Chekhov's play “The Wood Demon” was written in 1889, and was adapted as “Uncle Vanya” in 1896. This study compares the event and structure of the two works, explores the compositional causes that made the differences between the two plays, and identifies the evolution of Chekhov's playwriting and its aesthetic characteristics. When writing “The Wood Demon”, Chekhov took a critical attitude towards the conventions of contemporary theater. He thought it inappropriate to show dramatic events on stage, which belong to exceptional phenomena in everyday life. On the other hand, he was of the opinion that theater should express aspects of real life, in which various human emotions are revealed. To represent real life instead of dramatic events in his plays, Chekhov had to create a new form of his play. His attempt resulted in the creation of “The Wood Demon”, which could not be positively evaluated in the world of contemporary theater. “The Wood Demon” is a play with a dual structure in which daily life in the countryside and the motif of love coexist: The expression of daily life hinders the dramatic development of events, and the events reduce the space for detailed description and presentation of social aspects. Chekhov tried to create a play with a new aesthetic, but contemporary critics only saw the absence of traditional conventions instead of something new in his play. His intention to add novelty to the play turned out to be a failure. He was neither faithful to the existing theatrical technique nor completely abandoned it. His comedy “The Wood Demon” ended up being an eclectic work of the new and the old. The adaptation of “The Wood Demon” made it possible for Chekhov to completely get out of the traditional theatrical technique centered on dramatic development of events and create a play “Uncle Vanya” with the new conventions and form. The genre of the new play became ‘scene’, and instead of ‘the event of Love’, ‘the event of Arrival and Departure’ became the center of the content. If the unity of time and space was maintained in “The Wood Demon”, Chekhov gave up temporal structuring and chose spatial structuring in the play “Uncle Vanya”. As a result, the new play shows various aspects of a space, not the causal flow of events: Fragmentary words and actions with weak causality become the content of each act. While “The Wood Demon” is built on the time structure and maintains the causality, consistency, and sequentiality of time, “Uncle Vanya” uses space instead of time as the compositional principle of the play, opening a new horizon for theater.
{"title":"Evolution of the Plays: Event and Structure of Chekhov's Plays “The Wood Demon” and “Uncle Vanya”","authors":"Yong Sik Paik","doi":"10.24958/rh.2023.27.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24958/rh.2023.27.31","url":null,"abstract":"Chekhov's play “The Wood Demon” was written in 1889, and was adapted as “Uncle Vanya” in 1896. This study compares the event and structure of the two works, explores the compositional causes that made the differences between the two plays, and identifies the evolution of Chekhov's playwriting and its aesthetic characteristics. \u0000When writing “The Wood Demon”, Chekhov took a critical attitude towards the conventions of contemporary theater. He thought it inappropriate to show dramatic events on stage, which belong to exceptional phenomena in everyday life. On the other hand, he was of the opinion that theater should express aspects of real life, in which various human emotions are revealed. To represent real life instead of dramatic events in his plays, Chekhov had to create a new form of his play. His attempt resulted in the creation of “The Wood Demon”, which could not be positively evaluated in the world of contemporary theater. \u0000“The Wood Demon” is a play with a dual structure in which daily life in the countryside and the motif of love coexist: The expression of daily life hinders the dramatic development of events, and the events reduce the space for detailed description and presentation of social aspects. Chekhov tried to create a play with a new aesthetic, but contemporary critics only saw the absence of traditional conventions instead of something new in his play. His intention to add novelty to the play turned out to be a failure. He was neither faithful to the existing theatrical technique nor completely abandoned it. His comedy “The Wood Demon” ended up being an eclectic work of the new and the old. \u0000The adaptation of “The Wood Demon” made it possible for Chekhov to completely get out of the traditional theatrical technique centered on dramatic development of events and create a play “Uncle Vanya” with the new conventions and form. The genre of the new play became ‘scene’, and instead of ‘the event of Love’, ‘the event of Arrival and Departure’ became the center of the content. \u0000If the unity of time and space was maintained in “The Wood Demon”, Chekhov gave up temporal structuring and chose spatial structuring in the play “Uncle Vanya”. As a result, the new play shows various aspects of a space, not the causal flow of