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State-of-the-art climate models reduce dominant dynamical uncertainty in projections of extreme precipitation 最先进的气候模型减少了极端降水预测中的主要动态不确定性
Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/ad2eb2
N. Ritzhaupt, D. Maraun
Extreme precipitation can lead to severe environmental and economic impacts. Thus, future changes in extreme precipitation and their uncertainties are of major interest. Changes in extreme precipitation can be decomposed into thermodynamic (temperature-related) and dynamic (vertical velocity related) contributions with a scaling approach for extreme precipitation. Applying this approach to the global climate model ensembles CMIP5 and CMIP6, we decompose projection uncertainties of extremes in daily precipitation into uncertainties of thermodynamic and dynamic changes. We analyze regional patterns of the total uncertainties in extreme precipitation projections, as well as the thermodynamic and dynamic contributions to these uncertainties. Total uncertainties relative to the projected multi model mean are dominated by the dynamical contributions, and are large over the tropics and subtropics, but smaller over the high and mid-latitudes. Uncertainties in the thermodynamic contribution are generally small. From CMIP5 to CMIP6, uncertainties in thermodynamic and dynamic changes are slightly reduced in the high and mid-latitudes, while there is a substantial reduction of the uncertainties of the dynamic changes in the tropics and subtropics.
极端降水可导致严重的环境和经济影响。因此,极端降水的未来变化及其不确定性是人们关注的焦点。极端降水量的变化可通过极端降水量的缩放方法分解为热力学(与温度相关)和动力学(与垂直速度相关)贡献。将这种方法应用于全球气候模式集合 CMIP5 和 CMIP6,我们将极端日降水量的预测不确定性分解为热力学和动力学变化的不确定性。我们分析了极端降水预测总不确定性的区域模式,以及热力学和动力学对这些不确定性的贡献。相对于预测的多模式平均值而言,总的不确定性主要来自于动态变化,热带和亚热带地区的不确定性较大,而高纬度和中纬度地区的不确定性较小。热力学贡献的不确定性一般较小。从 CMIP5 到 CMIP6,高纬度和中纬度地区热力学和动力学变化的不确定性略有降低,而热带和亚热带地区动力学变化的不确定性大幅降低。
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引用次数: 0
Changes in Northern Hemisphere extra-tropicalcyclone frequency following volcanic eruptions 火山爆发后北半球热带外气旋频率的变化
Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/ad2c0e
L. Andreasen, Joona Cornér, Peter Abbott, Victoria A. Sinclair, Felix Riede, C. Timmreck
Explosive volcanic eruptions are well known to influence Earth’s temperature. Changes in Earth’s temperature can affect temperature gradients which in turn could affect the isentropic slope and hence Northern Hemisphere high and mid- latitude weather. Yet, the possible influence of volcanic eruptions on these atmospheric circulation patterns and the potential spatial extent are not well understood. To address this issue, we pursue two independent lines of evidence. Firstly, we simulate volcanic eruptions with the MPI-ESM1.2 Earth System Model and use the TRACK algorithm to explore how extra-tropical cyclone frequency is affected in the model experiments. Secondly, we query the Greenland ice core NEEM-2011-S1 for indications of increased Northern Hemisphere extra-tropical cyclone frequency correlating with evidence for explosive volcanism by comparing the storm proxies sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca); with the eruption proxy sulphur (S). Both the model and proxy evidence suggest that large explosive volcanic eruptions increase storminess around the location of the ice core. Furthermore, the simulations indicate that the number of extra-tropical cyclones increases in the subtropics and at high latitudes, while they decrease in the mid-latitudes. A detailed interrogation of the simulated eruptions reveals that increases in cyclone frequency are linked to steepening of the isentropic slope due to a larger meridional temperature gradient and to a lower tropopause. The steepening is driven by a combination of warming of the tropical stratosphere from absorption of longwave radiation by volcanic aerosols and surface cooling due to the scattering of sunlight by the same aerosols, whereas the lower tropopause may be attributed to a warmer stratosphere.
