Ultrasonic ribbon bonding has gained much attention due to the endeavor of achieving higher module performance in power electronic packaging. Among all the ribbon materials, Ag ribbon is a promising candidate due to its superior electrical properties. However, research which has reported the bonding of the ribbon on chip side is scant. Thus, in this study, the authors carried out bonding of the Ag ribbon on various types of metallized wafers to examine the feasibility of Ag ribbon, simulating the bonding scenario on the chip side in power modules. Results revealed that bonding of the Ag ribbon is feasible on those wafers metallized Ag on top. The authors also discussed the implications for the bondability of Ag ribbon with different types of metallization layers.
{"title":"Ultrasonic Bonding of Ag Ribbon on Si Wafers With Various Backside Metallization","authors":"Meng-Ting Chiang, Pei-Ing Lee, Ang-Ying Lin, Tung-Han Chuang","doi":"10.4018/ijmmme.333626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.333626","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasonic ribbon bonding has gained much attention due to the endeavor of achieving higher module performance in power electronic packaging. Among all the ribbon materials, Ag ribbon is a promising candidate due to its superior electrical properties. However, research which has reported the bonding of the ribbon on chip side is scant. Thus, in this study, the authors carried out bonding of the Ag ribbon on various types of metallized wafers to examine the feasibility of Ag ribbon, simulating the bonding scenario on the chip side in power modules. Results revealed that bonding of the Ag ribbon is feasible on those wafers metallized Ag on top. The authors also discussed the implications for the bondability of Ag ribbon with different types of metallization layers.","PeriodicalId":43174,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Manufacturing Materials and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134957440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Duplex and super duplex materials possess the properties of both Austenite and Martensitic steels. Properties like hardness and toughness are very high for duplex grades and are difficult-to-machine. In this study, machining performance of Duplex Stainless Steel (DSS 2205) and Super Duplex Stainless Steel (SDSS 2507) was estimated during CNC dry milling operation. Cutting parameters namely feed rate, spindle speed and depth of cut were considered for this investigation and were optimized by considering surface roughness, cutting force and cutting temperature during CNC milling using Taguchi technique. Results revealed that depth of cut has more effect on cutting force than spindle speed and feed rate. Surface roughness was highly influenced by feed rate than spindle speed and least influenced by depth of cut for both the materials. Results also showed that, cutting temperature is mainly influenced by spindle speed. Optimum value for all the responses was obtained at spindle speed of 4200 rpm, feed rate of 50 mm/min and depth of cut of 0.35 mm for both DSS 2205 and SDSS 2507.
{"title":"Influence of cutting parameters on machinability of DSS 2205 and SDSS 2507 materials during milling","authors":"Pradeep George","doi":"10.4018/ijmmme.299061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.299061","url":null,"abstract":"Duplex and super duplex materials possess the properties of both Austenite and Martensitic steels. Properties like hardness and toughness are very high for duplex grades and are difficult-to-machine. In this study, machining performance of Duplex Stainless Steel (DSS 2205) and Super Duplex Stainless Steel (SDSS 2507) was estimated during CNC dry milling operation. Cutting parameters namely feed rate, spindle speed and depth of cut were considered for this investigation and were optimized by considering surface roughness, cutting force and cutting temperature during CNC milling using Taguchi technique. Results revealed that depth of cut has more effect on cutting force than spindle speed and feed rate. Surface roughness was highly influenced by feed rate than spindle speed and least influenced by depth of cut for both the materials. Results also showed that, cutting temperature is mainly influenced by spindle speed. Optimum value for all the responses was obtained at spindle speed of 4200 rpm, feed rate of 50 mm/min and depth of cut of 0.35 mm for both DSS 2205 and SDSS 2507.","PeriodicalId":43174,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Manufacturing Materials and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44857107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Additive manufacturing is a popular emerging technology of producing parts directly from digital models. This technology has presented benefits such as freedom of design, the ability to customise, and shortened process chains. Presently, there are different Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes that are available in the market. Often, transport equipment manufacturing companies are faced with challenges while selecting the AM processes that are suited to their needs. Decision-makers need to consider all the underlining factors before a conclusion is reached. This paper proposes an approach that can be used by companies in the rail sector to select AM technologies that are suited to their applications. The approach involves identifying suitable parts, comparing applicable AM technologies and selecting the most suitable technology. The next stage involves re-designing the parts based on the selected technology. The approach is applied to benchmark parts from the industry. The study provides enlightenment on how AM can be applied in the rail industry.
