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Climatology and decadal changes of Arctic atmospheric rivers based on ERA5 and MERRA-2 基于ERA5和MERRA-2的北极大气河流气候学及年代际变化
Pub Date : 2023-06-16 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/acdf0f
Chen Zhang, W. Tung, W. Cleveland
We present the Arctic atmospheric river (AR) climatology based on twelve sets of labels derived from ERA5 and MERRA-2 reanalyses for 1980–2019. The ARs were identified and tracked in the 3-hourly reanalysis data with a multifactorial approach based on either atmospheric column-integrated water vapor (IWV) or integrated water vapor transport (IVT) exceeding one of the three climate thresholds (75th, 85th, and 95th percentiles). Time series analysis of the AR event counts from the AR labels showed overall upward trends from the mid-1990s to 2019. The 75th IVT- and IWV-based labels, as well as the 85th IWV-based labels, are likely more sensitive to Arctic surface warming, therefore, detected some broadening of AR-affected areas over time, while the rest of the labels did not. Spatial exploratory analysis of these labels revealed that the AR frequency of occurrence maxima shifted poleward from over-land in 1980–1999 to over the Arctic Ocean and its outlying Seas in 2000–2019. Regions across the Atlantic, the Arctic, to the Pacific Oceans trended higher AR occurrence, surface temperature, and column-integrated moisture. Meanwhile, ARs were increasingly responsible for the rising moisture transport into the Arctic. Even though the increase of Arctic AR occurrence was primarily associated with long-term Arctic surface warming and moistening, the effects of changing atmospheric circulation could stand out locally, such as on the Pacific side over the Chukchi Sea. The changing teleconnection patterns strongly modulated AR activities in time and space, with prominent anomalies in the Arctic-Pacific sector during the latest decade. Besides, the extreme events identified by the 95th-percentile labels displayed the most significant changes and were most influenced by the teleconnection patterns. The twelve Arctic AR labels and the detailed graphics in the atlas can help navigate the uncertainty of detecting and quantifying Arctic ARs and their associated effects in current and future studies.
基于ERA5和MERRA-2再分析得出的12组标签,提出了1980-2019年北极大气河(AR)气候学。利用多因子方法在3小时再分析数据中识别和跟踪ARs,该方法基于超过三个气候阈值(第75、85和95百分位)之一的大气柱综合水汽(IWV)或综合水汽输送(IVT)。从AR标签对AR事件计数进行的时间序列分析显示,从20世纪90年代中期到2019年,AR事件计数总体呈上升趋势。第75个基于IVT和iwv的标签,以及第85个基于iwv的标签,可能对北极表面变暖更敏感,因此,随着时间的推移,检测到ar影响区域的一些扩大,而其他标签则没有。对这些标签的空间探索性分析表明,AR发生频率最大值从1980-1999年的陆地向2000-2019年的北冰洋及其远海两极转移。横跨大西洋、北极和太平洋的地区呈现出更高的AR发生、地表温度和柱整体湿度的趋势。同时,ar对上升的水汽输送到北极的作用越来越大。尽管北极AR发生的增加主要与北极表面长期变暖和变湿有关,但大气环流变化的影响可能在局部突出,例如在楚科奇海上空的太平洋一侧。远程连接模式的变化在时间和空间上强烈地调节了AR活动,在最近十年中,北极-太平洋部分出现了明显的异常。此外,95百分位标签识别的极端事件变化最显著,受远相关模式的影响最大。地图集中的十二个北极AR标签和详细图形可以帮助导航探测和量化北极AR及其在当前和未来研究中的相关影响的不确定性。
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引用次数: 1
Rapidly evolving aerosol emissions are a dangerous omission from near-term climate risk assessments 在近期气候风险评估中,迅速演变的气溶胶排放是一个危险的遗漏
Pub Date : 2023-06-06 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/acd6af
G. Persad, B. Samset, L. Wilcox, R. Allen, M. Bollasina, B. Booth, C. Bonfils, Tom Crocker, M. Joshi, M. Lund, K. Marvel, J. Merikanto, K. Nordling, Sabine Undorf, D. V. van Vuuren, D. Westervelt, Alcide Zhao
Anthropogenic aerosol emissions are expected to change rapidly over the coming decades, driving strong, spatially complex trends in temperature, hydroclimate, and extreme events both near and far from emission sources. Under-resourced, highly populated regions often bear the brunt of aerosols’ climate and air quality effects, amplifying risk through heightened exposure and vulnerability. However, many policy-facing evaluations of near-term climate risk, including those in the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment report, underrepresent aerosols’ complex and regionally diverse climate effects, reducing them to a globally averaged offset to greenhouse gas warming. We argue that this constitutes a major missing element in society’s ability to prepare for future climate change. We outline a pathway towards progress and call for greater interaction between the aerosol research, impact modeling, scenario development, and risk assessment communities.