众所周知,火山爆发会影响地球温度。地球温度的变化会影响温度梯度,而温度梯度又会影响等熵斜率,从而影响北半球高纬度和中纬度的天气。然而,火山爆发对这些大气环流模式可能产生的影响以及潜在的空间范围还不甚了解。为了解决这个问题,我们寻求两个独立的证据。首先,我们利用 MPI-ESM1.2 地球系统模型模拟火山爆发,并使用 TRACK 算法探索在模型实验中热带气旋频率如何受到影响。其次,我们查询了格陵兰冰芯 NEEM-2011-S1,通过比较风暴代用指标钠(Na)和钙(Ca)以及火山爆发代用指标硫(S),寻找北半球热带气旋频率增加与火山爆发证据相关的迹象。模型和代用证据都表明,大规模的火山爆发会增加冰芯位置周围的风暴。此外,模拟结果表明,热带外气旋的数量在亚热带和高纬度地区有所增加,而在中纬度地区则有所减少。对模拟爆发的详细分析显示,气旋频率的增加与等熵斜率的陡峭化有关,而等熵斜率的陡峭化是由于更大的经向温度梯度和更低的对流层顶造成的。等熵斜率增大的原因是热带平流层因火山气溶胶吸收长波辐射而变暖,以及同样的气溶胶对太阳光的散射导致地表冷却,而对流层顶降低的原因可能是平流层变暖。
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引用次数: 0
Spatio-temporal patterns and trends in MODIS-retrieved radiative forcing by snow impurities over the Western U.S. from 2001 - 2022 2001-2022年美国西部地区由雪杂质造成的MODIS检索辐射强迫的时空模式和趋势
Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/ad285a
Anna S. Jensen, K. Rittger, M. Raleigh
The seasonal mountain snowpack of the western U.S. (WUS) is a key water resource to millions of people and an important component of the regional climate system. Impurities at the snow surface can affect snowmelt timing and rate through snow radiative forcing (RF), resulting in earlier streamflow, snow disappearance, and less water availability in dry months. Predicting the locations, timing, and intensity of impurities is challenging, and little is known concerning whether snow RF has changed over recent decades. Here we analyzed the relative magnitude and spatio-temporal variability of snow RF across the WUS at three spatial scales (pixel, watershed, regional) using remotely sensed RF from spatially and temporally complete (STC) MODIS data sets (STC-MODSCAG/MODDRFS) from 2001-2022. To quantify snow RF impacts, we calculated a pixel-integrated metric over each snowmelt season (March 1st - June 30th) in all 22 years. We tested for long-term trend significance with the Mann-Kendall test and trend magnitude with Theil-Sen's slope. Mean snow RF was highest in the Upper Colorado region, but notable in less-studied regions, including the Great Basin and Pacific Northwest. Watersheds with high snow RF also tended to have high spatial and temporal variability in RF, and these tended to be near arid regions. Snow RF trends were largely absent; only a small percent of mountain ecoregions (0.03-8%) had significant trends, and these were typically decreasing trends. All mountain ecoregions exhibited a net decline in snow RF. While the spatial extent of significant RF trends was minimal, we found declining trends most frequently in the Sierra Nevada, North Cascades, and Canadian Rockies, and increasing trends in the Idaho Batholith. This study establishes a two-decade chronology of snow impurities in the WUS, helping inform where and when RF impacts on snowmelt may need to be considered in hydrologic models and regional hydroclimate studies.
