Pub Date : 2008-03-05DOI: 10.1109/RWS.2008.4463513
Jin-Fa Chang, Yo‐Sheng Lin, Chi-Chen Chen, Chang‐Zhi Chen, Tao Wang, Shey-Shi Lu
We demonstrate that miniature millimeter-wave (MMW) band-pass filter can be obtained by replacing the traditional eoplanar waveguide structures with the miniature lumped-spiral inductors and metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors. To study the substrate effects on the performances of the spiral inductor and filter, CMOS-compatible backside inductively-coupled-plasma (ICP) deep trench technology was used to selectively remove the silicon underneath them. The results show that a 70.9% (from 5.8 to 9.91) and a 298.7% (from 2.33 to 9.29) increase in Q-factor were achieved at 40 GHz and 60 GHz, respectively, for a 251.7 pH inductor after the ICP etching. In addition, a 0.9 dB (from -5.4 dB to -4.6 dB) improvement in peak insertion loss (S23) was achieved for the miniature bandpass filter with 3-dB bandwidth of 47.7 GHz (18.4 ~ 66.1 GHz) after the ICP etching. The chip area of the miniature filter was only 206 mum x 106 mum excluding the test pads.
{"title":"A miniature micro-machined millimeter-wave bandpass filter by CMOS compatible ICP deep-trench technology","authors":"Jin-Fa Chang, Yo‐Sheng Lin, Chi-Chen Chen, Chang‐Zhi Chen, Tao Wang, Shey-Shi Lu","doi":"10.1109/RWS.2008.4463513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS.2008.4463513","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate that miniature millimeter-wave (MMW) band-pass filter can be obtained by replacing the traditional eoplanar waveguide structures with the miniature lumped-spiral inductors and metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors. To study the substrate effects on the performances of the spiral inductor and filter, CMOS-compatible backside inductively-coupled-plasma (ICP) deep trench technology was used to selectively remove the silicon underneath them. The results show that a 70.9% (from 5.8 to 9.91) and a 298.7% (from 2.33 to 9.29) increase in Q-factor were achieved at 40 GHz and 60 GHz, respectively, for a 251.7 pH inductor after the ICP etching. In addition, a 0.9 dB (from -5.4 dB to -4.6 dB) improvement in peak insertion loss (S23) was achieved for the miniature bandpass filter with 3-dB bandwidth of 47.7 GHz (18.4 ~ 66.1 GHz) after the ICP etching. The chip area of the miniature filter was only 206 mum x 106 mum excluding the test pads.","PeriodicalId":431471,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134623692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-03-05DOI: 10.1109/RWS.2008.4463579
K. Chang, S. Kwak, Y. Yoon
In this paper, active frequency selective surfaces (FSS) with squared aperture with loading are described. Active FSS elements using switched PIN diodes are discussed. The unit cell consists of a square aperture element with a metal island loading and one PIN diode placed at the upper gap considering the vertical polarization. The electromagnetic properties of the active FSS structure are changed by applying a dc bias to the substrate, and estimated by the equivalent circuit model of FSS structure and PIN diode. This active FSS design enables transmission to be switched on or off at 2.3 GHz, providing high transmission when the diodes are in off state and high isolation when the diodes are on. Equivalent circuit in the structure is investigated by analyzing transmission and reflection spectra. Measurements on active FSS are compared with numerical calculation based on the scattering matrix formalism. The origin of experimentally observed frequency responses will be scrutinized.
{"title":"Equivalent circuit modeling of active frequency selective surfaces","authors":"K. Chang, S. Kwak, Y. Yoon","doi":"10.1109/RWS.2008.4463579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS.2008.4463579","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, active frequency selective surfaces (FSS) with squared aperture with loading are described. Active FSS elements using switched PIN diodes are discussed. The unit cell consists of a square aperture element with a metal island loading and one PIN diode placed at the upper gap considering the vertical polarization. The electromagnetic properties of the active FSS structure are changed by applying a dc bias to the substrate, and estimated by the equivalent circuit model of FSS structure and PIN diode. This active FSS design enables transmission to be switched on or off at 2.3 GHz, providing high transmission when the diodes are in off state and high isolation when the diodes are on. Equivalent circuit in the structure is investigated by analyzing transmission and reflection spectra. Measurements on active FSS are compared with numerical calculation based on the scattering matrix formalism. The origin of experimentally observed frequency responses will be scrutinized.","PeriodicalId":431471,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133185810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-03-05DOI: 10.1109/RWS.2008.4463533
K. Srinivasan, P. Iyengar, L. Zhou, A. Daryoush
This paper presents design and realization of subcomponents for a prototype 4x4 ultra wide band (UWB) communication device. The sub-components are four quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulated direct digital transceivers using QPSK modulation scheme operating on the lowest channel of multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OFDM (MB-OFDM) approach over 3.168- 3.696 GHz. InGaP/GaAs HBT based integrated circuit (IC) realization of the receiver consist of a low noise amplifier (LNA) with a stable gain of 26 dB and a noise figure of 1.5 dB, a Gilbert-cell mixer (GCM) with a conversion loss of 4 dB, and a poly-phase circuit to provide four 0, plusmn90 and 180 degrees phase shifted signals for the GCM. A similar up-conversion unit is considered where the LNA may functions as a gain block. The power budget and dynamic range requirements for a radio link distance up to 100m are analyzed in various faded environments to provide a minimum bit error rate of 10"'. A 4x4 circularly polarized (CP) antenna array with a directivity gain of 20dBi is developed to compensate for the link power loss.
