Abstract Introduction Computed tomography perfusion (CTP) brain usefulness in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still being investigated. Comparative research of CTP in the various forms of decompressive surgery has not yet been reported to our knowledge. Patients with TBI who underwent decompressive surgery were studied using pre- and postoperative CTP. CTP findings were compared with patient's outcome. Materials and Methods This was a single-center, prospective cohort study. A prospective analysis of patients who were investigated with CTP from admission between 2019 and 2021 was undertaken. The patients in whom decompressive surgery was required for TBI, were included in our study after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. CTP imaging was performed preoperatively and 5 days after decompressive surgery to measure cerebral perfusion. Numbers of cases included in the study were 75. Statistical analysis was done. Results In our study, cerebral perfusion were improved postoperatively in the all types of decompressive surgery ( p -value < 0.05). But association between type of surgery with improvement in cerebral perfusion, Glasgow Coma Scale at discharge, and Glasgow Outcome Scale-extended at 3 months were found to be statistically insignificant ( p -value > 0.05). Conclusion CTP brain may play a role as a prognostic tool in TBI patients undergoing decompressive surgery.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Cerebral Perfusion in Different Types of Decompressive Surgery for Traumatic Brain Injury","authors":"S. K. Choudhary, Achal Sharma","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-1760727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1760727","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction Computed tomography perfusion (CTP) brain usefulness in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still being investigated. Comparative research of CTP in the various forms of decompressive surgery has not yet been reported to our knowledge. Patients with TBI who underwent decompressive surgery were studied using pre- and postoperative CTP. CTP findings were compared with patient's outcome. Materials and Methods This was a single-center, prospective cohort study. A prospective analysis of patients who were investigated with CTP from admission between 2019 and 2021 was undertaken. The patients in whom decompressive surgery was required for TBI, were included in our study after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. CTP imaging was performed preoperatively and 5 days after decompressive surgery to measure cerebral perfusion. Numbers of cases included in the study were 75. Statistical analysis was done. Results In our study, cerebral perfusion were improved postoperatively in the all types of decompressive surgery ( p -value < 0.05). But association between type of surgery with improvement in cerebral perfusion, Glasgow Coma Scale at discharge, and Glasgow Outcome Scale-extended at 3 months were found to be statistically insignificant ( p -value > 0.05). Conclusion CTP brain may play a role as a prognostic tool in TBI patients undergoing decompressive surgery.","PeriodicalId":43198,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Neurotrauma","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72801991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Accurate and early interpretation of CT scan images in TBI patients reduces the critical time for diagnosis and management. As mentioned in other studies, automated CT interpretation using the feature extraction method is a rapid and accurate tool. Despite several studies on the machine and deep learning employing algorithms for automated CT interpretations, it has its challenges. This study presents a concept note and proposes a feature-based computer-aided diagnostic method to perform automated CT interpretation in TBI. The method consists of preprocessing, segmentation, and extraction. We have described a simple way of classifying the CT scan head into five circumferential zones in this method. The zones are identified quickly based on the anatomic characteristics and specific pathologies that affect each zone. Then, we have provided an overview of different pathologies affecting each of these zones. Utilizing these zones for automated CT interpretation will also be a helpful resource for concerned physicians during the odd and rush hours.