美国西部(WUS)的季节性高山积雪是数百万人的重要水资源,也是区域气候系统的重要组成部分。积雪表面的杂质会通过积雪辐射强迫 (RF) 影响融雪时间和速度,从而导致溪流提前、积雪消失以及干旱月份可用水量减少。预测杂质的位置、时间和强度具有挑战性,而对于近几十年来积雪辐射强迫是否发生了变化却知之甚少。在此,我们利用 2001-2022 年空间和时间上完整(STC)的 MODIS 数据集(STC-MODSCAG/MODDRFS)中的遥感射频数据,在三个空间尺度(像素、流域、区域)上分析了整个 WUS 的雪射频的相对大小和时空变异性。为了量化射频对积雪的影响,我们计算了所有 22 年中每个融雪季节(3 月 1 日至 6 月 30 日)的像素积分指标。我们用 Mann-Kendall 检验法检验了长期趋势的显著性,用 Theil-Sen 斜率检验了趋势的大小。平均积雪射频在上科罗拉多地区最高,但在大盆地和西北太平洋等研究较少的地区也很显著。降雪射频较高的流域往往降雪射频的时空变异性也较高,而且这些流域往往靠近干旱地区。降雪射频基本上没有趋势;只有一小部分山区生态区(0.03%-8%)有显著的趋势,而且这些趋势通常是下降的。所有山区生态区域的积雪射频都呈净下降趋势。虽然射频显著变化趋势的空间范围很小,但我们发现内华达山脉、北喀斯喀特山脉和加拿大落基山脉的降雪趋势最为明显,而爱达荷州的熔岩则呈上升趋势。这项研究建立了 WUS 积雪杂质的二十年年表,有助于告知水文模型和区域水文气候研究可能需要考虑射频对融雪的影响的时间和地点。
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引用次数: 0
Spatio-temporal patterns and trends in MODIS-retrieved radiative forcing by snow impurities over the Western U.S. from 2001 - 2022 2001-2022年美国西部地区由雪杂质造成的MODIS检索辐射强迫的时空模式和趋势
Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/ad285a
Anna S. Jensen, K. Rittger, M. Raleigh
The seasonal mountain snowpack of the western U.S. (WUS) is a key water resource to millions of people and an important component of the regional climate system. Impurities at the snow surface can affect snowmelt timing and rate through snow radiative forcing (RF), resulting in earlier streamflow, snow disappearance, and less water availability in dry months. Predicting the locations, timing, and intensity of impurities is challenging, and little is known concerning whether snow RF has changed over recent decades. Here we analyzed the relative magnitude and spatio-temporal variability of snow RF across the WUS at three spatial scales (pixel, watershed, regional) using remotely sensed RF from spatially and temporally complete (STC) MODIS data sets (STC-MODSCAG/MODDRFS) from 2001-2022. To quantify snow RF impacts, we calculated a pixel-integrated metric over each snowmelt season (March 1st - June 30th) in all 22 years. We tested for long-term trend significance with the Mann-Kendall test and trend magnitude with Theil-Sen's slope. Mean snow RF was highest in the Upper Colorado region, but notable in less-studied regions, including the Great Basin and Pacific Northwest. Watersheds with high snow RF also tended to have high spatial and temporal variability in RF, and these tended to be near arid regions. Snow RF trends were largely absent; only a small percent of mountain ecoregions (0.03-8%) had significant trends, and these were typically decreasing trends. All mountain ecoregions exhibited a net decline in snow RF. While the spatial extent of significant RF trends was minimal, we found declining trends most frequently in the Sierra Nevada, North Cascades, and Canadian Rockies, and increasing trends in the Idaho Batholith. This study establishes a two-decade chronology of snow impurities in the WUS, helping inform where and when RF impacts on snowmelt may need to be considered in hydrologic models and regional hydroclimate studies.