{"title":"A Framework for Additive Manufacturing Technology Selection. A Case for the Rail Industry","authors":"R. Muvunzi","doi":"10.4018/ijmmme.302912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.302912","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing is a popular emerging technology of producing parts directly from digital models. This technology has presented benefits such as freedom of design, the ability to customise, and shortened process chains. Presently, there are different Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes that are available in the market. Often, transport equipment manufacturing companies are faced with challenges while selecting the AM processes that are suited to their needs. Decision-makers need to consider all the underlining factors before a conclusion is reached. This paper proposes an approach that can be used by companies in the rail sector to select AM technologies that are suited to their applications. The approach involves identifying suitable parts, comparing applicable AM technologies and selecting the most suitable technology. The next stage involves re-designing the parts based on the selected technology. The approach is applied to benchmark parts from the industry. The study provides enlightenment on how AM can be applied in the rail industry.","PeriodicalId":43174,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Manufacturing Materials and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48689980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Finite element simulation using ANSYS software, to analyze the effect of coating layers of different materials on piston compression ring. Similar material properties to that in the actual structural piston-compression-ring were considered on the simulated model. Three different coating materials, MgZrO3, La2Zr2O6, 3YSZ, and NiCrAl as bond coat materials of 1.6 mm thickness, were chosen to investigate the deformation, von Misses stress-strain, temperature distribution, heat flux of the core and coating layers. The results showed that the total elastic deformation was maximum for coating type MgZrO6, which was equal to 1.767 µm, and was higher by 0.46 times than uncoated ring. While, maximum von Misses stress was observed for coating type La2Zr2O6, which was higher by 1.69 times than that of the uncoated ring. Moreover, the maximum elastic strain was for type MgZrO6, which was equal to 0.003576, higher by 12.33 times comparing with the uncoated ring. Also, temperature rise and heat flux were maximum in the case of the uncoated ring.
{"title":"Finite Element Modelling for Failure Prevention of Coated Piston Compression Ring","authors":"P. Mishra","doi":"10.4018/ijmmme.299057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.299057","url":null,"abstract":"Finite element simulation using ANSYS software, to analyze the effect of coating layers of different materials on piston compression ring. Similar material properties to that in the actual structural piston-compression-ring were considered on the simulated model. Three different coating materials, MgZrO3, La2Zr2O6, 3YSZ, and NiCrAl as bond coat materials of 1.6 mm thickness, were chosen to investigate the deformation, von Misses stress-strain, temperature distribution, heat flux of the core and coating layers. The results showed that the total elastic deformation was maximum for coating type MgZrO6, which was equal to 1.767 µm, and was higher by 0.46 times than uncoated ring. While, maximum von Misses stress was observed for coating type La2Zr2O6, which was higher by 1.69 times than that of the uncoated ring. Moreover, the maximum elastic strain was for type MgZrO6, which was equal to 0.003576, higher by 12.33 times comparing with the uncoated ring. Also, temperature rise and heat flux were maximum in the case of the uncoated ring.","PeriodicalId":43174,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Manufacturing Materials and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45297360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The degradation of metallic industrial assets, equipment, and components costs governments, industries, and citizens billions of dollars a year. Also, the degradation of industrial assets and infrastructure proliferates a myriad of safety problems. AssessLIFE software addresses this strategic deficiency by focusing on forecasting strategies rather than on mitigation strategies in the active battle against industrial asset degradation. By employing tested and proven scientific analytical computations, forecasting, prediction, and analytics, the AssessLIFE software plans to significantly reduce the billions of dollars expended via inspection, treatment, and repair of degradation-prone assets and infrastructure. The AssessLIFE software leverages many scientific studies and research in many fields of engineering. The AssessLIFE software also emphasizes the computerization or automation of the processes of metallic (alloys and welds) degradation mechanisms and parameters using digital techniques.
{"title":"Modeling, Integration, and Automation of Degradation to Generate Asset Lifespan Analytics Using","authors":"Augustine O. Nwajana","doi":"10.4018/ijmmme.300828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.300828","url":null,"abstract":"The degradation of metallic industrial assets, equipment, and components costs governments, industries, and citizens billions of dollars a year. Also, the degradation of industrial assets and infrastructure proliferates a myriad of safety problems. AssessLIFE software addresses this strategic deficiency by focusing on forecasting strategies rather than on mitigation strategies in the active battle against industrial asset degradation. By employing tested and proven scientific analytical computations, forecasting, prediction, and analytics, the AssessLIFE software plans to significantly reduce the billions of dollars expended via inspection, treatment, and repair of degradation-prone assets and infrastructure. The AssessLIFE software leverages many scientific studies and research in many fields of engineering. The AssessLIFE software also emphasizes the computerization or automation of the processes of metallic (alloys and welds) degradation mechanisms and parameters using digital techniques.","PeriodicalId":43174,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Manufacturing Materials and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46070358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work investigates the tensile testing of glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite material and its most influencing parameter. The GFRP constitutes bi-axial glass-fibre and epoxy-matrix. The three parameters considered for the tensile test are the load, elongation, thickness, and the experiment's factorial design is L9 orthogonal array. The percentage contribution of load, extension, and thickness for stress and strain is calculated using variance (ANOVA) analysis. Optimizating parameters made using response surface method (RSM). Since the solutions arrived at by this optimization process are promising, the optimized outcomes are high load, low elongation, and high thickness. Such works are beneficial for replacing concrete slabs constructed on the roads for rainwater harvesting. In such applications, non-crimp GFR panels with openings at regular intervals may replace concrete slab structures. A mathematical response surface model for the stress and strain parameters has been formulated. The model validation is done using the Pearson product-moment coefficient.