events: Fragmentary words and actions with weak causality become the content of each act. While “The Wood Demon” is built on the time structure and maintains the causality, consistency, and sequentiality of time, “Uncle Vanya” uses space instead of time as the compositional principle of the play, opening a new horizon for theater.","PeriodicalId":431674,"journal":{"name":"Institute for Russian and Altaic Studies Chungbuk University","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132176214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyzes changes in the concept of Sophia and the specificity of the icon of the Virgin Mary. The specific research subject is the Icon of the Virgin Mary, which was a typical religious painting until the Middle Ages. We compare the ideological concept of Sophia and the meaning of the icon of the Virgin Mary. In Chapter 1, We look at the change of the concept and definition of Sofia, and aspects of the acceptance of Sophia in Russia. In the Christian tradition, Sophia has been transformed into the divine administration or the divine wisdom of faith or the wisdom of Jesus Christ's love for the lowly and poor. The main medium for Russians to accept Sophia was pictorial images such as icons and frescoes. In Chapter 2, We examine the characteristics and practical aspects of each type of icon of the Virgin Mary. Through this process, we see the ontological meaning of the icon of the Virgin Mary in the Christian worldview. Unlike Sophia, the Virgin Mary did not have an independent status as a painting image. Therefore the pictorial image of the Virgin Mary has meaning as a tool that plays a role in emphasizing the personality of Jesus Christ. During this process, the icon of the Virgin Mary changed and produced various variants.
{"title":"Changes in the Concept of Sophia and the Specificity of the Icon of the Virgin Mary","authors":"K. Lee","doi":"10.24958/rh.2023.26.265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24958/rh.2023.26.265","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes changes in the concept of Sophia and the specificity of the icon of the Virgin Mary. The specific research subject is the Icon of the Virgin Mary, which was a typical religious painting until the Middle Ages. We compare the ideological concept of Sophia and the meaning of the icon of the Virgin Mary. In Chapter 1, We look at the change of the concept and definition of Sofia, and aspects of the acceptance of Sophia in Russia. In the Christian tradition, Sophia has been transformed into the divine administration or the divine wisdom of faith or the wisdom of Jesus Christ's love for the lowly and poor. The main medium for Russians to accept Sophia was pictorial images such as icons and frescoes. In Chapter 2, We examine the characteristics and practical aspects of each type of icon of the Virgin Mary. Through this process, we see the ontological meaning of the icon of the Virgin Mary in the Christian worldview. Unlike Sophia, the Virgin Mary did not have an independent status as a painting image. Therefore the pictorial image of the Virgin Mary has meaning as a tool that plays a role in emphasizing the personality of Jesus Christ. During this process, the icon of the Virgin Mary changed and produced various variants.","PeriodicalId":431674,"journal":{"name":"Institute for Russian and Altaic Studies Chungbuk University","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115297194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many Russian and researchers from Japan, Finland, Poland and other states dealt with the problems of ethnonymy and ethnic history of Sakhalin’s oroks. More than twenty ethnic names are noted in their works: Orochon, Olcha, Ulcha, Ulta, Uilta and others. Russian researchers of oroks believe that the etymology of these names is reflected in the words of the oron and ula, meaning “home deer”, and the ethnic names of the oroks are translated In Russian as “reindeer herders”. In addition, modern Russian ethnographers, not taking into account the theory of the ethnic group, explaining that each nation, in addition to the main name of the endoethnonym, may have several more territorial names characteristic of different ethnographic groups. However, post -Soviet researchers began to equate the numerous orki names with one word. In the studies of the post -Soviet period, the ethnonyms of Ulta ~ Uilta ~ Ujlta began to unite Tilda, while the name of the Ujlta, as the original ethnonym of Sakhalin’s orcs, was preferred. The author of this article adheres to a concept, according to which the numerous names of the oroks of Sakhalin in the form of Ulta, Uilta, Ujlta cannot be reduced to one name, since these are different names of ethnographic groups indicating the territory that previouslythe ancestors of the oroks lived. The article critically comprehends the position of researchers who continue to use the term Ujlta instead of the true name of Uilta. Obviously, the current problem of using the ethnonyms of Sakhalin’s oroks can get its final solution only in the works of the new generation of Russian researchers.