{"title":"Development of 4×4 annular ring array based digital transceivers for long distance UWB wireless communications","authors":"K. Srinivasan, P. Iyengar, L. Zhou, A. Daryoush","doi":"10.1109/RWS.2008.4463533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS.2008.4463533","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents design and realization of subcomponents for a prototype 4x4 ultra wide band (UWB) communication device. The sub-components are four quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulated direct digital transceivers using QPSK modulation scheme operating on the lowest channel of multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OFDM (MB-OFDM) approach over 3.168- 3.696 GHz. InGaP/GaAs HBT based integrated circuit (IC) realization of the receiver consist of a low noise amplifier (LNA) with a stable gain of 26 dB and a noise figure of 1.5 dB, a Gilbert-cell mixer (GCM) with a conversion loss of 4 dB, and a poly-phase circuit to provide four 0, plusmn90 and 180 degrees phase shifted signals for the GCM. A similar up-conversion unit is considered where the LNA may functions as a gain block. The power budget and dynamic range requirements for a radio link distance up to 100m are analyzed in various faded environments to provide a minimum bit error rate of 10\"'. A 4x4 circularly polarized (CP) antenna array with a directivity gain of 20dBi is developed to compensate for the link power loss.","PeriodicalId":431471,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124090489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-03-05DOI: 10.1109/RWS.2008.4463592
Huilin Xu, Liuqing Yang
In recent years, ultra-wideband communications have attracted increasing interests, since the FCC certification of the UWB spectral mask. UWB research and development have made unprecedented progress in a wide range of applications, including WPAN for high- data-rate multimedia networking, wireless connection and localization among low-power distributed sensors, and body area networking (BAN) for medical as well as entertainment purposes. This paper will provide an overview of UWB technology fundamentals, recent developments, together with envisioned applications and open problems.
{"title":"Ultra-wideband technology: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow","authors":"Huilin Xu, Liuqing Yang","doi":"10.1109/RWS.2008.4463592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS.2008.4463592","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, ultra-wideband communications have attracted increasing interests, since the FCC certification of the UWB spectral mask. UWB research and development have made unprecedented progress in a wide range of applications, including WPAN for high- data-rate multimedia networking, wireless connection and localization among low-power distributed sensors, and body area networking (BAN) for medical as well as entertainment purposes. This paper will provide an overview of UWB technology fundamentals, recent developments, together with envisioned applications and open problems.","PeriodicalId":431471,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127965802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-03-05DOI: 10.1109/RWS.2008.4463623
S. Basagni, Maurizio A. Nanni, C. Petrioli
As a building step of designing integrated solution for forming multi-hop personal area networks (PANs) of Bluetooth devices, in this paper we introduce a new intra-piconet scheduling protocol that defines the interaction among masters and slaves with an eye to the flows passing through their piconets. Differently from previous intra- piconet solutions, such as pure round robin, its E-limited variation, and the more recent credit scheme, fairness and traffic adaptivity is now achieved on a per-flow basis. Our flow-fair intra-piconet (F^IP) scheduling identifies the flows passing through each piconet slave. Based on this information the master can efficiently manage intra-piconet resources. FlIP is compared with the three leading solutions for intra-piconet scheduling mentioned. Through ns2-based simulations we show that FlIP is effective in decreasing both packet drop rate as well as end-to-end packet latency.