美国西部(WUS)的季节性高山积雪是数百万人的重要水资源,也是区域气候系统的重要组成部分。积雪表面的杂质会通过积雪辐射强迫 (RF) 影响融雪时间和速度,从而导致溪流提前、积雪消失以及干旱月份可用水量减少。预测杂质的位置、时间和强度具有挑战性,而对于近几十年来积雪辐射强迫是否发生了变化却知之甚少。在此,我们利用 2001-2022 年空间和时间上完整(STC)的 MODIS 数据集(STC-MODSCAG/MODDRFS)中的遥感射频数据,在三个空间尺度(像素、流域、区域)上分析了整个 WUS 的雪射频的相对大小和时空变异性。为了量化射频对积雪的影响,我们计算了所有 22 年中每个融雪季节(3 月 1 日至 6 月 30 日)的像素积分指标。我们用 Mann-Kendall 检验法检验了长期趋势的显著性,用 Theil-Sen 斜率检验了趋势的大小。平均积雪射频在上科罗拉多地区最高,但在大盆地和西北太平洋等研究较少的地区也很显著。降雪射频较高的流域往往降雪射频的时空变异性也较高,而且这些流域往往靠近干旱地区。降雪射频基本上没有趋势;只有一小部分山区生态区(0.03%-8%)有显著的趋势,而且这些趋势通常是下降的。所有山区生态区域的积雪射频都呈净下降趋势。虽然射频显著变化趋势的空间范围很小,但我们发现内华达山脉、北喀斯喀特山脉和加拿大落基山脉的降雪趋势最为明显,而爱达荷州的熔岩则呈上升趋势。这项研究建立了 WUS 积雪杂质的二十年年表,有助于告知水文模型和区域水文气候研究可能需要考虑射频对融雪的影响的时间和地点。
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引用次数: 0
Do changing circulation types raise the frequency of summertime thunderstorms and large hail in Europe? 不断变化的环流类型是否会提高欧洲夏季雷暴和大冰雹的频率?
Pub Date : 2024-01-26 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/ad22ec
H. Ghasemifard, Pieter Groenemeijer, T. Púčik, Francesco Battaglioli
We study the role of changes in circulation type frequency on the evolution of summertime thunderstorm and large hail frequency across Europe since 1950 until 2020 to find out if they are responsible for the changes that an additive regression model (AR-CHaMo) predicts to have happened. To define circulation types, the 500 hPa geopotential height anomaly field on each day was clustered into 14 distinct patterns using principal component analysis and k-means clustering. We show that lightning and hail occurrence, both observed and modelled by AR-CHaMo, strongly depend on the circulation type, with a higher frequency observed in poleward flow downstream of a trough and on the lee side of mountains. AR-CHaMo predicts strong increases in hail frequency across central parts of Europe to have occurred in the 1950-2020 period. During this period, changes in circulation type frequency are small and only significant for 2 of the 14 clusters. The trends in both lightning and hail frequency to be expected if they were solely determined by circulation patterns, are small, with typical values of 1 – 3 % per decade relative to the mean, whereas the trends expected by AR-CHaMo are on the order of 4 – 10% in most areas. Across many regions, the sign of the changes does not agree in sign, in particular across European Russia where circulation types have become more favorable for lightning and hail, but a decreasing probability was modelled by AR-CHaMo. We conclude that changing circulation types are, in general, not responsible for changes in thunderstorm and hail frequency, which included the strong increase of conditions favorable for large hail in central Europe.
我们研究了自 1950 年至 2020 年欧洲夏季雷暴和大冰雹频率变化中环流类型频率变化的作用,以找出它们是否是加性回归模型(AR-CHaMo)预测发生的变化的原因。为了确定环流类型,我们使用主成分分析和 K-均值聚类将每天的 500 hPa 位势高度异常场聚类为 14 种不同的模式。我们发现,AR-CHaMo 观测到的和模拟到的闪电和冰雹发生率与环流类型密切相关,在低槽下游的极向气流中和山脉的靠山一侧观测到的闪电和冰雹发生率较高。根据 AR-CHaMo 预测,1950-2020 年期间,欧洲中部地区的冰雹频率将大幅增加。在此期间,环流类型频率的变化较小,仅对 14 个群集中的 2 个群集有显著影响。如果雷电和冰雹频率仅由环流模式决定,那么它们的预期趋势都很小,相对于平均值,每十年的典型值为 1 - 3%,而 AR-CHaMo 预期的趋势在大多数地区为 4 - 10%。在许多地区,变化的符号并不一致,特别是在欧洲的俄罗斯,环流类型变得更有利于闪电和冰雹,但 AR-CHaMo 模拟的概率却在下降。我们的结论是,环流类型的变化总体上并不是雷暴和冰雹发生频率变化的原因,其中包括欧洲中部有利于大冰雹发生的条件大幅增加。
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引用次数: 0
Climate impacts of digital use supply chains 数字应用供应链对气候的影响
Pub Date : 2024-01-26 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/ad22eb
Lin Shi, Adam R. Brandt, Dan Iancu, Katharine J. Mach, Christopher Field, Mu-Jung Cho, Michelle Ng, Kyung Jin (Sarah) Chey, Nilam Ram, Tom Robinson, Byron Reeves