预计在未来几十年,人为气溶胶排放将迅速变化,在排放源附近和远处驱动强烈的、空间复杂的温度、水文气候和极端事件趋势。资源不足、人口稠密的地区往往首当其冲地受到气溶胶对气候和空气质量的影响,由于暴露程度和脆弱性增加,风险也随之放大。然而,许多针对近期气候风险的政策评估,包括政府间气候变化专门委员会最新评估报告中的评估,都没有充分反映气溶胶的复杂和区域多样性气候效应,将其降低到全球平均抵消温室气体变暖的水平。我们认为,这是社会应对未来气候变化能力中缺失的一个重要因素。我们概述了取得进展的途径,并呼吁在气溶胶研究、影响建模、情景开发和风险评估社区之间进行更大的互动。
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引用次数: 2
The role of peatland degradation, protection and restoration for climate change mitigation in the SSP scenarios 在可持续战略计划情景中,泥炭地退化、保护和恢复对减缓气候变化的作用
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/acd5f4
J. Doelman, W. Verhagen, E. Stehfest, D. V. van Vuuren
Peatlands only cover a small fraction of the global land surface (∼3%) but store large amounts of carbon (∼600 GtC). Drainage of peatlands for agriculture results in the decomposition of organic matter, leading to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. As a result, degraded peatlands are currently responsible for 2%–3% of global anthropogenic emissions. Preventing further degradation of peatlands and restoration (i.e. rewetting) are therefore important for climate change mitigation. In this study, we show that land-use change in three SSP scenarios with optimistic, recent trends, and pessimistic assumptions leads to peatland degradation between 2020 and 2100 ranging from −7 to +10 Mha (−23% to +32%), and a continuation or even an increase in annual GHG emissions (−0.1 to +0.4 GtCO2-eq yr−1). In default mitigation scenarios without a specific focus on peatlands, peatland degradation is reduced due to synergies with forest protection and afforestation policies. However, this still leaves large amounts of GHG emissions from degraded peatlands unabated, causing cumulative CO2 emissions from 2020 to 2100 in an SSP2-1.5 °C scenario of 73 GtCO2. In a mitigation scenario with dedicated peatland restoration policy, GHG emissions from degraded peatlands can be reduced to nearly zero without major effects on projected land-use dynamics. This underlines the opportunity of peatland protection and restoration for climate change mitigation and the need to synergistically combine different land-based mitigation measures. Peatland location and extent estimates vary widely in the literature; a sensitivity analysis implementing various spatial estimates shows that especially in tropical regions degraded peatland area and peatland emissions are highly uncertain. The required protection and mitigation efforts are geographically unequally distributed, with large concentrations of peatlands in Russia, Europe, North America and Indonesia (33% of emission reductions are located in Indonesia). This indicates an important role for only a few countries that have the opportunity to protect and restore peatlands with global benefits for climate change mitigation.