{"title":"Statistical Analysis on the Influence of Stack Thickness on the Tensile Property of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminates","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/ijmmme.299060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.299060","url":null,"abstract":"This work investigates the tensile testing of glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite material and its most influencing parameter. The GFRP constitutes bi-axial glass-fibre and epoxy-matrix. The three parameters considered for the tensile test are the load, elongation, thickness, and the experiment's factorial design is L9 orthogonal array. The percentage contribution of load, extension, and thickness for stress and strain is calculated using variance (ANOVA) analysis. Optimizating parameters made using response surface method (RSM). Since the solutions arrived at by this optimization process are promising, the optimized outcomes are high load, low elongation, and high thickness. Such works are beneficial for replacing concrete slabs constructed on the roads for rainwater harvesting. In such applications, non-crimp GFR panels with openings at regular intervals may replace concrete slab structures. A mathematical response surface model for the stress and strain parameters has been formulated. The model validation is done using the Pearson product-moment coefficient.","PeriodicalId":43174,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Manufacturing Materials and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45064288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Islands-Matrix-Dual-phase (I-M-DP) steel is received a great deal attention for better concern with the emissivity, fuel consumption and passengers safety. A number of deformation plasticity issues are yet to be fully understood. Complex deformation stages for various stain is predicted as the natural outfall of the plastic strain localization caused by the ill-assorted deformation between the martensite-island phase and the ferritic-matrix phase. Modeling is carried out both in macro level by bending under tension (BUT) for different roller radius/sheet thickness ratios to acquire strain and stress state deformation and micro scale by Representative Volume Element (RVE) according to element position. It can relate both the 2D, 3D micro and macro scale finite element based BUT model’s result of flow behavior. Systematically strain based severe deformation pattern arises from outfall of plastic strain localization and von Mises stress distribution in island-matrix steels are investigated on the microstructure by finite element method for ill-assorted deformation between phases.
{"title":"Island-matrix inhomogeneous deformation behavior, formation of deformation band and BUT forming of DP steel","authors":"A. Rana","doi":"10.4018/ijmmme.299062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.299062","url":null,"abstract":"Islands-Matrix-Dual-phase (I-M-DP) steel is received a great deal attention for better concern with the emissivity, fuel consumption and passengers safety. A number of deformation plasticity issues are yet to be fully understood. Complex deformation stages for various stain is predicted as the natural outfall of the plastic strain localization caused by the ill-assorted deformation between the martensite-island phase and the ferritic-matrix phase. Modeling is carried out both in macro level by bending under tension (BUT) for different roller radius/sheet thickness ratios to acquire strain and stress state deformation and micro scale by Representative Volume Element (RVE) according to element position. It can relate both the 2D, 3D micro and macro scale finite element based BUT model’s result of flow behavior. Systematically strain based severe deformation pattern arises from outfall of plastic strain localization and von Mises stress distribution in island-matrix steels are investigated on the microstructure by finite element method for ill-assorted deformation between phases.","PeriodicalId":43174,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Manufacturing Materials and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44918214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the present work, an attempt was made to use vegetable oil as cutting fluid during minimal fluid application to make the process more environment friendly. Coconut oil was selected as the vegetable oil in this study considering its availability, physical properties, and lubricating ability. The effect of newly formulated coconut oil-based emulsified cutting fluid on cutting performance during turning of hardened AISI 4340 steel with the minimal fluid application was investigated. It was observed that the coconut oil-based cutting fluid offered better cutting performance in terms of tool wear, surface roughness, cutting force, cutting temperature, and tool chip contact length when compared to mineral oil-based cutting fluid and raw coconut oil. It was also observed that the percentage of concentrate in the cutting fluid was to be maintained as 30% to achieve better cutting performance. The use of coconut oil-based cutting fluid holds promise as an environment friendly alternative for mineral oil-based cutting fluid.