{"title":"Automated Detection of Lesions in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury using Brain CT Images: Concept Note and Proposed Method","authors":"A. Agrawal, Rakesh Mishra","doi":"10.1055/s-0042-1760417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1760417","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Accurate and early interpretation of CT scan images in TBI patients reduces the critical time for diagnosis and management. As mentioned in other studies, automated CT interpretation using the feature extraction method is a rapid and accurate tool. Despite several studies on the machine and deep learning employing algorithms for automated CT interpretations, it has its challenges. This study presents a concept note and proposes a feature-based computer-aided diagnostic method to perform automated CT interpretation in TBI. The method consists of preprocessing, segmentation, and extraction. We have described a simple way of classifying the CT scan head into five circumferential zones in this method. The zones are identified quickly based on the anatomic characteristics and specific pathologies that affect each zone. Then, we have provided an overview of different pathologies affecting each of these zones. Utilizing these zones for automated CT interpretation will also be a helpful resource for concerned physicians during the odd and rush hours.","PeriodicalId":43198,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Neurotrauma","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89661241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Singh, D. Shankar, Kuldeep Yadav, Mohammad Kaif, R. Singh
Abstract Frontal sinus fractures account for 5 to 15% of craniofacial trauma. Road traffic accidents account for most of the cases. Combined injury of the anterior and posterior table with nasofrontal outflow tract contributes to 67% of craniofacial trauma. We here present an interesting case of a 33-year-old male patient with a traumatic left frontal sinus fracture with a unique presentation of a cutaneous–frontonasal fistula. Treatment algorithms for the management of frontal sinus fractures have been proposed in the past but they should be tailored to the need of the individual patient. Obliteration of the frontonasal outflow tract should be advocated in these cases as they minimize complications.
{"title":"Frontal Sinus Trauma Presenting with Frontonasal Cutaneous Fistula: A Unique Case Report","authors":"D. Singh, D. Shankar, Kuldeep Yadav, Mohammad Kaif, R. Singh","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-1760743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1760743","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Frontal sinus fractures account for 5 to 15% of craniofacial trauma. Road traffic accidents account for most of the cases. Combined injury of the anterior and posterior table with nasofrontal outflow tract contributes to 67% of craniofacial trauma. We here present an interesting case of a 33-year-old male patient with a traumatic left frontal sinus fracture with a unique presentation of a cutaneous–frontonasal fistula. Treatment algorithms for the management of frontal sinus fractures have been proposed in the past but they should be tailored to the need of the individual patient. Obliteration of the frontonasal outflow tract should be advocated in these cases as they minimize complications.","PeriodicalId":43198,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Neurotrauma","volume":"11941 1","pages":"057 - 059"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75184224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Background Extradural hematoma (EDH) is a hematoma between the dura and the inner surface of the skull, found in 1 to 3% of all head-injured patients, rising to 9% among the unconscious ones. It is said to be subacute when about 2 to 4 days old. Further enlargement of the burr hole to about 3 to 5 cm wide (minicraniectomy) may allow its total evacuation. Objective To recommend it as a treatment option, this study aims to evaluate the surgical outcomes of evacuating a subacute EDH through a minicraniectomy. Method This was a 5-year prospective study in a Nigerian tertiary health institution. Results In total, 108 patients, consisting of 96 males and 12 females with a male to female ratio of 8:1 were included. Their ages ranged from 10 to 69 years. Etiologies were road traffic accident (RTA, 73.2%), assault (18.5%), and falls (8.3%). Hematoma ages were 2 days (61.1%), 3 days (25%), 4 days (13.9%). GCS were mild (11%), moderate (56%), and severe (33%). Locations were right-sided (59.3%), left-sided (40.7%) with 73.1% in parietotemporal area. Active bleeding was encountered in 15% only. Postoperative complications were seizure (13.9%), death (12%), and surgical site infection (4.6%) among others. Outcomes at 2 weeks were good (83, 76.9%), moderate disability (12, 11.1%), severe disability (10, 9.3%), vegetative (1, 0.9%), and death (2, 1.9%). Conclusion Considering the significant morbidity and mortality and the need for urgent interventions in EDH, most patients presenting in the subacute acute (2– 4 days) stage can be evacuated via a minicraniectomy with good outcomes.