泥炭地仅覆盖全球陆地表面的一小部分(约3%),但储存了大量的碳(约600 GtC)。泥炭地用于农业的排水导致有机物分解,导致温室气体排放。因此,退化的泥炭地目前占全球人为排放的2%-3%。因此,防止泥炭地进一步退化和恢复(即再湿润)对减缓气候变化非常重要。在本研究中,我们表明,在乐观、近期趋势和悲观假设的三种SSP情景下,土地利用变化导致泥炭地在2020年至2100年间退化,范围为- 7至+10 Mha(- 23%至+32%),年温室气体排放量持续甚至增加(- 0.1至+0.4 GtCO2-eq年- 1)。在没有特别关注泥炭地的默认缓解情景中,由于与森林保护和造林政策的协同作用,泥炭地退化得以减少。然而,退化泥炭地的大量温室气体排放仍未减少,在SSP2-1.5°C情景下,从2020年到2100年的累计二氧化碳排放量为73亿吨二氧化碳。在有专门泥炭地恢复政策的缓解情景下,退化泥炭地的温室气体排放可以减少到几乎为零,而不会对预计的土地利用动态产生重大影响。这强调了泥炭地保护和恢复对缓解气候变化的机会,以及需要协同结合不同的陆基缓解措施。泥炭地的位置和范围估计在文献中差异很大;实施各种空间估算的敏感性分析表明,特别是在热带地区,退化的泥炭地面积和泥炭地排放具有高度的不确定性。所需的保护和缓解努力在地理上分布不均,泥炭地主要集中在俄罗斯、欧洲、北美和印度尼西亚(33%的减排在印度尼西亚)。这表明,只有少数国家有机会保护和恢复泥炭地,为减缓气候变化带来全球利益,它们可以发挥重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Mississippi River low-flows: context, causes, and future projections 密西西比河低流量:背景、原因和未来预测
Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/acd8e3
S. Muñoz, S. Dee, X. Luo, M. R. Haider, M. O'Donnell, B. Parazin, J. Remo
The Mississippi River represents a major commercial waterway, and periods of anomalously low river levels disrupt riverine transport. These low-flow events occur periodically, with a recent event in the fall of 2022 slowing barge traffic and generating sharp increases in riverine transportation costs. Here we combine instrumental river gage observations from the lower Mississippi River with output from the Community Earth System Model v2 Large Ensemble (LENS2) to evaluate historical trends and future projections of Mississippi River low streamflow extremes, place the 2022 low-flow event in a broader temporal context, and assess the hydroclimatic mechanisms that mediate the occurrence of low-flows. We show that the severity and duration of low-flow events gradually decreased between 1950 and 1980 coincident with the establishment of artificial reservoirs. In the context of the last ∼70 years, the 2022 low-flow event was less severe in terms of stage or discharge minima than other low-flow events of the mid- and late-20th century. Model simulations from the LENS2 dataset show that, under a moderate-high emissions scenario (SSP3-7.0), the severity and duration of low-flow events is projected to decrease through to the end of the 21st century. Finally, we use the large sample size afforded by the LENS2 dataset to show that low-flow events on the Mississippi River are associated with cold tropical Pacific forcing (i.e. La Niña conditions), providing support for the hypothesis that the El Niño-Southern Oscillation plays a critical role in mediating Mississippi River discharge extremes. We anticipate that our findings describing the trends in and hydroclimatic mechanisms of Mississippi River low-flow occurrence will aid water resource managers to reduce the negative impacts of low water levels on riverine transport.
密西西比河是一条主要的商业水道,水位异常低的时期会破坏河流运输。这些低流量事件定期发生,最近在2022年秋季发生的事件减缓了驳船运输,并导致河流运输成本急剧增加。本文将来自密西西比河下游的河流测量仪器观测与社区地球系统模型v2大集合(LENS2)的输出相结合,评估了密西西比河低流量极端事件的历史趋势和未来预测,将2022年低流量事件置于更广泛的时间背景下,并评估了介导低流量发生的水文气候机制。研究表明,随着人工水库的建立,低流事件的严重程度和持续时间在1950 - 1980年间逐渐减少。在过去~ 70年的背景下,与20世纪中后期的其他低流量事件相比,2022年的低流量事件在阶段或最小流量方面的严重程度较低。来自LENS2数据集的模式模拟表明,在中高排放情景(SSP3-7.0)下,预计到21世纪末,低流量事件的严重程度和持续时间将减少。最后,我们利用LENS2数据集提供的大样本表明,密西西比河上的低流量事件与热带冷太平洋强迫(即La Niña条件)有关,为El Niño-Southern振荡在调节密西西比河极端流量中起关键作用的假设提供了支持。我们预计,我们的研究结果描述了密西西比河低流量发生的趋势和水文气候机制,将有助于水资源管理者减少低水位对河流运输的负面影响。
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引用次数: 1
A large ensemble illustration of how record-shattering heat records can endure 一个巨大的集合说明了破纪录的高温记录是如何持续的
Pub Date : 2023-05-19 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/acd714
J. Risbey, Damien B Irving, D. Squire, R. Matear, D. Monselesan, M. Pook, N. Ramesh, D. Richardson, C. Tozer