{"title":"The Ethnonymy of Sakhalin Oroks in the Writings of Researchers (Second Half of the XIX - Early XXI centuries)","authors":"Startsev A. F.","doi":"10.24958/rh.2023.26.335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24958/rh.2023.26.335","url":null,"abstract":"Many Russian and researchers from Japan, Finland, Poland and other states dealt with the problems of ethnonymy and ethnic history of Sakhalin’s oroks. More than twenty ethnic names are noted in their works: Orochon, Olcha, Ulcha, Ulta, Uilta and others. Russian researchers of oroks believe that the etymology of these names is reflected in the words of the oron and ula, meaning “home deer”, and the ethnic names of the oroks are translated In Russian as “reindeer herders”. In addition, modern Russian ethnographers, not taking into account the theory of the ethnic group, explaining that each nation, in addition to the main name of the endoethnonym, may have several more territorial names characteristic of different ethnographic groups. However, post -Soviet researchers began to equate the numerous orki names with one word. In the studies of the post -Soviet period, the ethnonyms of Ulta ~ Uilta ~ Ujlta began to unite Tilda, while the name of the Ujlta, as the original ethnonym of Sakhalin’s orcs, was preferred. The author of this article adheres to a concept, according to which the numerous names of the oroks of Sakhalin in the form of Ulta, Uilta, Ujlta cannot be reduced to one name, since these are different names of ethnographic groups indicating the territory that previouslythe ancestors of the oroks lived. The article critically comprehends the position of researchers who continue to use the term Ujlta instead of the true name of Uilta. Obviously, the current problem of using the ethnonyms of Sakhalin’s oroks can get its final solution only in the works of the new generation of Russian researchers.","PeriodicalId":431674,"journal":{"name":"Institute for Russian and Altaic Studies Chungbuk University","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127014052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the study of the thematic verb groups, in particular, the study of the physical action verb has a extremely important meaning. This verb represents a semantic group that essentially conveys the meaning of the verb for action, i.e. aggressive action. By analyzing the semantic structure of physical action verbs, we find meaningful intersections between the verb subgroups, the creative verb group and the destructive verb group. The semantic intersection of creation verbs and destruction verbs can be easily explained from a linguistic point of view. The action designated by the physical action verb involves a change of object. The creation verb and destruction verb have the same semantic structure, but only differ in the interest of the speaker. In creative verbs, the object of the action(=Result) appears to have a higher communicative rank than the material(=Patient). On the other hand, Patient, the object of the physical action in the destructive verb, would rank lower in communication than Result. The semantic correlation between creation and destruction is naturally explained through the entropy of thermodynamics. In a world where energy is constant, an equilibrium is maintained among the three energies of the original object, the physical action, and the object that changes due to the action. Also, just as the meaning of creation and destruction is distinguished according to the speaker's intention and purpose, in thermodynamics, the act of creation and destruction is distinguished according to the direction toward maximum entropy: Is the entropy of the changed object the result of adding negative entropy to the energy of the original object? Or is it the result of applying negative entropy to the world surrounding the object? In addition, the fact that entropy performs a natural function of bringing the universe into a state of dynamic equilibrium suggests that it is the verb of destruction what takes the lead intersecting the meanings of creation and destruction.