Information and communications technology (ICT) has become an indispensable part of our lives. Prior research on climate impact of ICT devices and services climate impact have largely focused on the embodied carbon emissions using life cycle assessment (LCA) and energy modeling frameworks. These perspectives view mainly emphasize the carbon emissions associated with the construction and distribution of digital devices along production supply chains. However, the carbon emissions monitored or facilitated by digital device use is largely under studied. In this study, we propose the concept of Digital Use Supply Chains (DUSC) as an orthogonal dimension of digital devices’ life cycle. DUSC refers to the production activities and resource consumption recorded or induced using digital devices. We propose a framework to quantify digital behaviors related greenhouse gas emissions through use of the Screenomics paradigm, where users’ digital screen data are unobtrusively collected moment-by-moment. Through Screenomics’ granular recording of users’ digital behavior, we evaluate behavior-based greenhouse gas emissions traced by the digital devices. The DUSC concept connects individual’s digital behaviors to their global climate change impact, contributing to a more nuanced and complete evaluation of the climate impacts of the digital economy. Our case study indicates the estimated scale of the greenhouse gas emissions linking to digital activities is 3 orders of magnitude higher than the emissions associated with the devices life cycle alone. DUSC could enable climate change mitigation at a meaningful, actionable level through personalized educational or behavior change programs. It also facilitates novel data-driven feedback loops that may provide digital device users with insights into their personal climate impacts. Recognition and future studies of DUSC could accelerate the quantification and standardization of a “carbon handprint” of digital devices and create positive climate impacts from digital products and services.
信息和通信技术(ICT)已成为我们生活中不可或缺的一部分。之前关于信息和通信技术设备和服务对气候影响的研究主要集中在使用生命周期评估(LCA)和能源建模框架的内含碳排放上。这些观点主要强调与数字设备生产供应链中的制造和分销相关的碳排放。然而,人们对数字设备使用过程中监控或促进的碳排放却研究甚少。在这项研究中,我们提出了数字使用供应链(DUSC)的概念,作为数字设备生命周期的一个正交维度。DUSC 指的是使用数字设备所记录或诱发的生产活动和资源消耗。我们提出了一个框架,通过使用 Screenomics 范式量化与数字行为相关的温室气体排放。通过 Screenomics 对用户数字行为的细粒度记录,我们对数字设备追踪到的基于行为的温室气体排放进行了评估。DUSC 概念将个人数字行为与其对全球气候变化的影响联系起来,有助于对数字经济的气候影响进行更细致、更全面的评估。我们的案例研究表明,与数字活动相关的温室气体排放估计规模要比仅与设备生命周期相关的排放高出 3 个数量级。通过个性化教育或行为改变计划,DUSC 可以在有意义、可操作的层面上减缓气候变化。它还能促进新颖的数据驱动反馈回路,让数字设备用户深入了解个人对气候的影响。对 DUSC 的认识和未来研究可以加速数字设备 "碳手印 "的量化和标准化,并从数字产品和服务中产生积极的气候影响。
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引用次数: 0
Tropical glacier loss in East Africa: recent areal extents on Kilimanjaro, Mount Kenya, and in the Rwenzori Range from high-resolution remote sensing data 东非热带冰川的消失:从高分辨率遥感数据看乞力马扎罗山、肯尼亚山和鲁文佐里山脉最近的面积扩展
Pub Date : 2024-01-17 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/ad1fd7
A. Hinzmann, T. Moelg, Matthias H Braun, N. Cullen, Douglas R Hardy, Georg Kaser, R. Prinz
Over recent decades, the retreat of Kilimanjaro’s glaciers has been portrayed as a beacon of climate change. The decline in glacier area within the 20th century, however, is evident for all tropical glaciers in East Africa, including those of Mount Kenya and the Rwenzori Range. Being mainly controlled by high-altitude hygric seasonality, these glaciers are par-ticularly valuable indicators of tropical climate variability and climate change. More recent studies have focused on Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya but the Rwenzori Range has not been considered for nearly two decades, which introduces an uncertainty about the remaining glacierization in East Africa. Therefore, the present study provides insights into the most recent glacier extents of all three mountain regions using a manual, multitemporal analysis of high-resolution satellite images for the years 2021/2022. Accordingly, the glacierization in East Africa is estimated to be 1.36 km2, with a glacier area of 0.98 km2 on Kilimanjaro, 0.069 km2 on Mount Kenya and 0.38 km2 in the Rwenzori Range. The uncertainty is deter-mined to be smaller than 12 %. Compared to previous estimations, the overall area has de-clined by more than a half of its early 21st century extent. These recent results demonstrate the continuing influence of retreat processes, which were found to be driven by Indian Ocean warming and high-elevation snowfall changes in previous studies.