{"title":"Flow-fair Intra-Piconet (FℓIP) scheduling for communications in personal area networks","authors":"S. Basagni, Maurizio A. Nanni, C. Petrioli","doi":"10.1109/RWS.2008.4463623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS.2008.4463623","url":null,"abstract":"As a building step of designing integrated solution for forming multi-hop personal area networks (PANs) of Bluetooth devices, in this paper we introduce a new intra-piconet scheduling protocol that defines the interaction among masters and slaves with an eye to the flows passing through their piconets. Differently from previous intra- piconet solutions, such as pure round robin, its E-limited variation, and the more recent credit scheme, fairness and traffic adaptivity is now achieved on a per-flow basis. Our flow-fair intra-piconet (F^IP) scheduling identifies the flows passing through each piconet slave. Based on this information the master can efficiently manage intra-piconet resources. FlIP is compared with the three leading solutions for intra-piconet scheduling mentioned. Through ns2-based simulations we show that FlIP is effective in decreasing both packet drop rate as well as end-to-end packet latency.","PeriodicalId":431471,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129178563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-03-05DOI: 10.1109/RWS.2008.4463631
T. Tikka, J. Ryynanen, K. Halonen
In this paper, a design of an integrated receiver for base-station applications is presented. The receiver is targeted to cover all WCDMA bands and the WiMAX band below 4 GHz. The receiver includes RF front-end, 90-degree phase shifters and programmable baseband filters. The measured voltage gain and NF of the receiver at 2 GHz is 32 dB and 2.6 dB, respectively. The receiver is implemented using a 0.25-mum SiGe BiCMOS process and the power consumption is 432.5 mW from a 2.5 V supply.
本文介绍了一种用于基站应用的集成接收机的设计。该接收机的目标是覆盖所有WCDMA频段和4ghz以下的WiMAX频段。接收机包括射频前端、90度移相器和可编程基带滤波器。在2ghz频段，接收机的电压增益和NF分别为32 dB和2.6 dB。该接收器采用0.25 μ m SiGe BiCMOS工艺实现，2.5 V电源功耗为432.5 mW。
{"title":"Multiband receiver for base-station applications","authors":"T. Tikka, J. Ryynanen, K. Halonen","doi":"10.1109/RWS.2008.4463631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS.2008.4463631","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a design of an integrated receiver for base-station applications is presented. The receiver is targeted to cover all WCDMA bands and the WiMAX band below 4 GHz. The receiver includes RF front-end, 90-degree phase shifters and programmable baseband filters. The measured voltage gain and NF of the receiver at 2 GHz is 32 dB and 2.6 dB, respectively. The receiver is implemented using a 0.25-mum SiGe BiCMOS process and the power consumption is 432.5 mW from a 2.5 V supply.","PeriodicalId":431471,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129284874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-03-05DOI: 10.1109/RWS.2008.4463571
Ji Sun, Xinping Zeng, Z. Chen
A retrodirective antenna system is a smart antenna system where signals received from a source are automatically sent back in the direction of the source. Undersampling (also named bandpass sampling) is a signal processing technique with which an RF signal is directly sampled at a rate related to its bandwidth rather than its highest frequency. In this paper, we incorporate the undersampling technique into a retrodirective antenna system, resulting in a new and simplified smart RF transceiving architecture: no analog RF mixers and local oscillators for frequency down-conversion are required. This has lead to a significant reduction in the number of the RF components required and therefore in the cost of the retrodirective system. Both simulation and experiments are presented and they show the effectiveness of the proposed design.
{"title":"A direct RF-undersampling retrodirective array system","authors":"Ji Sun, Xinping Zeng, Z. Chen","doi":"10.1109/RWS.2008.4463571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS.2008.4463571","url":null,"abstract":"A retrodirective antenna system is a smart antenna system where signals received from a source are automatically sent back in the direction of the source. Undersampling (also named bandpass sampling) is a signal processing technique with which an RF signal is directly sampled at a rate related to its bandwidth rather than its highest frequency. In this paper, we incorporate the undersampling technique into a retrodirective antenna system, resulting in a new and simplified smart RF transceiving architecture: no analog RF mixers and local oscillators for frequency down-conversion are required. This has lead to a significant reduction in the number of the RF components required and therefore in the cost of the retrodirective system. Both simulation and experiments are presented and they show the effectiveness of the proposed design.","PeriodicalId":431471,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128665563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-03-05DOI: 10.1109/RWS.2008.4463628
Hualiang Zhang, Yitian Peng, H. Xin
This paper presents a new type of stub tapped balun for dual-band applications. In the design, a tapped stub is used to realize 90deg phase shift at two frequencies, resulting in a dual-band quarter-wavelength transmission line. The dual-band line, as an impedance transformer, is then implemented into a branch-line balun for dual-band operations. Explicit design equations for the new balun are derived using the ABCD-matrix and even-odd mode method. To verify the design concept, a microstrip balun operating at 2.45/5.25 GHz is fabricated on printed circuit board. Measurement results match well the theoretical predictions.