{"title":"Semantic Intersection of Russian Physical Action Verb Groups: Entropy of Destruction Verbs","authors":"S. B. Park","doi":"10.24958/rh.2023.26.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24958/rh.2023.26.61","url":null,"abstract":"In the study of the thematic verb groups, in particular, the study of the physical action verb has a extremely important meaning. This verb represents a semantic group that essentially conveys the meaning of the verb for action, i.e. aggressive action. By analyzing the semantic structure of physical action verbs, we find meaningful intersections between the verb subgroups, the creative verb group and the destructive verb group. The semantic intersection of creation verbs and destruction verbs can be easily explained from a linguistic point of view. The action designated by the physical action verb involves a change of object. The creation verb and destruction verb have the same semantic structure, but only differ in the interest of the speaker. In creative verbs, the object of the action(=Result) appears to have a higher communicative rank than the material(=Patient). On the other hand, Patient, the object of the physical action in the destructive verb, would rank lower in communication than Result. The semantic correlation between creation and destruction is naturally explained through the entropy of thermodynamics. In a world where energy is constant, an equilibrium is maintained among the three energies of the original object, the physical action, and the object that changes due to the action. Also, just as the meaning of creation and destruction is distinguished according to the speaker's intention and purpose, in thermodynamics, the act of creation and destruction is distinguished according to the direction toward maximum entropy: Is the entropy of the changed object the result of adding negative entropy to the energy of the original object? Or is it the result of applying negative entropy to the world surrounding the object? In addition, the fact that entropy performs a natural function of bringing the universe into a state of dynamic equilibrium suggests that it is the verb of destruction what takes the lead intersecting the meanings of creation and destruction.","PeriodicalId":431674,"journal":{"name":"Institute for Russian and Altaic Studies Chungbuk University","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121224095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The problem of understanding such a phenomenon as business culture is one of the urgent problems facing modern science. The relevance of this problem is due to the fact that business ethics is necessary not only in the company's foreign economic relations, but also in building internal corporate relationships, the degree of development of which indicates the potential of building a rule of law state. The purpose of the study was to identify of patterns of development of business culture in the context of intercultural communications in the conditions of the region and Russia as a whole using certain research methods, which include: comparative approach, historical research methods, axiological approach. In the course of the study, the following conclusions were made: 1) modern science faces the problem of understanding the essence of business culture, its principles and conditions for the formation of Codes of Business Ethics both on the territory of individual regions and in relation to a specific business entity. At the same time, business culture should be understood as a system of guiding rules, norms of behavior stereotypes that operate in society, and are also inherent in economic entities, which affects the methods of implementing socio-economic activities of the organization; 2) the analysis of cross-cultural interaction shows that business cooperation of economic entities in the conditions of regional development is a socio-economic institution that regulates relations in the field of establishing mutually beneficial partnership constructive relations aimed at facilitating the development of ties between business entities by committing legals and factual actions by each party; 3) the standards of the company's business culture and the working principles of personnel policy will contribute to the motivation of staff, increase the business reputation of the company, and ultimately lead to constructive intercultural interaction as part of the implementation of the provisions of the Entrepreneur's Code of Business Ethics; 4) appealing to expert opinions of specialists, the atmosphere of friendly competition and discussion partnership, promoting the promotion of goods and services to domestic and world markets, informing about the establishment of close contacts with Russian and foreign partners, assistance in the preparation and holding of congress and exhibition and fair events contributes to effective intercultural communication in the region; 5) humanitarian expertise of socially significant projects of business entities will contribute to effective management decision-making, etc.
