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The proposal for a new EU Consumer Credit Directive: towards responsible lending in the digital age? 欧盟新消费者信贷指令提案:在数字时代走向负责任的借贷?
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/17521440.2022.2153611
O. Cherednychenko
ABSTRACT Large-scale irresponsible consumer credit lending across the EU, along with the growing digitalisation of the market place, in the last decade or more has exposed serious limitations of the 2008 Consumer Credit Directive in ensuring adequate consumer protection in the unsecured credit markets. To remedy the shortcomings of the current regulatory regime, the European Commission’s Proposal for a New Consumer Credit Directive seeks to introduce a number of important changes. This article discusses the proposed changes and critically assesses their potential to ensure responsible lending in the digital age. It concludes that the adoption of the revised directive would represent a major step forward in combatting irresponsible lending practices and protecting European consumers against overindebtedness in the digital market place. At the same time, however, the effectiveness of the new consumer credit directive will depend to a considerable extent on its implementation and application in the Member States.
在过去十年或更长的时间里,欧盟范围内大规模不负责任的消费者信贷贷款,以及市场数字化的不断发展,暴露了2008年《消费者信贷指令》在确保无担保信贷市场中充分保护消费者方面的严重局限性。为了弥补当前监管制度的缺陷,欧盟委员会(European Commission)的《新消费者信贷指令提案》(Proposal for a New Consumer Credit Directive)寻求引入一系列重要变革。本文讨论了拟议的变化,并批判性地评估了它们在确保数字时代负责任贷款方面的潜力。它的结论是,通过修订后的指令将是打击不负责任的贷款行为和保护欧洲消费者免受数字市场过度负债的重要一步。然而,与此同时,新的消费者信贷指令的效力将在很大程度上取决于其在成员国的执行和应用。
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引用次数: 0
Robo-advisory services and investor protection 机器人咨询服务和投资者保护
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/17521440.2022.2153610
Reinhard Steennot
ABSTRACT Technological advancement has created the possibility of providing investment advice and managing funds without any, or with only limited, human intervention (so-called robo-advice). In this paper, it is argued that robo-advisory services offer additional protection to retail investors since they – contrary to execution only services provided by online brokers – require a suitability test. However, robo-advice also creates certain risks, in particular because of the lack of personal contact and the use of algorithms. Therefore, financial intermediaries offering robo-advisory services must clearly explain the concept of robo-advice, ask clear and sufficient questions, ensure their algorithms provide suitable advice and provide clear, comprehensible and not-misleading information. As far as enforcement is concerned, financial supervisors must be able to verify the algorithms used and retail investors suffering damages because of unsuitable investment advice must be entitled to compensation, without having to prove that the algorithm was flawed.
摘要技术进步创造了提供投资建议和管理基金的可能性,而无需任何或仅需有限的人工干预(即所谓的机器人建议)。在本文中,有人认为,机器人咨询服务为散户投资者提供了额外的保护,因为与在线经纪人提供的仅执行服务相反,它们需要进行适合性测试。然而,机器人咨询也会产生一定的风险,特别是因为缺乏个人接触和算法的使用。因此,提供机器人咨询服务的金融中介机构必须清楚地解释机器人咨询的概念,提出明确而充分的问题,确保其算法提供合适的建议,并提供清晰、可理解且不具误导性的信息。就执行而言,金融监管机构必须能够验证所使用的算法,因不合适的投资建议而遭受损失的散户投资者必须有权获得赔偿,而无需证明算法存在缺陷。
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引用次数: 0
Financial law in the era of artificial intelligence: key topics and themes 人工智能时代的金融法:关键议题和主题
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/17521440.2023.2215480
F. Barrière
ABSTRACT The digital transformation of financial services is underway. In financial law, AI is already in a prominent position among the newly available tools, and its future uses are even more promising. However, this raises several certain issues, including legal ones. Legal experts, business divisions, data scientists and computer scientists need to anticipate these changes and establish interdepartmental working groups to anticipate the future regulatory challenges posed by AI technologies. The entities involved should anticipate the consequences of future regulations and to some extent are already one step ahead. The assessment of AI technologies must be documented following a risk-based approach.
