Eksperimentalnaya Psikhologiya最新文献

Since 2019, the world has faced the COVID-19 pandemic, which has affected the lives of almost everyone. But the greatest burden of responsibility fell on the shoulders of medical workers who have been fighting for the lives of patients in the "red zones" all this time, experiencing enormous overload and stress, and after all, everyone has limited resources to overcome difficult life situations and reacts to them in their own way. In this regard, the purpose of our work was to study the emotional state of doctors working and not working with patients with COVID-19 in the context of their individual psychological differences, such as personal anxiety, features of aggressive behavior and the presence of certain socio-psychological attitudes. The total number of study participants was 81 people aged 27 to 63 years (M=43.6; SD=8.7). As a result of the study, significant differences were revealed in the severity of situational anxiety, overstrain and counteraction to stress in groups with moderate and high levels of personal anxiety among doctors working in "red" zones. For doctors working in "clean" zones, significant differences between situational anxiety and overexertion were revealed for this parameter. The presence of significant connections of such features of aggressive behavior as aggressiveness and hostility with the severity of stress, overexertion and resistance to stress was found. Significant connections between the levels of situational anxiety, overexertion and resistance to stress and different styles of behavior in conflict situations were also revealed. In addition, the links between situational anxiety, overstrain and resistance to stress and various styles of socio-psychological attitudes were revealed.

The purpose of the study is to determine the types of structures of relationships between self-assessments of appearance, its attractiveness, satisfaction, concern about it and self-assessments of subjective well-being (SWB), its components. The structures of the relationship between self-assessments of AP and SWB were revealed when socio-demographic characteristics were included in the factor analysis. The study involved 188 people (65% women) aged 18 to 45 years; 85% of the study participants belong to the category of "young (18-35 years old),M_age= 26.6;57% have incomplete higher or higher education; 56% believe they are "more poor than rich." The listed socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants were taken into account in the process of solving the formulated tasks. Methods: 1. Socio-demographic questionnaire; 2. Questionnaire "Self-assessment of appearance", developed by V.A. Labunskaya; 3. The scale "Subjective well-being" in the adaptation of V.M. Sokolova; 4. Questionnaire "Attitude to its appearance: satisfaction and concern," developed by E.V. Kapitanova, V.A. Labunskaya. Mathematical procedures: descriptive statistics, frequency, factorial, multivariate analysis of variance - MANOVA (IBM SPPS Statistic 23.0). Results: socio-demographic characteristics, combined in different ways with three types of factors, change their explanatory power, form, based on the magnitude of factor weight, other relationships between self-assessments of AP and self-assessments of SWB, form a combination of factors: "Self-assessments of AP, education, economic status", "Self-assessment of subjective well-being", "Socio-demographic characteristics, satisfaction, concern of AP ", which do not exclude the autonomy of self-assessments of AP and self-assessments of SWB.

The article discusses the advantages and prospects for the implementation of an adaptive approach in the tasks of computerized ability testing, standardization of diagnostic methods and development of simulators for teaching professional skills in the zone of proximal development (development of "soft skills" and "hard skills"). The results of the analysis of the reliability of tests using an adaptive approach and comparison of the obtained results with the classical paper and computer form of ability diagnostics are presented. An assessment of the effectiveness and advantages of this approach to determining the level of complexity of test items using the method of convolution of applied Markov models into quantum representations is presented. The effectiveness of the method on small samples has been proved.

AI as a new direction in the study of human-computer interaction requires a new look at trust as a phenomenon. In our study, we focus on examining trust in the context of economic behavior. The study took place in two stages. At the first stage, during the interview, we have identified the main factors of trust and mistrust in AI and the specific factors of trust in AI in economic decisions. Also, we have revealed a subjective indicator of the level of trust in the advisor’s recommendations - the economic activity of the participant when performing the recommended action. At the second stage, an experiment was carried out. The participants were asked to play a stock exchange game. The goal of the game was to make money by buying and selling shares. There were an option to ask an advise. For the experimental group, AI acted as an advisor, for the control group, a person (an expert in trading). According to the analysis of 800 economic decisions, economic activity during the game was higher among the participants in the control group who followed the advice of the person (t = 3.646, p <0.001). As a result of the study, three main conclusions were obtained: 1) the level of trust in councils in an economic decision can be expressed in the form of economic activity; 2) the level of trust in economic recommendation depends on whether the recommendation is made by a human or an AI; 3) the specific factors of trust in economic decisions are highlighted: the individuality of the council and the speed of the requested solution.

The article presents the results of an experimental study of the level and severity of anxiety under the influence of a VR program for the correction of nyctophobia. The experiment involved two independent groups of respondents in different conditions of working with the VR program. In the first group, the work was carried out in a lighted room, in the second in the dark. Before and after exposure, the level and severity of anxiety were diagnosed in both groups, as well as the severity of states of well-being, activity and mood (WAM) in the second group. Since the groups differed statistically in all studied parameters, comparisons were made only within the groups. The use of the Wilcoxon T-test made it possible to conclude that there was a significant change in the severity of anxiety after working with the VR program in participants with a “low level” of anxiety in both the first and second groups. A significant decrease in anxiety occurred in the group of participants who reported that they were afraid of the dark (n=7). This group was characterized by "low" and "medium" levels of anxiety. There were no statistically significant changes in SAN scores. This result is explained by the fact that a one-time and short-term impact of the used VR program for the correction of nyctophobia is not a factor in changing well-being, activity and mood, but it is a factor in changing the severity of anxiety.