{"title":"The Code of Business Ethics of Entrepreneurs as a Factor of Effective Intercultural Interaction in the Conditions of the Region","authors":"Kalinina O.E.","doi":"10.24958/rh.2023.26.303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24958/rh.2023.26.303","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of understanding such a phenomenon as business culture is one of the urgent problems facing modern science. The relevance of this problem is due to the fact that business ethics is necessary not only in the company's foreign economic relations, but also in building internal corporate relationships, the degree of development of which indicates the potential of building a rule of law state. The purpose of the study was to identify of patterns of development of business culture in the context of intercultural communications in the conditions of the region and Russia as a whole using certain research methods, which include: comparative approach, historical research methods, axiological approach. In the course of the study, the following conclusions were made: 1) modern science faces the problem of understanding the essence of business culture, its principles and conditions for the formation of Codes of Business Ethics both on the territory of individual regions and in relation to a specific business entity. At the same time, business culture should be understood as a system of guiding rules, norms of behavior stereotypes that operate in society, and are also inherent in economic entities, which affects the methods of implementing socio-economic activities of the organization; 2) the analysis of cross-cultural interaction shows that business cooperation of economic entities in the conditions of regional development is a socio-economic institution that regulates relations in the field of establishing mutually beneficial partnership constructive relations aimed at facilitating the development of ties between business entities by committing legals and factual actions by each party; 3) the standards of the company's business culture and the working principles of personnel policy will contribute to the motivation of staff, increase the business reputation of the company, and ultimately lead to constructive intercultural interaction as part of the implementation of the provisions of the Entrepreneur's Code of Business Ethics; 4) appealing to expert opinions of specialists, the atmosphere of friendly competition and discussion partnership, promoting the promotion of goods and services to domestic and world markets, informing about the establishment of close contacts with Russian and foreign partners, assistance in the preparation and holding of congress and exhibition and fair events contributes to effective intercultural communication in the region; 5) humanitarian expertise of socially significant projects of business entities will contribute to effective management decision-making, etc.","PeriodicalId":431674,"journal":{"name":"Institute for Russian and Altaic Studies Chungbuk University","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115160079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines Bulgakov's socialist ideology and how it was influenced by Sophia's theory of Solovyov. Chapter 1 analyzes the differences between socialism and Christianity through Bulgakov's early writings. Chapter 2 examines aspects of Bulgakov's Sophia Theory that were developed from Solovyov's Sophia Theory. The study seeks to understand Sophia and Gnosticism, the flow of Sophia's divinity and humanity, and the differences and trends in Sophia's theory in Russian religious philosophy. While Solovyov tried to prove the basic concept of Sophia's theory with reason, Bulgarkov analyzed the problem of the fourth person by dividing it into the problem of hypostasis and hypostatized. This problem of personification originates from the duality of Sophia's theory. While Solovyov focused on the divine Sophia, Bulgakov defined Sophia as a middle ground between the divine and human beings in the form of 'creatures'. The problem of duality and person in Sophia's theory is further examined in Chapter 3 through the problem of the image and name of the divine. The study posits that God manifests as divine energy from the word God itself. Before examining the concept of name worship, the study briefly reviews the meaning of icon and compares the correlation between the meaning of icon and name worship as the original image of God.
{"title":"A Study on Religious Philosophy and Aesthetics in Sergei Bulgakov's Sophiology","authors":"Hye Zin Jang","doi":"10.24958/rh.2023.26.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24958/rh.2023.26.109","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines Bulgakov's socialist ideology and how it was influenced by Sophia's theory of Solovyov. Chapter 1 analyzes the differences between socialism and Christianity through Bulgakov's early writings. Chapter 2 examines aspects of Bulgakov's Sophia Theory that were developed from Solovyov's Sophia Theory. The study seeks to understand Sophia and Gnosticism, the flow of Sophia's divinity and humanity, and the differences and trends in Sophia's theory in Russian religious philosophy. While Solovyov tried to prove the basic concept of Sophia's theory with reason, Bulgarkov analyzed the problem of the fourth person by dividing it into the problem of hypostasis and hypostatized. This problem of personification originates from the duality of Sophia's theory. While Solovyov focused on the divine Sophia, Bulgakov defined Sophia as a middle ground between the divine and human beings in the form of 'creatures'. The problem of duality and person in Sophia's theory is further examined in Chapter 3 through the problem of the image and name of the divine. The study posits that God manifests as divine energy from the word God itself. Before examining the concept of name worship, the study briefly reviews the meaning of icon and compares the correlation between the meaning of icon and name worship as the original image of God.","PeriodicalId":431674,"journal":{"name":"Institute for Russian and Altaic Studies Chungbuk