金融服务的数字化转型正在进行中。在金融法律领域,人工智能已经在新出现的工具中占据了突出的地位,其未来的应用前景更加广阔。然而,这引起了几个特定的问题,包括法律问题。法律专家、业务部门、数据科学家和计算机科学家需要预测这些变化,并建立跨部门工作组,以预测人工智能技术带来的未来监管挑战。相关实体应该预见到未来法规的后果,并且在某种程度上已经领先一步。人工智能技术的评估必须按照基于风险的方法进行记录。
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引用次数: 0
DLT-based enhancement of cross-border payment efficiency – a legal and regulatory perspective 基于dlt的跨境支付效率提升——从法律和监管的角度
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/17521440.2022.2065809
D. Zetzsche, Linn Anker-Sørensen, Maria Lucia Passador, A. Wehrli
ABSTRACT Financial law and regulation have, to date, assumed that regulated activities and functions are concentrated in a single legal entity responsible and accountable for operations and compliance. Even with regard to financial market infrastructure where the regulatory perspective acknowledges the need for interoperability of many entities as a system, each entity is subject to its own rules and regulations, and can thus meet its own compliance requirements independent of other system participants. The entity-focused regulatory paradigm is under pressure in the world of DLT-based payment arrangements where some ledgers, and thus the performance of the services as such, are distributed. DLT arrangements could provide an alternative to the traditional reliance on a mutually trusted central entity to transfer funds and enable the creation of new foundational infrastructures by distributing technical functions or linking existing systems. As such, we identify and outline concepts for use cases where DLT is potentially improving the efficiency of cross-border payments, namely a Best Execution DLT, a DLT application for a Network of Central Banks, a DLT as an AML/KYC utility, as well as DLT arrangements for an Identity Platform, a Small Payments Platform and, finally, an Interoperability Platform connecting multiple closed-loop and proprietary banking systems. Despite the wide-ranging interest in DLT-based payment systems, research so far has focused on technical concepts and lacked legal details. This article seeks to fill this gap by providing an initial analysis of the legal challenges related to DLT-based payment systems. From a legal perspective, the distribution of functions in DLTs comes with new risks created from the joint performance of services and functions as main characteristic of a distributed ledger, and the need for additional agreements, ongoing coordination across, and governance arrangements among the nodes. Further, in a cross-border context, multiple regulators and courts of various countries (asking for compliance with their own set of rules and regular reporting) will be involved. All of these must decide whether for compliance with any single rule they look at the DLT as a whole (herein called ‘the ledger perspective’) or each individual node (that is each institution participating in the DLT, herein called ‘the node perspective’). Moreover, financial and private law must provide for risk allocation, liability, responsibility and accountability for all legal obligations related to each function and activity. This article examines the extent to which the ledger perspective or the node perspective should prevail against the backdrop of a range of DLT use cases, resulting in policy recommendations for regulators. In this article, we propose the adoption of what we call an enabling approach for payment systems: ledger operators must specify in a Plan of Operations subject to regulatory approval to which rights and obligations
迄今为止,金融法律和监管都假定受监管的活动和职能集中在一个对运营和合规负责的单一法律实体中。即使在金融市场基础设施方面,监管角度承认需要许多实体作为一个系统的互操作性,但每个实体都要遵守自己的规则和法规,因此可以独立于其他系统参与者满足自己的合规性要求。在基于dlt的支付安排的世界中,以实体为中心的监管范式面临压力,在这种安排中,一些分类账以及服务本身的性能是分布式的。DLT安排可以为传统上依赖相互信任的中央实体来转移资金提供一种替代方案,并通过分配技术功能或连接现有系统来创建新的基础设施。因此,我们确定并概述了DLT可能提高跨境支付效率的用例概念,即最佳执行DLT,中央银行网络的DLT应用程序,作为反洗钱/KYC实用程序的DLT,以及身份平台,小额支付平台的DLT安排,最后是连接多个闭环和专有银行系统的互操作性平台。尽管人们对基于dlt的支付系统产生了广泛的兴趣,但迄今为止的研究主要集中在技术概念上,缺乏法律细节。本文试图通过提供与基于dlt的支付系统相关的法律挑战的初步分析来填补这一空白。从法律的角度来看,dlt中的功能分布带来了新的风险,因为服务和功能的联合执行是分布式账本的主要特征,并且需要额外的协议,节点之间的持续协调和治理安排。此外,在跨境背景下,将涉及多个国家的监管机构和法院(要求遵守他们自己的一套规则和定期报告)。所有这些都必须决定是否遵守任何单一规则,他们将DLT视为一个整体(此处称为“分类账视角”)还是每个单独的节点(即参与DLT的每个机构,此处称为“节点视角”)。此外,金融法和私法必须规定与每一职能和活动有关的所有法律义务的风险分配、责任、责任和交代责任。本文研究了在一系列DLT用例的背景下,分类账视角或节点视角应该在多大程度上占上风,从而为监管机构提出政策建议。在本文中,我们建议采用我们所谓的支付系统启用方法:分类账运营商必须在经监管部门批准的运营计划中指定分类账视角适用的权利和义务;如果没有这样的规定,则根据节点透视图应用规则。然而,对于系统性风险控制、AML/CFT、数据保护和治理以及DLT治理,我们提出了一个相反的默认规则,在没有规则规定节点视角适用的情况下,分类帐视角占上风。最后,在私法事务方面,我们建议通过标准化的支付服务合同结构来保护消费者和中小企业客户,而不强制规定细节。
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引用次数: 3