The record-shattering hot day in the Pacific Northwest in June 2021 is used to motivate a study of record-shattering temperature extremes in a very large hindcast ensemble. The hottest days in the Pacific Northwest in the large ensemble have similar large scale and synoptic patterns to those associated with the observed event. From the perspective of a fixed location, the hottest ensemble days are acutely sensitive to the chance sequencing of a dry period with a precisely positioned weather pattern. These days are thus rare and require very large samples (tens of thousands of years) to capture. The enduring nature of record-shattering heat records can be understood through this lens of weather ‘noise’ and sampling. When a record-shattering event occurs due to chance alignment of weather systems in the optimal configuration, any small sample of years subsequent to the (very unlikely) record event has an extremely low chance of finding yet another chance extreme. While warming of the baseline climate can narrow the gap between more regular extremes and record-shattering extremes, this can take many decades depending on the pace of climate change. Climate models are unlikely to capture record-shattering extremes at fixed locations given by observations unless the model samples are large enough to provide enough weather outcomes to include the optimal weather alignments. This underscores the need to account for sampling in assessing models and changes in weather-sensitive extremes. In particular, climate models are not necessarily deficient in representing extremes if that assessment is based on their absence in undersize samples.
2021年6月太平洋西北地区创纪录的炎热天气被用来激发对一个非常大的后预报集合中创纪录的极端温度的研究。西北太平洋最热日数与观测到的事件具有相似的大尺度和天气模式。从固定位置的角度来看,最热的集合日对精确定位的天气模式的干燥期的机会顺序非常敏感。因此,这些日子是罕见的,需要非常大的样本(数万年)来捕捉。破纪录高温记录的持久性可以通过天气“噪音”和采样来理解。当一个破纪录的事件由于天气系统在最佳配置中的偶然对齐而发生时,在(非常不可能的)创纪录事件之后的任何小样本年份中,发现另一个偶然极端事件的可能性极低。虽然基线气候变暖可以缩小更正常的极端天气和破纪录的极端天气之间的差距,但这可能需要几十年的时间,具体取决于气候变化的速度。除非模式样本足够大,能够提供足够的天气结果,包括最优天气组合,否则气候模式不太可能捕捉到观测给出的固定地点的破纪录极端情况。这强调了在评估模式和对天气敏感的极端事件的变化时考虑抽样的必要性。特别是,如果气候模型的评估是基于在小样本中不存在极端情况,那么它不一定在代表极端情况方面有缺陷。
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引用次数: 0
Impacts of droughts and floods on agricultural productivity in New Zealand as measured from space 从空间测量的干旱和洪水对新西兰农业生产力的影响
Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/acd4da
É. Blanc, Ilan Noy
We estimate the impact of precipitation extremes on the productivity of agricultural land parcels in New Zealand using satellite data. This type of post-disaster damage assessment aims to allow for the quantification of disaster damage when an on-the-ground assessment of damage is too costly or too difficult to conduct. It can also serve as a retroactive data collection tool for disaster loss databases where data collection did not happen at the time. We use satellite-derived observations of terrestrial vegetation (the enhanced vegetation index (EVI)) over the growing season, with data at the land parcel level identifying five land use types (annual and perennial crops, and three types of pasture), and with precipitation records, which we use to identify both excessively dry (drought) and excessively wet (flood) episodes. Using regression analyses, we examine whether these precipitation extremes had an observable impact on agricultural productivity. We find statistically significant declines in agricultural productivity that are associated with both droughts and floods. The average impact of these events is usually less than 1%, but the impacts are quite heterogeneous across years and across regions, with some parcels experiencing a much more significant decline in the EVI. We also identify several impact patterns related to the varying drought and flood vulnerability of the analysed land use types.