University","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122441390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this paper is to predict the direction of future research by introducing the achievements on the Manchu-Tungus language by the third-generation Korean scholars. Since the subjects and methods of scholars' research tend to be fixed to some extent, it is thought that understanding the results of research so far will be able to estimate the direction of future research. Manchu-Tungusic research, if the scope of it is broadened, it can include comparison or contrast studies with other languages and typological studies, but in this paper, only Manchu-Tungusic research will be introduced. Also, since this is an introduction to research trends, specific examples and evaluations are deferred to a later date. Studies on the Manchu-Tungus language up to the second generation in Korea mainly focused on books on Qing studies published by the bureau of interpretaion in Joseon dynasty, research on Manchu books published in the Qing Dynasty, and collect and analysis of spoken Manchu-Tungus data in China and Russia was made. The third generation is those born after the 1970s. While the previous generations mainly studied Manchu language philologically and phonologically, they have been conducting grammatical research mainly within the theoretical framework of modern linguistics for the past 10 years. It is also characterized by the fact that they attempt to analyze spoken Manchu-Tungus following the second generation. Research on spoken language materials is expected to become more active in the future as some scholars are carrying out the “Studies of linguistic transcription and annotation of three endangered Tungus languages” project supported by the government.
{"title":"Manchu-Tungus Studies in Korea: Focusing on the Studies of Third-Generation Scholars","authors":"Dongho Ko","doi":"10.24958/rh.2023.26.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24958/rh.2023.26.1","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to predict the direction of future research by introducing the achievements on the Manchu-Tungus language by the third-generation Korean scholars. Since the subjects and methods of scholars' research tend to be fixed to some extent, it is thought that understanding the results of research so far will be able to estimate the direction of future research. Manchu-Tungusic research, if the scope of it is broadened, it can include comparison or contrast studies with other languages and typological studies, but in this paper, only Manchu-Tungusic research will be introduced. Also, since this is an introduction to research trends, specific examples and evaluations are deferred to a later date. Studies on the Manchu-Tungus language up to the second generation in Korea mainly focused on books on Qing studies published by the bureau of interpretaion in Joseon dynasty, research on Manchu books published in the Qing Dynasty, and collect and analysis of spoken Manchu-Tungus data in China and Russia was made. The third generation is those born after the 1970s. While the previous generations mainly studied Manchu language philologically and phonologically, they have been conducting grammatical research mainly within the theoretical framework of modern linguistics for the past 10 years. It is also characterized by the fact that they attempt to analyze spoken Manchu-Tungus following the second generation. Research on spoken language materials is expected to become more active in the future as some scholars are carrying out the “Studies of linguistic transcription and annotation of three endangered Tungus languages” project supported by the government.","PeriodicalId":431674,"journal":{"name":"Institute for Russian and Altaic Studies Chungbuk University","volume":"41 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124881497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy industry sanctions, which form the core of economic sanctions against Russia, began in earnest after Russia annexed Crimea in 2014. Following the outbreak of war in Ukraine in February 2022, the US and EU significantly strengthened sanctions on the energy industry, which is the backbone of Russia's economy and accounts for more than 50% of its exports. Russia is not only Europe's No. 1 supplier of energy resources, but also occupies a very important position in world energy trade, accounting for 20% of total global trades of energy commodities. Political conflicts between major exporters and importers such as Russia, the US and Europe have greatly increased uncertainties in the energy market. This is having a huge impact on the world economy. As a result of the sanctions, the Russian energy industry has been forced to change its structure. If the previous goal was to develop the energy industry and further strengthen its position as the largest exporter of natural resources, the current goal has to be revised to minimize losses caused by sanctions. In the future, Russia is expected to increase exports to the Asian market, focusing on cooperation with China and India. It is expected that costs will increase because productivity and efficiency decrease as access to foreign technology and equipment becomes difficult. The policy to localize Western equipment and technology subject to sanctions will be pushed more strongly, but this will inevitably cost considerable money and time. At present, Russia's exports of energy regenerate maintain a high export value due to high prices, although the export volume has decreased. It is difficult for Europe to fully replace Russian energy resources in the short term. For the time being, due to increased exports to Asia and relatively high energy commodity prices, Russia's energy resource exports are expected to remain high for a considerable period of time. The Russian energy industry will play an important role in the Russian economy and international energy market for some time, but its current share will decline more rapidly than previously anticipated. In an unprecedented and unpredictable situation, the Russian energy industry is facing a previously unimaginable challenge to maintain the status quo or to minimize the decline in production and exports.