近几十年来,乞力马扎罗山冰川的消退被描绘成气候变化的灯塔。然而,20 世纪以来,东非所有热带冰川,包括肯尼亚山和鲁文佐里山脉的冰川,都出现了明显的冰川面积减少现象。这些冰川主要受高纬度水文季节性的控制,是热带气候多变性和气候变化的重要指标。最近的研究主要集中在乞力马扎罗山和肯尼亚山,但鲁文佐里山脉近二十年来一直未被考虑,这给东非剩余冰川化带来了不确定性。因此,本研究通过对 2021/2022 年的高分辨率卫星图像进行人工多时分析,深入了解了所有三个山区的最新冰川面积。据此估算,东非的冰川面积为 1.36 平方公里,其中乞力马扎罗山的冰川面积为 0.98 平方公里,肯尼亚山的冰川面积为 0.069 平方公里,鲁文佐里山脉的冰川面积为 0.38 平方公里。经测定,不确定性小于 12%。与之前的估计相比,总面积减少了 21 世纪初面积的一半以上。这些最新结果表明了退缩过程的持续影响,而在以前的研究中,印度洋变暖和高海拔降雪量的变化是退缩过程的驱动力。
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引用次数: 0
Warm Arctic-cold Eurasia pattern driven by atmospheric blocking in models and observations 模型和观测结果中由大气阻塞驱动的北极暖-欧亚冷格局
Pub Date : 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/ad1f40
Zachary Kaufman, N. Feldl, Claudie Beaulieu
In recent decades, Arctic-amplified warming and sea-ice loss coincided with a prolonged wintertime Eurasian cooling trend. This observed Warm Arctic-Cold Eurasia pattern has occasionally been attributed to sea-ice forced changes in the midlatitude atmospheric circulation, implying an anthropogenic cause. However, comprehensive climate change simulations do not produce Eurasian cooling, instead suggesting a role for unforced atmospheric variability. This study seeks to clarify the source of this model-observation discrepancy by developing a statistical approach that enables direct comparison of Arctic-midlatitude interactions. In both historical simulations and observations, we first identify Ural blocking as the primary causal driver of sea ice, temperature, and circulation anomalies consistent with the Warm Arctic-Cold Eurasia pattern. Next, we quantify distinct transient responses to this Ural blocking, which explain the model-observation discrepancy in historical Eurasian temperature. Observed 1988-2012 Eurasian cooling occurs in response to a pronounced positive trend in Ural sea-level pressure, temporarily masking long-term midlatitude warming. This observed sea-level pressure trend lies at the outer edge of simulated variability in a fully coupled large ensemble, where smaller sea-level pressure trends have little impact on the ensemble mean temperature trend over Eurasia. Accounting for these differences bring observed and simulated trends into remarkable agreement. Finally, we quantify the influence of sea-ice loss on the magnitude of the observed Ural sea-level pressure trend, an effect that is absent in historical simulations. These results illustrate that sea-ice loss and tropospheric variability can both play a role in producing Eurasian cooling. Furthermore, by conducting a direct model-observation comparison, we reveal a key difference in the causal structures characterizing the Warm Arctic-Cold Eurasia Pattern, which will guide ongoing efforts to explain the lack of Eurasian cooling in climate change simulations.