China’s long march towards the twin peaks model of financial regulation 中国走向金融监管双峰模式的漫漫长路
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/17521440.2022.2054288
Yuanfei Kang, A. Schmulow, Andrew Godwin
ABSTRACT This article traces the evolution of China’s financial regulatory system, and its trend towards what could be referred to as a ‘quasi-Twin Peaks’ model. It then outlines the ongoing challenges with the current sector-based framework, including regulatory competition, regulatory arbitrage and inconsistent regulatory mandates. It then proposes a pathway by which China could adopt a true Twin Peaks model. Finally, the article outlines recent developments in consumer protection, and draws parallel with developments in two Twin Peaks jurisdictions: the UK and South Africa. The article concludes by arguing that the adoption of an overarching framework for consumer protection in banking products and payment services underscores the need for a unified framework that applies to all products and services in the financial sector, including those administered by the CSRC in the securities sector. It also highlights the benefits of separating market conduct and consumer protection regulation, from macro-prudential and micro-prudential regulation, and provides additional support for the argument that the ultimate destination to which China should march, is the Twin Peaks model of financial regulation. This would be in line with the emerging direction of China’s regulatory agency reform, and would better accommodate ongoing financial innovation and cross-sector cooperation and integration.
本文追溯了中国金融监管体系的演变,以及其走向“准双峰”模式的趋势。然后概述了当前基于行业的框架所面临的挑战,包括监管竞争、监管套利和不一致的监管任务。然后,它提出了一条中国可以采用真正的双峰模式的途径。最后,文章概述了消费者保护的最新发展,并与两个双峰司法管辖区的发展进行了比较:英国和南非。文章最后认为,在银行产品和支付服务中采用一个总体框架来保护消费者,这突显出需要一个统一的框架,适用于金融部门的所有产品和服务,包括中国证监会在证券部门管理的产品和服务。它还强调了将市场行为和消费者保护监管与宏观审慎监管和微观审慎监管分开的好处,并为以下观点提供了额外的支持:中国应该走向的最终目标是金融监管的双峰模式。这将符合中国监管机构改革的新方向,也将更好地适应正在进行的金融创新和跨部门合作与融合。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial 社论
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/17521440.2022.2096336
Vincenzo Bavoso, Michael Galanis, G. Howells
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引用次数: 0
Some policy issues surrounding the use of FinTech in public procurements 围绕在公共采购中使用金融科技的一些政策问题
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/17521440.2022.2063605
Bryane Michael, N. Korolevska
ABSTRACT FinTech – along with the blockchain, other distributed ledger, smart contract, and tokenization usually assumed to accompany it – could change the way governments procure goods and services. Yet, both the academic and practitioner literature omits discussion of any policy-level analysis of the interaction between procurement rules and FinTech innovations. Procurement authorities and procurement law can play a vital role in the development of FinTech. They can help build the FinTech platforms and ecosystems that help them engage in public procurement. They should not try to procure such FinTech outright. Any FinTech applications facilitating public procurement should thus encourage compliance with the principles the international community has developed over decades.
摘要金融科技——以及区块链、其他分布式账本、智能合约和通常被认为伴随着它的代币化——可能会改变政府采购商品和服务的方式。然而,学术和从业者文献都省略了对采购规则和金融科技创新之间互动的任何政策层面分析的讨论。采购当局和采购法可以在金融科技的发展中发挥至关重要的作用。他们可以帮助建立金融科技平台和生态系统,帮助他们参与公共采购。他们不应该试图直接收购这样的金融科技公司。因此,任何促进公共采购的金融科技应用程序都应鼓励遵守国际社会几十年来制定的原则。
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引用次数: 2
Policy proposal trends in sovereign debt restructuring 主权债务重组的政策建议趋势
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/17521440.2022.2063569
András Póra
ABSTRACT Possible reform of the global sovereign debt management framework is continuously discussed among the members of the policymaking community. After the evaporating Washington Consensus, several reform proposals were made. Some of them were realised, and others remained on paper. The area received new impulses after the Financial Crisis in 2008, mainly due to the European sovereign debt problems. Many of these suggestions were later forgotten. The worldwide fiscal stimuli caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and the rapidly deteriorating sovereign debt situation induced another plethora of policy proposals. Some are novelties, but most are revised versions of the old ideas. The study aims to synthesise the old and newer suggestions, identifying current policy trends. The conclusion: the contractual approach still dominates the field, although there are also some feasible statutory-based ideas.