{"title":"Western Sanctions Against Russia's Energy Sector and Russia's Response","authors":"Jin sok Sung","doi":"10.24958/rh.2023.26.223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24958/rh.2023.26.223","url":null,"abstract":"Energy industry sanctions, which form the core of economic sanctions against Russia, began in earnest after Russia annexed Crimea in 2014. Following the outbreak of war in Ukraine in February 2022, the US and EU significantly strengthened sanctions on the energy industry, which is the backbone of Russia's economy and accounts for more than 50% of its exports. Russia is not only Europe's No. 1 supplier of energy resources, but also occupies a very important position in world energy trade, accounting for 20% of total global trades of energy commodities. Political conflicts between major exporters and importers such as Russia, the US and Europe have greatly increased uncertainties in the energy market. This is having a huge impact on the world economy. As a result of the sanctions, the Russian energy industry has been forced to change its structure. If the previous goal was to develop the energy industry and further strengthen its position as the largest exporter of natural resources, the current goal has to be revised to minimize losses caused by sanctions. In the future, Russia is expected to increase exports to the Asian market, focusing on cooperation with China and India. It is expected that costs will increase because productivity and efficiency decrease as access to foreign technology and equipment becomes difficult. The policy to localize Western equipment and technology subject to sanctions will be pushed more strongly, but this will inevitably cost considerable money and time. At present, Russia's exports of energy regenerate maintain a high export value due to high prices, although the export volume has decreased. It is difficult for Europe to fully replace Russian energy resources in the short term. For the time being, due to increased exports to Asia and relatively high energy commodity prices, Russia's energy resource exports are expected to remain high for a considerable period of time. The Russian energy industry will play an important role in the Russian economy and international energy market for some time, but its current share will decline more rapidly than previously anticipated. In an unprecedented and unpredictable situation, the Russian energy industry is facing a previously unimaginable challenge to maintain the status quo or to minimize the decline in production and exports.","PeriodicalId":431674,"journal":{"name":"Institute for Russian and Altaic Studies Chungbuk University","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114163631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores the cultural and conceptual place of humanity in Heart of a Dog, and brings it into line with the novel’s allegorical view of history. Sharik’s transformation allegorically depicts the changes in Russian society after the Bolshevik occupation of the country. Criticizing the rapid collapse of the old Russian tradition and the establishment of a new system, Bulgakov represents the absurd history of the Soviet Union in the novel. Along with the novel’s historical allusions to the New Soviet Man project, the eugenic experiment that sought to enhance human faculties via supposedly scientific ways, issues of humanity and subjectivity are discussed in the scientific advances posed in Heart of a Dog’s metamorphosis story. The novel’s account of how human-enhancing technology served its ideological function after the revolutionary change in Russian history is the author’s response to one of the most provocative and complex issues when the communist regime sought to appropriate the scientific method for political purposes. Bulgakov presents a strong political satire using post-humanistic imagination while contemplating the place of human and humanity at the time when science intervened in human life.