{"title":"Outcomes of Evacuating Subacute Extradural Hematoma Through a Minicraniectomy: A 5-Year Study","authors":"B. Usman, B. Mohammed, Usman Daibu","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-1760742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1760742","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Extradural hematoma (EDH) is a hematoma between the dura and the inner surface of the skull, found in 1 to 3% of all head-injured patients, rising to 9% among the unconscious ones. It is said to be subacute when about 2 to 4 days old. Further enlargement of the burr hole to about 3 to 5 cm wide (minicraniectomy) may allow its total evacuation. Objective To recommend it as a treatment option, this study aims to evaluate the surgical outcomes of evacuating a subacute EDH through a minicraniectomy. Method This was a 5-year prospective study in a Nigerian tertiary health institution. Results In total, 108 patients, consisting of 96 males and 12 females with a male to female ratio of 8:1 were included. Their ages ranged from 10 to 69 years. Etiologies were road traffic accident (RTA, 73.2%), assault (18.5%), and falls (8.3%). Hematoma ages were 2 days (61.1%), 3 days (25%), 4 days (13.9%). GCS were mild (11%), moderate (56%), and severe (33%). Locations were right-sided (59.3%), left-sided (40.7%) with 73.1% in parietotemporal area. Active bleeding was encountered in 15% only. Postoperative complications were seizure (13.9%), death (12%), and surgical site infection (4.6%) among others. Outcomes at 2 weeks were good (83, 76.9%), moderate disability (12, 11.1%), severe disability (10, 9.3%), vegetative (1, 0.9%), and death (2, 1.9%). Conclusion Considering the significant morbidity and mortality and the need for urgent interventions in EDH, most patients presenting in the subacute acute (2– 4 days) stage can be evacuated via a minicraniectomy with good outcomes.","PeriodicalId":43198,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Neurotrauma","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88197234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract University College of Medical Sciences (UCMS) and the associated Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital (GTBH) is one of the largest tertiary care centers in the National capital of Delhi. It caters to a large volume of patients mainly from north east Delhi along with neighboring states of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. Since the establishment of neurosurgery department in 1997, the department has contributed significantly toward neuro-trauma care. With the up-gradation of infrastructure in recent years, the department surely has a bright future in neuro-trauma services benefiting a huge population. In this article, I have tried to describe the brief history of neurotrauma care, present status of manpower, and infrastructure to manage trauma patients, difficulties yet to overcome and roadmap for future.
{"title":"An Overview of Neuro-trauma Care in UCMS and GTB Hospital, New Delhi","authors":"P. Sarma, Manish Garg","doi":"10.1055/s-0042-1760418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1760418","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract University College of Medical Sciences (UCMS) and the associated Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital (GTBH) is one of the largest tertiary care centers in the National capital of Delhi. It caters to a large volume of patients mainly from north east Delhi along with neighboring states of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. Since the establishment of neurosurgery department in 1997, the department has contributed significantly toward neuro-trauma care. With the up-gradation of infrastructure in recent years, the department surely has a bright future in neuro-trauma services benefiting a huge population. In this article, I have tried to describe the brief history of neurotrauma care, present status of manpower, and infrastructure to manage trauma patients, difficulties yet to overcome and roadmap for future.","PeriodicalId":43198,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Neurotrauma","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87253759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Raju, Rajesh Bhosle, S. Patel, A. Bhattacharyya, G. Aditya, P. Krishnan
Abstract Background Cranioplasty following decompressive craniotomy is considered to be a “routine procedure” but several large series have documented a significant amount of both delayed and immediate complications and also a mortality rate of up to 3.6%. Materials and Methods We went through some of the salient complications (excluding seizures) needing resurgery following interval cranioplasty over the past 18 years at our institution in over 300 cases and analyzed the literature that mention these complications and their treatment. Results In addition to the commonly mentioned complications, we found some that had been rarely described or not mentioned hitherto in the literature which we have presented as a pictorial narrative. Based on our experience, we recommend some measures that may decrease the incidence or prevent the occurrence of the same. Conclusions Attention to small but basic surgical techniques will go a long way in preventing unwanted postoperative events.