我们利用卫星数据估计了极端降水对新西兰农业用地生产力的影响。这种灾后损害评估的目的是在实地损害评估成本过高或难以进行时,对灾害损害进行量化。它还可以作为当时没有进行数据收集的灾难损失数据库的追溯性数据收集工具。我们利用卫星衍生的陆地植被生长季节观测数据(增强植被指数(EVI)),利用地块层面的数据识别出五种土地利用类型(一年生和多年生作物,以及三种牧草),并利用降水记录识别出过干(干旱)和过湿(洪水)事件。利用回归分析,我们检验了这些极端降水是否对农业生产力有可观察到的影响。我们发现农业生产力的显著下降与干旱和洪水都有关系。这些事件的平均影响通常小于1%,但不同年份和不同区域的影响差异很大,一些地块的EVI下降更为显著。我们还确定了与所分析的土地利用类型不同的干旱和洪水脆弱性相关的几种影响模式。
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引用次数: 0
Origin, importance, and predictive limits of internal climate variability 内部气候变率的起源、重要性和预测限度
Pub Date : 2023-04-21 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/accf30
F. Lehner, C. Deser
Adaptation to climate change has now become a necessity for many regions. Yet, adaptation planning at regional scales over the next few decades is challenging given the contingencies originating from a combination of different sources of climate projection uncertainty, chief among them internal variability. Here, we review the causes and consequences of internal climate variability, how it can be quantified and accounted for in uncertainty assessments, and what research questions remain most pertinent to better understand its predictive limits and consequences for science and society. This perspective argues for putting internal variability into the spotlight of climate adaptation science and intensifying collaborations between the climate modeling and application communities.
适应气候变化现在已成为许多地区的必要条件。然而,考虑到气候预估不确定性的不同来源(其中主要是内部变率)组合所产生的突发事件,未来几十年区域尺度的适应规划具有挑战性。在这里,我们回顾了内部气候变率的原因和后果,如何在不确定性评估中量化和解释它,以及哪些研究问题仍然是最相关的,以更好地了解其预测限制和对科学和社会的影响。这一观点主张将内部变率置于气候适应科学的聚光灯下,并加强气候模拟和应用社区之间的合作。
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引用次数: 7
Increasing risk of compound wind and precipitation extremes due to tropical cyclones in India 印度热带气旋导致复合风和降水极端事件的风险增加
Pub Date : 2023-04-21 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/accf2e
Akshay Rajeev, V. Mishra
Tropical cyclones (TCs) cause compound extremes of rainfall and wind gust. However, their occurrence and impacts on India still need to be better understood. Using ERA5 reanalysis and cyclone eAtlas, we examine the compound extremes of precipitation and wind gust driven by TCs that made landfall over India during 1981–2021. Based on the joint return period of compound extremes, the five worst TCs occurred in May 1990, May 1999, May 2010 (Laila), October 2014 (Hudhud), and May 2020 (Amphan). A majority of TCs during 1981–2021 originated from the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and only a few from the Arabian Sea (AS). While the frequency of all the TCs has either declined or remained stable in the North Indian Ocean (NIO, BoB, AS) during 1981–2021, the frequency of TCs with compound extremes has increased by about three-fold during the most recent decade (2011–2021). Compound extremes driven by TCs affect large regions along the coast and risk infrastructure and human lives. The frequency of TCs with large area of impact (greater than 200 000 km2) compound wind and precipitation extreme extent exhibits a three-fold rise during 1981–2021, indicating an increase in the hazard associated with the compound extremes driven by TCs in India.