{"title":"When Science Interrupts History: New Soviet Man and Posthuman Science in Mikhail Bulgakov’s Heart of a Dog","authors":"Myungsung Kim","doi":"10.24958/rh.2023.26.289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24958/rh.2023.26.289","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the cultural and conceptual place of humanity in Heart of a Dog, and brings it into line with the novel’s allegorical view of history. Sharik’s transformation allegorically depicts the changes in Russian society after the Bolshevik occupation of the country. Criticizing the rapid collapse of the old Russian tradition and the establishment of a new system, Bulgakov represents the absurd history of the Soviet Union in the novel. Along with the novel’s historical allusions to the New Soviet Man project, the eugenic experiment that sought to enhance human faculties via supposedly scientific ways, issues of humanity and subjectivity are discussed in the scientific advances posed in Heart of a Dog’s metamorphosis story. The novel’s account of how human-enhancing technology served its ideological function after the revolutionary change in Russian history is the author’s response to one of the most provocative and complex issues when the communist regime sought to appropriate the scientific method for political purposes. Bulgakov presents a strong political satire using post-humanistic imagination while contemplating the place of human and humanity at the time when science intervened in human life.","PeriodicalId":431674,"journal":{"name":"Institute for Russian and Altaic Studies Chungbuk University","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128574748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Altai Mountains were one of the national outskirts of Russia to which special attention was paid, as the indigenous population suffered particularly from epidemics due to their low standard of living and lack of immunity to many diseases. The meagre local budgets severely affected the population's material situation, social and medical services and led to an increased rate of disease. The Soviet authorities began to solve urgent problems in the sphere of public health protection. A consistent policy of the state in this sphere was expressed in the provision of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the country, addressing the problems of the indigenous peoples of the national regions. The establishment and development of the health care system in the Altai Mountains took place in the context of measures taken by the state to solve these problems. With the help of state and local budgets, the organisation of the medical network emerged and developed, and certain socially dangerous diseases were successfully eliminated. The material and technical base of medical institutions was gradually formed. During this period the following important results in the field of health care have been achieved in the Altai Mountains: a wide network of stationary and mobile medical institutions: hospitals, medical and obstetric stations, antenatal clinics, specialized anti-epidemic institutions and sanatoriums; systematic training of medical personnel had started: medical staff was supplemented mainly through medical staff training, another way of training was the sending of fellows to higher and technical schools. These measures are an important step in the development of the health care system in the region. However, the regional characteristics of Oirotia, namely the patriarchal clan structure of much of the indigenous population, the nomadic way of life, the dispersion of the population and the small number of large settlements, have to a certain extent hindered the process of health care among the indigenous population.
{"title":"Formation and development of the healthcare system in the Altai Mountains in the 1930s","authors":"Eshmatova G.B.","doi":"10.24958/rh.2023.26.371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24958/rh.2023.26.371","url":null,"abstract":"The Altai Mountains were one of the national outskirts of Russia to which special attention was paid, as the indigenous population suffered particularly from epidemics due to their low standard of living and lack of immunity to many diseases. The meagre local budgets severely affected the population's material situation, social and medical services and led to an increased rate of disease. The Soviet authorities began to solve urgent problems in the sphere of public health protection. A consistent policy of the state in this sphere was expressed in the provision of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the country, addressing the problems of the indigenous peoples of the national regions. The establishment and development of the health care system in the Altai Mountains took place in the context of measures taken by the state to solve these problems. With the help of state and local budgets, the organisation of the medical network emerged and developed, and certain socially dangerous diseases were successfully eliminated. The material and technical base of medical institutions was gradually formed. During this period the following important results in the field of health care have been achieved in the Altai Mountains: a wide network of stationary and mobile medical institutions: hospitals, medical and obstetric stations, antenatal clinics, specialized anti-epidemic institutions and sanatoriums; systematic training of medical personnel had started: medical staff was supplemented mainly through medical staff training, another way of training was the sending of fellows to higher and technical schools. These measures are an important step in the development of the health care system in the region. However, the regional characteristics of Oirotia, namely the patriarchal clan structure of much of the indigenous population, the nomadic way of life, the dispersion of the population and the small number of large settlements, have to a certain extent hindered the process of health care among the indigenous population.","PeriodicalId":431674,"journal":{"name":"Institute for Russian and Altaic Studies Chungbuk University","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124315293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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