近几十年来,北极变暖和海冰消失与欧亚大陆冬季长期变冷的趋势相吻合。观察到的这种北极变暖-欧亚变冷的模式偶尔被归因于海冰迫使中纬度大气环流发生变化,这意味着是人为原因造成的。然而,全面的气候变化模拟并没有产生欧亚大陆变冷的现象,反而表明非受迫的大气变率发挥了作用。本研究试图通过开发一种统计方法来直接比较北极与中纬度的相互作用,从而澄清这种模式与观测差异的来源。在历史模拟和观测中,我们首先确定乌拉尔阻塞是海冰、温度和环流异常的主要因果驱动因素,与 "温暖北极-寒冷欧亚 "模式一致。接下来,我们量化了对乌拉尔阻塞的不同瞬态响应,这些响应解释了历史上欧亚大陆温度的模式-观测差异。观测到的 1988-2012 年欧亚大陆降温是对乌拉尔海平面气压明显正向趋势的反应,暂时掩盖了中纬度的长期变暖。观测到的这一海平面气压趋势位于完全耦合的大集合模拟变率的外缘,其中较小的海平面气压趋势对欧亚大陆的集合平均温度趋势影响甚微。考虑到这些差异,观测到的趋势和模拟的趋势非常一致。最后,我们量化了海冰消失对观测到的乌拉尔海平面气压趋势大小的影响,这种影响在历史模拟中是不存在的。这些结果表明,海冰消失和对流层变率在欧亚大陆降温过程中都能发挥作用。此外,通过对模型和观测数据进行直接比较,我们揭示了北极暖-欧亚冷模式的因果结构特征中的一个关键差异,这将为当前解释气候变化模拟中缺乏欧亚变冷的原因提供指导。
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引用次数: 0
Intensifying human-driven heatwaves characteristics and heat related mortality over Africa 非洲上空日益加剧的人为热浪特征和与热有关的死亡率
Pub Date : 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/ad1f41
Paul Ayodele Adigun, Emmanuel Owoicho Abah, Oluwaseun David Ajileye
Heatwaves in Africa are expected to increase in frequency, magnitude, and duration. This is significant because the health burden is only expected to worsen as heatwaves intensify. Inadequate knowledge of the climate's impact on health in developing nations such as Africa makes safeguarding the health of vulnerable groups at risk challenging. In this study we quantify possible role of human activity in heatwave intensification during the historical period, and project the future risk of heat-related mortality in Africa under two representative Concentration Pathways (RCP26) and (RCP60). Heatwaves are measured using the Excess Heat Factor (EHF); the daily minimum (Tn) and maximum (Tx) are used to compute the EHF index; by averaging the day's Tx and Tn. Two heat factors, significance (EHIsig) and acclimatization (EHIaccl) are combined in the EHF to quantify the total excess heat. Our results confirm that the recent intensification of heatwaves over Africa during the historical period is attributable atmospheric greenhouse gas forcing and changes in land use. The Return event highlights the potential future escalation of heatwave conditions brought on by climate change and socioeconomic variables. RCP26 indicates a substantial rise in heat-related mortality, with an increase from about 9,000 deaths per year in the historical period to approximately 23,000 deaths per year at the end of the 21st century. Similarly, the RCP60 showed an even more significant increase, with heat-related deaths increasing to about 43,000 annually. This study highlights the potentially growing risk of intensifying heatwaves in Africa under different emission scenarios. It projects a significant increase in heatwave magnitude, duration, frequency, and heat-related mortality. Africa's low adaptive capacity will amplify the impact, emphasizing the need for emissions reduction and effective adaptation measures.