{"title":"Complications after Cranioplasty: A Pictorial Narrative with Techniques to Manage and Avoid the Same","authors":"D. Raju, Rajesh Bhosle, S. Patel, A. Bhattacharyya, G. Aditya, P. Krishnan","doi":"10.1055/s-0042-1760419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1760419","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Cranioplasty following decompressive craniotomy is considered to be a “routine procedure” but several large series have documented a significant amount of both delayed and immediate complications and also a mortality rate of up to 3.6%. Materials and Methods We went through some of the salient complications (excluding seizures) needing resurgery following interval cranioplasty over the past 18 years at our institution in over 300 cases and analyzed the literature that mention these complications and their treatment. Results In addition to the commonly mentioned complications, we found some that had been rarely described or not mentioned hitherto in the literature which we have presented as a pictorial narrative. Based on our experience, we recommend some measures that may decrease the incidence or prevent the occurrence of the same. Conclusions Attention to small but basic surgical techniques will go a long way in preventing unwanted postoperative events.","PeriodicalId":43198,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Neurotrauma","volume":"2 1","pages":"124 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88209523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indubala Maurya, V. Maurya, Rakesh Mishra, L. Moscote-Salazar, Tariq Janjua, M. Yunus, A. Agrawal
Abstract The patients of trauma offers a special challenge because of the associated head injury, maxillofacial, neck and spine injuries, which puts the airway at imminent risk. The response time for the emergency team to initiate the airway management determines the outcome of the individual undergoing treatment. A judious implementatin of triage and ATLS guidelines are helpful in the allocation of resources in airway management of trauma patients. One must not get distracted with the severity of other organ systems because cerebral tissue permits a low threshold to the hypoxic insults. Adequate preparedness and a team effort result in better airway management and improved outcomes in trauma patients with variable hemodynamic response to resuscitation. All possible efforts must be made to secure a definitive airway (if required) and should be verified clinically as well as with the available adjuncts. The success of a trauma team depends on the familiarity to the airways devices and their discrete application in various situations.
{"title":"Airway Management of Suspected Traumatic Brain Injury Patients in the Emergency Room","authors":"Indubala Maurya, V. Maurya, Rakesh Mishra, L. Moscote-Salazar, Tariq Janjua, M. Yunus, A. Agrawal","doi":"10.1055/s-0042-1760416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1760416","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The patients of trauma offers a special challenge because of the associated head injury, maxillofacial, neck and spine injuries, which puts the airway at imminent risk. The response time for the emergency team to initiate the airway management determines the outcome of the individual undergoing treatment. A judious implementatin of triage and ATLS guidelines are helpful in the allocation of resources in airway management of trauma patients. One must not get distracted with the severity of other organ systems because cerebral tissue permits a low threshold to the hypoxic insults. Adequate preparedness and a team effort result in better airway management and improved outcomes in trauma patients with variable hemodynamic response to resuscitation. All possible efforts must be made to secure a definitive airway (if required) and should be verified clinically as well as with the available adjuncts. The success of a trauma team depends on the familiarity to the airways devices and their discrete application in various situations.","PeriodicalId":43198,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Neurotrauma","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88066035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Jefferson fracture is defined as the simultaneous disruption of the continuity of the anterior and posterior arches of the atlas vertebra. It generally results from an axial impact to the head. Most of these fractures are amenable to nonoperative management. Significant disruption of the transverse atlantal ligament that is the main stabilizing ligament of the atlantoaxial articulation and contiguous spinal injuries often form the indications for operative intervention in these fractures. The outward and caudal displacement of the C1 lateral masses observed in these fractures often requires significant deviation from the standard operative technique of atlantoaxial fixation when the osseous elements are intact. Accordingly, we have described the surgical nuances relevant to the exposure and instrumentation of the atlantoaxial region in the setting of Jefferson fracture, through our experience in two cases.