决策界成员不断讨论全球主权债务管理框架的可能改革。在《华盛顿共识》蒸发后,提出了几项改革建议。其中一些被实现了,而另一些则停留在纸上。2008年金融危机后,该地区受到了新的冲击,主要是由于欧洲主权债务问题。其中许多建议后来被遗忘了。2020年新冠肺炎疫情造成的全球财政刺激以及主权债务形势的迅速恶化引发了另一系列政策建议。有些是新颖的,但大多数是旧思想的修订版。该研究旨在综合新旧建议,确定当前的政策趋势。结论:尽管也有一些基于法律的可行想法,但合同法仍然在该领域占据主导地位。
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引用次数: 1
Of standards and technology: ISDA and technological change in the OTC derivatives market 标准与技术:ISDA与场外衍生品市场的技术变革
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/17521440.2022.2063030
Pierre Schammo
ABSTRACT For enthusiasts, distributed ledger technology (DLT) and smart contract technology (SCT) promise a future of frictionless interactions and decentralisation. In practice, however, it is widely acknowledged that this vision faces significant challenges. These include legal challenges, technological challenges, but also implementation challenges. The latter arise because delivering the DLT/SCT vision does not take place in a vacuum, but in a setting populated by existing market actors that operate on the basis of pre-existing technologies and absent an industry-wide layer of standards to support technological change and the vision of frictionless interactions. This article seeks to contribute to the literature interested in implementation challenges. Its aim is two-fold: to examine implementation challenges and to take stock of current market efforts to overcome them. In particular, this article focusses on the efforts of the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) and its initiatives to ‘standardise to digitise’. It will show that these initiatives can usefully be examined as an attempt to help the industry coordinate on a common foundational standards layer. However, this article also finds that the success of ISDA’s efforts is by no means certain. Nor are its efforts without raising some concerns.
摘要对于爱好者来说,分布式账本技术(DLT)和智能合约技术(SCT)预示着无摩擦交互和去中心化的未来。然而,在实践中,人们普遍承认,这一愿景面临重大挑战。这些挑战包括法律挑战、技术挑战,也包括实施挑战。后者的出现是因为DLT/SCT愿景的实现不是在真空中进行的,而是在现有市场参与者的环境中进行的。现有市场参与者在现有技术的基础上运作,缺乏支持技术变革和无摩擦互动愿景的全行业标准层。本文试图为对实施挑战感兴趣的文献做出贡献。其目的有两个:审查执行方面的挑战,并评估当前市场为克服这些挑战所做的努力。特别是,本文重点介绍了国际掉期和衍生品协会(ISDA)的努力及其“标准化到数字化”的举措。这将表明,这些举措可以作为帮助行业在共同的基础标准层上进行协调的一种尝试进行有效的审查。然而,本文也发现,ISDA的努力是否成功并不确定。它的努力也会引起一些担忧。
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引用次数: 0
Institutional architecture for financial supervision: a case study 金融监管的制度架构:个案研究
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-29 DOI: 10.1080/17521440.2020.1855563
C. Buttigieg, M. Bamber
ABSTRACT The paper examines the institutional architecture for financial supervision of a small jurisdiction and proposes reforms with a view of achieving more efficient and cost-effective financial supervision. The central argument of the paper is that there are complementarities and information synergies between prudential financial supervision, which aims at safeguarding the integrity and stability of the financial system, and the core central banking function of monetary policy. The point is made that that monetary policy and prudential supervision for financial stability should therefore be put under one roof, particularly in small jurisdictions, where duplication of research and information on the financial system leads to the wasteful use of limited human, technical (which includes technology) and financial resources.
摘要本文考察了小辖区金融监管的制度架构,并提出了改革建议,以期实现更高效、更具成本效益的金融监管。本文的核心论点是,旨在维护金融体系完整性和稳定性的审慎金融监管与货币政策的核心央行职能之间存在互补和信息协同效应。他们的观点是,货币政策和金融稳定的审慎监管因此应该放在一个屋檐下,特别是在小型司法管辖区,在这些地方,对金融体系的重复研究和信息导致了对有限人力、技术(包括技术)和金融资源的浪费。
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引用次数: 1
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Law and Financial Markets Review
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