Suggested is a new approach to development of the adaptive systems for psychological diagnostics, which can be considered as artificial intelligence tools for assessing the subject activities. It is based on the convolution of the applied Markovian process representing a diagnostic procedure under study into the quantum representation, which makes it possible to reveal the structure of this procedure with the aid of the quantum spectral analysis. When small samples of empirical data are in use to set up diagnostic tools, the considered quantum estimates have significant advantages over the relevant likelihood and Bayesian estimates as well as over the simpler estimates based on the neural networks.

The paper aims to investigate the correlation between reading setup and digital reading strategies used by Russian schoolchildren. To study the influence of the reading setup factor, we conducted an eye-tracking study of high school students (N=66), which showed the dependence of digital reading strategies on the pre-reading task by experienced readers. The study showed that the pattern of skimming digital texts does not always appear explicitly, and revealed a significant influence on reading strategies of both reader's individual differences and the rhetorical organization of the text, as well as the reading task factor. The task of searching for specific information led to a more thorough primary reading of the entire text with fewer returns and transitions between the other semantic elements of the digital educational text. In the case of the text analysis task, the first reading was more cursory, but there was more jumping back and forth between paragraphs to establish the logical linkage of the text information. The influence of the reading setup on the digital reading strategy illustrates the importance of formulating the reading task correctly in order to ensure an effective digital reading experience.

Attitudes towards authoritarianism, social dominance, social competition and social trust are important regulators of social behavior. Therefore, correlating attitudes with commitment to various forms of activity is an important step towards understanding and specifying their role in behavior. The purpose of the study is to identify the role of attitudes towards authoritarianism and social trust in the manifestations of civic and on-line activity of Russian youth. Participants. The study involved young people aged 17-35 years (average age M=21.8; SD=6.2) in the number of 442 people (men - 33.5%, women - 66.5%). The sample is representative of the provincial regions of central Russia of economically different strata. Methods. The forms of social activity were measured using direct scaling, the types of activity were determined based on factor analysis. To determine the settings, the J. Dakkit’s scale was used in D.S. Grigoriev's adaptation. Indicators of trust are determined using the Scale of interpersonal trust of J. Rotter in the adaptation of I.Y. Leonova, I.N. Leonova. Correlations have been established between indicators of right-wing authoritarianism, institutional trust with commitment to civic (positive) and Internet network (negative) activity; belief in a competitive world — with a commitment to civic (positive) and protest (negative) activity. As a result of structural modeling, the hypothesis about the direct effect (directed connection) of right-wing authoritarianism and belief in a competitive world on commitment to civic and Internet network activity is confirmed. The role of different attitudes in adherence to certain types of activity varies. Their isolated contribution to activity can reach 16-19%, together with age, religiosity and trust - 19-26% of variations. Trust plays the role of a mediator of a direct connection between attitudes and activity, and at the same time, right-wing authoritarianism also plays the role of a mediator of a direct causal connection between age, subjective religiosity and civic and Internet network activity.

The work is aimed at considering the influence of modern special training programs in virtual reality (VR) on personality anxiety in adolescence. Materials of empirical research obtained on a sample of students of 2-4 courses of Moscow and Smolensk universities are presented. Respondents aged from 19 to 24 years old participated in the study 1 (N=15) (using the training VR environment with a first-person avatar) and 2 (N=24) (using the training VR program with an anthropomorphic avatar (female) (third-person). To diagnose anxiety we used methods: Spielberger-Hanin Self-Assessment Anxiety Test, A.T. Beck Anxiety Scale. A single-factor experimental design with independent groups was used; dependent variables were different types of anxiety, independent variables were the parameters of subjects' work with the training VR-program of high immersiveness. The results show that the high level training VR environment has a significant effect on anxiety reduction. Both personal and situational anxiety, as well as the general level of anxiety, decreased. In the control samples, either anxiety decreases, but at a much lower level, or no change occurs. Psychosemantic analysis of consciousness indicates changes not only in the conscious plan (connections between connotative meanings), but also in unconscious attitudes about one's anxiety state (manifested in the triad of depression: decreased mood, ideomotor and motor retardation). In general, VR programs with avatars should be considered as effective technologies and means of changing functional personality properties, in particular anxiety.

Augmented, virtual reality, online and offline are considered as a single living space of mixed reality - an important dimension of socialization of the personality functioning in such an environment enhanced and expanded by technical devices and programs. In this context one of the main psychological phenomena is the phenomenon of presence - individuals' subjective experience of being in mixed reality. The aim of the research is to study the peculiarities of the subjective experience (phenomenon) of presence by a personality, enhanced by augmented reality in a gaming social interaction in mixed environment. 154 students aged 17 to 24 participated in an augmented reality underwater hunting game in pairs. They were randomly presented with three instructions: neutral, cooperative, and competitive interaction. Subjective experience of presence (immersion in the game, engagement, realism of augmented reality) as an integrative indicator of technologically enhanced personality, social interaction (distraction to the partner, attitude towards the partner), positive and negative emotions were assessed. The following results were obtained: engagement and realism of augmented reality are related to immersion in the given environment. The effect of presence is related to positive, but not negative, changes in emotional state while playing in augmented reality. Game involvement is more pronounced in competitive AR conditions than in cooperative and neutral ones. Greater game involvement and realism of augmented reality are associated with fewer distractions to the partner. Regarding game immersion, the same effect was found for neutral instruction and cooperative instruction. The effect of presence (engagement and realism of augmented reality) in a mixed environment as an important indicator of personality, enhanced with augmented reality, was more pronounced in a competitive environment and was associated with more positive experiences in it and fewer distractions to a partner.