预计非洲热浪的频率、规模和持续时间都将增加。这一点意义重大,因为随着热浪的加剧,预计健康负担只会加重。由于对气候对非洲等发展中国家的健康影响缺乏足够的了解,因此保护处于危险中的弱势群体的健康具有挑战性。在这项研究中,我们量化了历史时期人类活动在热浪加剧中可能扮演的角色,并预测了在两种具有代表性的浓度路径(RCP26)和(RCP60)下非洲未来与热浪相关的死亡风险。热浪使用过热因子 (EHF) 进行测量;通过平均一天的过热因子 (Tx) 和过热因子 (Tn),使用每天的最小值 (Tn) 和最大值 (Tx) 计算过热因子指数。两个热量因子,即显著性热量因子(EHIsig)和适应性热量因子(EHIaccl)在 EHF 中合并,以量化总过量热量。我们的研究结果证实,历史时期非洲热浪的加剧可归因于大气温室气体强迫和土地利用的变化。回归事件凸显了气候变化和社会经济变量在未来可能导致的热浪升级。RCP26 表明,与热相关的死亡率将大幅上升,从历史时期的每年约 9,000 例死亡增加到 21 世纪末的每年约 23,000 例死亡。同样,RCP60 的增幅更大,与高温相关的死亡人数增至每年约 4.3 万人。这项研究强调,在不同的排放情景下,非洲热浪加剧的潜在风险越来越大。研究预测,热浪的规模、持续时间、频率以及与高温相关的死亡率都将大幅增加。非洲较低的适应能力将扩大这种影响,从而强调了减少排放和采取有效适应措施的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Limited reversal of regional climate signals in overshoot scenarios 过冲情景中区域气候信号的有限逆转
Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/ad1c45
P. Pfleiderer, C. Schleussner, Jana Sillmann
Without stringent reductions in emission of greenhouse gases in the coming years, an exceedance of the 1.5C temperature limit is increasingly likely. This has given rise to so-called temperature overshoot scenarios, in which the global mean surface air temperature exceeds a certain limit (i.e. 1.5C above pre- industrial levels) before bringing temperatures back below that limit. Despite their prominence in the climate mitigation literature, the implications of an overshoot for local climate impacts is still understudied. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of implications of an overshoot for regional temperature and precipitation changes as well as climate extremes indices. Based on a multi-model comparison from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) we find that temperature changes are largely reversible in many regions, but also report significant land-ocean and latitudinal differences after an overshoot. For precipitation, the emerging picture is less clear. In many regions the drying or wetting trend is continued throughout the overshoot irrespective of a change in the global mean temperature trend with resulting consequences for extreme precipitation. Taken together, our results indicate that even under a reversal of global mean temperature increase, regional climate changes may only be partially reversed in the decades after peak warming. We thus provide further evidence that overshooting of a warming level implies considerable risks on the regional level.
如果未来几年不严格减少温室气体排放,气温超过 1.5 摄氏度上限的可能性就会越来越大。这就产生了所谓的气温过冲情景,即全球平均地表气温超过一定限度(即比工业化前水平高出 1.5 摄氏度)后,气温又回到该限度以下。尽管温度超调在气候减缓文献中占据重要地位,但对其对当地气候影响的研究仍然不足。在此,我们全面分析了超调对地区温度和降水变化以及极端气候指数的影响。基于耦合模式相互比较项目(CMIP6)的多模式比较,我们发现许多地区的气温变化在很大程度上是可逆的,但也报告了过冲后显著的陆地-海洋和纬度差异。在降水方面,新出现的情况就不那么清晰了。在许多地区,无论全球平均气温趋势如何变化,在整个超调期间,干燥或湿润趋势都会持续,从而对极端降水造成影响。综上所述,我们的研究结果表明,即使全球平均气温上升的趋势发生逆转,区域气候变化在变暖峰值之后的几十年内也可能只会发生部分逆转。因此,我们提供了进一步的证据,证明变暖水平的超调意味着区域层面的巨大风险。
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引用次数: 0
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Environmental Research: Climate
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