热带气旋(TCs)造成降雨和阵风的复合极端。然而,它们的发生和对印度的影响仍然需要更好地了解。利用ERA5再分析和气旋eAtlas,我们研究了1981-2021年期间在印度登陆的tc驱动的降水和阵风的复合极端。从复合极值的联合重现期来看,1990年5月、1999年5月、2010年5月(Laila)、2014年10月(Hudhud)和2020年5月(Amphan)是5个最恶劣的极端天气。1981-2021年期间,大多数tc来自孟加拉湾(BoB),只有少数来自阿拉伯海(AS)。1981-2021年期间,北印度洋(NIO、BoB、AS)所有tc的频率要么下降,要么保持稳定,但在最近十年(2011-2021年)中,复合极端tc的频率增加了约3倍。由tc驱动的复合极端天气影响沿海大片地区,并危及基础设施和人类生命。1981-2021年期间,具有大影响面积(大于20万平方公里)复合风和降水极端程度的tc频率增加了3倍,表明与印度tc驱动的复合极端相关的危害增加。
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引用次数: 0
Offshore wind data assessment near the Iberian Peninsula over the last 25 years 过去25年伊比利亚半岛附近海上风电数据评估
Pub Date : 2023-04-21 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/accf2d
S. Plecha, A. Teles-Machado, R. Tomé, P. Mateus
Numerous processes affecting coastal ocean dynamics and water properties occur at the air-sea interface as a result of wind blowing on the ocean surface. In Earth system research, it is crucial to appropriately characterize the ocean surface wind (OSW) field because of its significance in many academic and economic activities. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the most recent OSW datasets based on numerical modeling and remote sensing products in estimating in situ observations along the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula. The results are three-fold: (1) when high temporal resolutions are not necessary, remote sensing products are an excellent choice because they provide reliable OSW estimates; (2) for analyses that require high temporal resolution, numerical weather models are the best choice because they can statistically reproduce the main trend; (3) fifth generation of European ReAnalysis (ERA5) showed that, despite having a lower spatial resolution than the dynamically downscaled weather research and forecasting simulation, it captures the spatial and temporal dynamics and variability of coastal winds and may be used as forcing of the atmosphere-ocean interface modeling without compromising its accuracy.
由于海面上的风的作用,在海气界面上发生了许多影响沿海海洋动力学和水性质的过程。在地球系统研究中,正确表征海洋表面风场在许多学术和经济活动中具有重要意义。本研究旨在评估基于数值模拟和遥感产品的最新OSW数据集在估计伊比利亚半岛大西洋沿岸现场观测数据方面的准确性。结果表明:(1)当不需要高时间分辨率时,遥感产品是一个很好的选择,因为它们提供了可靠的OSW估计;(2)对于需要高时间分辨率的分析,数值天气模式是最好的选择,因为它们可以统计再现主要趋势;(3)第五代欧洲再分析(ERA5)表明,尽管其空间分辨率低于动态降尺度天气研究和预报模拟,但其捕获了沿海风的时空动态和变率,可以在不影响其精度的情况下用作大气-海洋界面模拟的强迫。
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引用次数: 1
Probability of continued local-scale warming and extreme events during and after decarbonization 在脱碳期间和之后,局地尺度持续变暖和极端事件的可能性
Pub Date : 2023-04-21 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/accf2f
N. Diffenbaugh, E. Barnes, P. Keys
Although achieving net-zero emissions is very likely to stabilize the long-term global temperature, the possibility of continued warming and extreme events could cause those efforts to be perceived as a failure if there is an expectation that stabilizing global temperature will also stabilize local and regional climate. Leveraging decarbonization scenarios from multiple global climate models, we find that much of the world faces >30% probability of decadal warming after net-zero CO2 emissions are achieved, with most areas exhibiting sustained probability of extreme hot and wet events. Further, substantial fractions of the global population and gross domestic product could experience post-net-zero warming, including hundreds of millions of people and trillions of dollars in the United States, China and India during the decade following net-zero. This likelihood suggests that some of the most populous, wealthy, and powerful regions may experience climatic conditions that could be perceived—at least in the near-term—to indicate that climate stabilization policies have failed, highlighting the importance of adaptation for ensuring that communities are prepared for the climate variations that will inevitably occur during and after decarbonization.
虽然实现净零排放很有可能稳定长期的全球温度,但如果预期稳定全球温度也会稳定局部和区域气候,那么持续变暖和极端事件的可能性可能会导致这些努力被视为失败。利用多个全球气候模型的脱碳情景,我们发现,在实现二氧化碳净零排放后,世界大部分地区面临10年代际变暖的可能性为50%至30%,大多数地区表现出极端炎热和潮湿事件的持续可能性。此外,全球人口和国内生产总值的很大一部分可能会经历净零变暖后,包括在净零变暖后的十年里,美国、中国和印度的数亿人口和数万亿美元。这种可能性表明,一些人口最多、最富裕和最强大的地区可能会经历至少在短期内可能被认为表明气候稳定政策失败的气候条件,这突出了适应的重要性,以确保社区为脱碳期间和之后不可避免发生的气候变化做好准备。
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引用次数: 5
期刊
Environmental Research: Climate
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