{"title":"Technical Considerations in Surgical Fixation of Jefferson Fracture","authors":"H. Gurjar, H. Rai, Shashwat Mishra, K. Garg","doi":"10.1055/s-0042-1759854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1759854","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Jefferson fracture is defined as the simultaneous disruption of the continuity of the anterior and posterior arches of the atlas vertebra. It generally results from an axial impact to the head. Most of these fractures are amenable to nonoperative management. Significant disruption of the transverse atlantal ligament that is the main stabilizing ligament of the atlantoaxial articulation and contiguous spinal injuries often form the indications for operative intervention in these fractures. The outward and caudal displacement of the C1 lateral masses observed in these fractures often requires significant deviation from the standard operative technique of atlantoaxial fixation when the osseous elements are intact. Accordingly, we have described the surgical nuances relevant to the exposure and instrumentation of the atlantoaxial region in the setting of Jefferson fracture, through our experience in two cases.","PeriodicalId":43198,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Neurotrauma","volume":"54 1","pages":"140 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89960268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heena Dobhal, Sanjog Chandana, A. Singh, HC Pathak, A. Thakur, K. Saraswat
Abstract The incidence of perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage (PMSAH) is rare, 0.5 in 100,000 adults. It comprises 5 to 10% of all SAHs and approximately 33% of all nonaneurysmal SAH. Quadrigeminal SAH is a variant of perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (PMNASAH) that is not well described in the literature. It may comprise up to one-fifth of PMNASAH cases and carries a similar benign prognosis. This variant of PMSAH is characterized by blood centered in the quadrigeminal cistern and limited to the superior vermian and posterior perimesencephalic cisterns. Noncontrast computed tomography of the brain is the initial investigation of choice, while four-vessel cerebral angiogram is the gold standard for the diagnosis of SAH. We report a case at our institute.
{"title":"A Case of Quadrigeminal Variant of Perimesencephalic Nonaneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","authors":"Heena Dobhal, Sanjog Chandana, A. Singh, HC Pathak, A. Thakur, K. Saraswat","doi":"10.1055/s-0042-1759870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1759870","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The incidence of perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage (PMSAH) is rare, 0.5 in 100,000 adults. It comprises 5 to 10% of all SAHs and approximately 33% of all nonaneurysmal SAH. Quadrigeminal SAH is a variant of perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (PMNASAH) that is not well described in the literature. It may comprise up to one-fifth of PMNASAH cases and carries a similar benign prognosis. This variant of PMSAH is characterized by blood centered in the quadrigeminal cistern and limited to the superior vermian and posterior perimesencephalic cisterns. Noncontrast computed tomography of the brain is the initial investigation of choice, while four-vessel cerebral angiogram is the gold standard for the diagnosis of SAH. We report a case at our institute.","PeriodicalId":43198,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Neurotrauma","volume":"60 1","pages":"148 - 150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84469242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vishram Pandey, D. Shukla, Shubham Nirmal, B. Devi, R. Christopher
Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a multistep interaction of brain antigens, cytokine-mediated humeral, and cellular immune reactions. Because of the limitations of clinical and radiological evaluation in TBI, there has been a considerable advancement toward the need for developing biomarkers that can predict the severity of TBI. Blood-based brain biomarkers hold the potential to predict the absence of intracranial injury and thus decrease unnecessary brain computed tomographic scanning. Various biomarkers have been studied that detects neuronal, axonal, and blood–brain barrier integrity. Biomarkers are still under investigation and hold promise in the future evaluation of TBI patients. They can be used for grading as well as a prognostication of head injury.
{"title":"Biomarkers in Traumatic Brain Injuries: Narrative Review","authors":"Vishram Pandey, D. Shukla, Shubham Nirmal, B. Devi, R. Christopher","doi":"10.1055/s-0042-1759853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1759853","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a multistep interaction of brain antigens, cytokine-mediated humeral, and cellular immune reactions. Because of the limitations of clinical and radiological evaluation in TBI, there has been a considerable advancement toward the need for developing biomarkers that can predict the severity of TBI. Blood-based brain biomarkers hold the potential to predict the absence of intracranial injury and thus decrease unnecessary brain computed tomographic scanning. Various biomarkers have been studied that detects neuronal, axonal, and blood–brain barrier integrity. Biomarkers are still under investigation and hold promise in the future evaluation of TBI patients. They can be used for grading as well as a prognostication of head injury.","PeriodicalId":43198,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Neurotrauma","volume":"31 1","pages":"004 - 010"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73601735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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