 years old (223 people), over 61 years old (163 people). To evaluate the individual characteristics of volitional regulation in the respondents, the following techniques were used: the “Action Control Scale” by J. Kuhl; the "Questionnaire for revealing the expression of self-control in the emotional sphere, activity and behavior"; the technique for self-assessment of volitional traits; the Purpose in Life Test. Representatives of the older and younger generations differ significantly from each other in terms of behavioral self-control, self-assessments of the volitional qualities of the individual, and the PLT test. The greatest differences in will indicators between generations are observed among residents of Moscow. The results of a one-dimensional analysis of variance allow us to conclude that the differences in the indicators of volitional regulation are due to differences in the indicators of the PLT test.

The article examines the individual components and characteristics of self-awareness to expand the potential of the counseling work of a psychologist with the problem of high personal anxiety. We assume that statistically significant differences in the severity of individual parameters of self-awareness exist in groups of people with different levels of anxiety. The study participants are 125 people between the ages of 20 and 30. The aim of the research is to study the structural and content characteristics of self-awareness in persons with a high level of anxiety during early adulthood. It was revealed that the cognitive-emotional component of self-awareness is expressed at the average level. The tendency towards the development of internal maladjustment is noticeable with an increase in the level of anxiety. In the behavioral component of self-awareness decreases self-regulation, the general level of volitional regulation, perseverance and self-control, modeling and programming with an increase in anxiety. Planning and self-reliance are the most formed processes. They act as coping strategies to reduce anxiety levels. The hypothesis is confirmed.

When analyzing physiological signals, the problem of setting data processing parameters arises due to the blurring of the boundary between signal and noise properties, as well as the fundamental lack of objective criteria for the quality of data processing in psychophysiology. This paper describes an approach to optimizing processing parameters on the example of galvanic skin response (GSR) and photoplethysmogram (PPG), based on the use of stimuli that are significant for a person, selected on the basis of biographical data, which can be considered as criteria validation. As a metric for the optimization, we used the frequency of coincidence of the stimuli identified as a result of the analysis with the a priori given ones (human names, including the name of the volunteer, and also visit cards selected by the volunteer). GSR and PPG signals were recorded using an MRI-compatible polygraph under conditions of functional magnetic resonance imaging (N=46 volunteers). In the first part of the work, optimization of frequency filters and analysis intervals (epochs) was performed. It has been established that the following processing parameters are optimal for analyzing the amplitude properties of the GSR signal: first-order Butterworth filters, frequency range is 0.025-0.25 Hz, interval of analysisis1-7 s from a stimulus. To analyze the PPG signal using the length of the curve, the following processing parameters are optimal: second-order Butterworth filters, frequency range is 1.25—12.5 Hz, interval of analysis is 3—10 s from a stimulus. Using the same criterion, several alternative signal processing methods were tested: change in the amplitude of the GSR signal over the analysis interval compared to the classical method by the amplitude maximum relative to the baseline; several types of ranking of reactions within a block of stimuli compared to simple averaging of all responses. The parameters and methods of processing of the GSR and PPG signals obtained in the work demonstrate universality in relation to the variety of initial data and could be applicable in applied and fundamental research. The general approach described in the work can also be used to optimize the processing parameters of other physiological signals including fMRI.