{"title":"Effect of Coconut Oil-Based Cutting Fluid on Cutting Performance during Turning with Minimal Fluid Application","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/ijmmme.301611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.301611","url":null,"abstract":"In the present work, an attempt was made to use vegetable oil as cutting fluid during minimal fluid application to make the process more environment friendly. Coconut oil was selected as the vegetable oil in this study considering its availability, physical properties, and lubricating ability. The effect of newly formulated coconut oil-based emulsified cutting fluid on cutting performance during turning of hardened AISI 4340 steel with the minimal fluid application was investigated. It was observed that the coconut oil-based cutting fluid offered better cutting performance in terms of tool wear, surface roughness, cutting force, cutting temperature, and tool chip contact length when compared to mineral oil-based cutting fluid and raw coconut oil. It was also observed that the percentage of concentrate in the cutting fluid was to be maintained as 30% to achieve better cutting performance. The use of coconut oil-based cutting fluid holds promise as an environment friendly alternative for mineral oil-based cutting fluid.","PeriodicalId":43174,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Manufacturing Materials and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49263533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents test results for silica and corundum base metals casting sands. Standardized tests were carried out to understand physical and mechanical properties of the metal casting sands and molding mixtures prepared with these refractory bases. Grain distribution, grain size, grain shape classification, moisture content, pH, LOI, Weibull distribution tensile test, permeability and roughness are the properties that have been evaluated. Tensile, permeability and roughness tests are carried out with different molding mixtures changing base sand and Phenolic-isocyanate and Furanic binders. The results of the tensile test were adjusted to a Weibull distribution. Weibull modulus of each molding mixture and the strength at a probability of failure of 63% is obtained. The permeability and roughness results were subjected to ANOVA and T-Test. Regular grains contributes to increase strength of molding mixture while permeability is not affected by time and amount of binder.
{"title":"Characterization of No-Bake Phenolic-isocyanate and Furanic Binders in Different Base Metal Casting Sands","authors":"Oscar Sotomayor","doi":"10.4018/ijmmme.299042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.299042","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents test results for silica and corundum base metals casting sands. Standardized tests were carried out to understand physical and mechanical properties of the metal casting sands and molding mixtures prepared with these refractory bases. Grain distribution, grain size, grain shape classification, moisture content, pH, LOI, Weibull distribution tensile test, permeability and roughness are the properties that have been evaluated. Tensile, permeability and roughness tests are carried out with different molding mixtures changing base sand and Phenolic-isocyanate and Furanic binders. The results of the tensile test were adjusted to a Weibull distribution. Weibull modulus of each molding mixture and the strength at a probability of failure of 63% is obtained. The permeability and roughness results were subjected to ANOVA and T-Test. Regular grains contributes to increase strength of molding mixture while permeability is not affected by time and amount of binder.","PeriodicalId":43174,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Manufacturing Materials and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48174946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research develops a procedure for DEA window analysis and MPI evaluation of a manufacturing process with fuzzy inputs and outputs. A real case study was provided to illustrate relative efficiency and MPI assessment of a blowing machine over a period of one a year. The proposed approach was implemented to measure the technical, pure technical, and scale efficiency scores for decision making unit. The results showed that the blowing process was technically inefficient due to scale inefficiency. Therefore, management should optimize the size of operations and better utilize resources. Then, the lower and upper MPI values and their corresponding technology change and efficiency change were calculated. The MPI results revealed the reasons behind MPI progress or regress in current period measured with respect to next period. This procedure provides great assistance to process engineering in obtaining reliable feedback on process performance and guide them to take proper actions.
{"title":"Window analysis and MPI for efficiency and productivity assessment under fuzzy data","authors":"Window Analysis, Mpi","doi":"10.4018/ijmmme.299058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.299058","url":null,"abstract":"This research develops a procedure for DEA window analysis and MPI evaluation of a manufacturing process with fuzzy inputs and outputs. A real case study was provided to illustrate relative efficiency and MPI assessment of a blowing machine over a period of one a year. The proposed approach was implemented to measure the technical, pure technical, and scale efficiency scores for decision making unit. The results showed that the blowing process was technically inefficient due to scale inefficiency. Therefore, management should optimize the size of operations and better utilize resources. Then, the lower and upper MPI values and their corresponding technology change and efficiency change were calculated. The MPI results revealed the reasons behind MPI progress or regress in current period measured with respect to next period. This procedure provides great assistance to process engineering in obtaining reliable feedback on process performance and guide them to take proper actions.","PeriodicalId":43174,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Manufacturing Materials and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42943868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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