{"title":"Design of dual-band balun with tapped stubs","authors":"Hualiang Zhang, Yitian Peng, H. Xin","doi":"10.1109/RWS.2008.4463628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS.2008.4463628","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a new type of stub tapped balun for dual-band applications. In the design, a tapped stub is used to realize 90deg phase shift at two frequencies, resulting in a dual-band quarter-wavelength transmission line. The dual-band line, as an impedance transformer, is then implemented into a branch-line balun for dual-band operations. Explicit design equations for the new balun are derived using the ABCD-matrix and even-odd mode method. To verify the design concept, a microstrip balun operating at 2.45/5.25 GHz is fabricated on printed circuit board. Measurement results match well the theoretical predictions.","PeriodicalId":431471,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116333054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-03-05DOI: 10.1109/RWS.2008.4463465
M. I. Anis, M.Z. Khan, J. Inam, R. Azmatullah
Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) is one of the fastest growing Internet application. This paper focuses on the support of VoIP over 802.11x WLAN. A multiplexing scheme for VoIP is provided which exploits multicasting over WLAN for the downlink VoIP traffic. The 802.11x WLAN can support more than 500 VoIP sessions, but due do the inclusion of large number of over headers this ratio comes to only few VoIP sessions by using GSM 6.10 codec standard. This paper shows the VoIP standard 802.11g is the best by comparing the three standards 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g as well for both CBR and VBR voice sources. This has been discussed by using the features of multicast mode of WLAN by which the large overhead effects of VoIP can be reduced. This paper shows this simulation and calculations, based on multiplex-multicast scheme through which the number of VoIP sessions can be increased and determine the best VoIP standard for CBR and VBR sources.
{"title":"Comparison between the IEEE 802.11x standards of VoIP using the CBR and VBR voice schemes","authors":"M. I. Anis, M.Z. Khan, J. Inam, R. Azmatullah","doi":"10.1109/RWS.2008.4463465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS.2008.4463465","url":null,"abstract":"Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) is one of the fastest growing Internet application. This paper focuses on the support of VoIP over 802.11x WLAN. A multiplexing scheme for VoIP is provided which exploits multicasting over WLAN for the downlink VoIP traffic. The 802.11x WLAN can support more than 500 VoIP sessions, but due do the inclusion of large number of over headers this ratio comes to only few VoIP sessions by using GSM 6.10 codec standard. This paper shows the VoIP standard 802.11g is the best by comparing the three standards 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g as well for both CBR and VBR voice sources. This has been discussed by using the features of multicast mode of WLAN by which the large overhead effects of VoIP can be reduced. This paper shows this simulation and calculations, based on multiplex-multicast scheme through which the number of VoIP sessions can be increased and determine the best VoIP standard for CBR and VBR sources.","PeriodicalId":431471,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116942365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-03-05DOI: 10.1109/RWS.2008.4463491
M. Tofighi, A. Sunal
This paper presents the analysis of single arm Archimedean spiral antennas radiating into a lossy medium (i.e. water) characterized by Debye dispersion. Conformal Finite Difference Time Domain (CFDTD) method is used for simulation. The error due to the staircase approximation of FDTD mesh is remedied by using CFDTD algorithm. The reflection coefficient simulation result with Debye dispersion is presented and compared with the measurement. CFDTD was also applied to analyze spiral antennas' near-field beam (SAR) in the water medium.
{"title":"Spiral antenna irradiation into lossy media with Debye dispersion","authors":"M. Tofighi, A. Sunal","doi":"10.1109/RWS.2008.4463491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS.2008.4463491","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the analysis of single arm Archimedean spiral antennas radiating into a lossy medium (i.e. water) characterized by Debye dispersion. Conformal Finite Difference Time Domain (CFDTD) method is used for simulation. The error due to the staircase approximation of FDTD mesh is remedied by using CFDTD algorithm. The reflection coefficient simulation result with Debye dispersion is presented and compared with the measurement. CFDTD was also applied to analyze spiral antennas' near-field beam (SAR) in the water medium.","PeriodicalId":431471,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium","volume":"281 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116073260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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