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Climate change emergence over people’s lifetimes 气候变化的出现影响了人们的一生
Pub Date : 2023-08-14 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/aceff2
A. King, H. Douglas, L. Harrington, E. Hawkins, Alexander Borowiak
The emergence of climate change from background variability is a useful metric for identifying changes in local climate which may affect people and ecosystems. Studies have found that equatorial regions, which are typically poorer, experience clearer climate change emergence over the observational record and in model projections. Here, we perform the first analysis of people’s experienced climate change relative to background variability, and we examine where people have already lived through an emergence of local warming. We calculate signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios and combine these with demographic data to compute local emergence of warming over human lifetimes. Younger people have typically experienced less clear emergence of a climate change signal over their lifetimes to date. Over a given time period, tropical, lower-income areas have experienced higher S/N than extratropical and typically higher-income areas. However, this is counter-balanced by the younger populations of these areas such that the median experienced S/N ratio is similar between the wealthiest and poorest parts of the world. Given projected ageing of low-income regions, it is imperative that substantial climate action is taken to avoid local climates becoming unrecognizable within human lifetimes.
由背景变率引起的气候变化是确定可能影响人类和生态系统的当地气候变化的有用度量。研究发现,在观测记录和模式预测中,通常较贫穷的赤道地区经历了更明显的气候变化。在这里,我们首次分析了人们经历的气候变化与背景变率的关系,并研究了人们已经经历过局部变暖的地方。我们计算了信噪比(S/N),并将其与人口统计数据相结合,以计算人类一生中出现的局部变暖。迄今为止,年轻人一生中经历的气候变化信号通常不太明显。在一定时期内,热带低收入地区的S/N高于温带高收入地区。然而,这些地区的年轻人口抵消了这一点,因此世界上最富裕和最贫穷地区的经验S/N比率中位数相似。鉴于预计低收入地区将出现老龄化,必须采取实质性的气候行动,避免当地气候在人类有生之年变得面目全非。
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引用次数: 0
Stronger Arctic amplification produced by decreasing, not increasing, CO2 concentrations 更强的北极效应是由二氧化碳浓度的减少而不是增加造成的
Pub Date : 2023-08-09 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/aceea2
Shi Zhou, Yu‐Chiao Liang, I. Mitevski, L. Polvani
Arctic amplification (AA), referring to the phenomenon of amplified warming in the Arctic compared to the warming in the rest of the globe, is generally attributed to the increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. However, little attention has been paid to the mechanisms and quantitative variations of AA under decreasing levels of CO2, when cooling where the Arctic region is considerably larger than over the rest of the planet. Analyzing climate model experiments forced with a wide range of CO2 concentrations (from 1/8× to 8×CO2, with respect to preindustrial levels), we show that AA indeed occurs under decreasing CO2 concentrations, and it is stronger than AA under increasing CO2 concentrations. Feedback analysis reveals that the Planck, lapse-rate, and albedo feedbacks are the main contributors to producing AAs forced by CO2 increase and decrease, but the stronger lapse-rate feedback associated with decreasing CO2 level gives rise to stronger AA. We further find that the increasing CO2 concentrations delay the peak month of AA from November to December or January, depending on the forcing strength. In contrast, decreasing CO2 levels cannot shift the peak of AA earlier than October, as a consequence of the maximum sea-ice increase in September which is independent of forcing strength. Such seasonality changes are also presented in the lapse-rate feedback, but do not appear in other feedbacks nor in the atmospheric and oceanic heat transport processeses. Our results highlight the strongly asymmetric responses of AA, as evidenced by the different changes in its intensity and seasonality, to the increasing and decreasing CO2 concentrations. These findings have significant implications for understanding how carbon removal could impact the Arctic climate, ecosystems, and socio-economic activities.
北极放大(AA)指的是北极变暖比全球其他地区变暖放大的现象,通常归因于大气中二氧化碳(CO2)浓度的增加。然而,很少有人注意到,当北极地区比地球其他地区大得多的地方变冷时,二氧化碳水平下降时AA的机制和数量变化。通过对大范围CO2浓度(相对于工业化前水平,从1/8×到8×CO2)强迫的气候模式试验的分析,我们发现,在CO2浓度降低的情况下,AA确实发生,并且比CO2浓度增加的情况下AA更强。反馈分析表明,Planck反馈、失效速率反馈和反照率反馈是CO2增减胁迫AA产生的主要因素,但随着CO2浓度的降低,失效速率反馈越强,AA越强。我们进一步发现,CO2浓度的增加将AA的高峰月份从11月推迟到12月或1月,这取决于强迫强度。相比之下,CO2水平的降低不能在10月之前改变AA的峰值,因为海冰的最大增加是在9月,与强迫强度无关。这种季节性变化也出现在衰减率反馈中,但不出现在其他反馈中,也不出现在大气和海洋热输运过程中。我们的研究结果强调了AA对CO2浓度增减的强烈不对称响应,表现为其强度和季节性的不同变化。这些发现对于理解碳去除如何影响北极气候、生态系统和社会经济活动具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the impact of very large volcanic eruptions on the risk of extreme climate events 评估大型火山爆发对极端气候事件风险的影响
Pub Date : 2023-08-09 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/acee9f
N. Freychet, A. Schurer, A. Ballinger, Laura Suarez‐Gutierrez, C. Timmreck
Very large volcanic eruptions have substantial impacts on the climate, causing global cooling and major changes to the hydrological cycle. While most studies have focused on changes to mean climate, here we use a large ensemble to assess the impact on extreme climate for three years following tropical and extratropical eruptions of different sulfur emission strength. We focus on the impact of an extremely large eruption, injecting 40 Tg sulfur into the stratosphere, which could be expected to occur approximately twice a millennium. Our findings show that the eruption would have a profound effect on large areas of the globe, resulting in extremely rare drought events that under normal circumstances would occur once every century becoming very likely. Several regions such as West Africa, South and East Asia and the Maritime continent are particularly affected with the expected climate shifting well outside the usual range, by up to five standard deviations. These results have important consequences as they indicate that a severe drought in multiple breadbasket regions should be expected following a large eruption. The risk of heavy rainfall tends to decrease over the same regions but by a reduced amount, heatwaves become extremely rare, however the chance of extreme Winter cold surges do not increase by a corresponding amount, since widespread parts of the Northern Hemisphere display a winter warming. Our results show that the location of the eruption is crucial for the change in extremes, with overall changes larger for a Northern Hemisphere eruption than a tropical and Southern Hemisphere eruption, although there is a regional dependency. Simulations of different eruptions with similar forcing distributions but with different sizes are consistent with a linear relationship, however for smaller eruptions the internal variability tends to become dominant and the effect on extreme climate less detectable.
非常大的火山爆发对气候有重大影响,造成全球变冷和水文循环的重大变化。虽然大多数研究都集中在平均气候的变化上,但在这里,我们使用一个大集合来评估不同硫排放强度的热带和温带火山喷发对极端气候的影响。我们关注的是一次特大喷发的影响,将40 Tg的硫注入平流层,这种情况预计每千年发生两次。我们的研究结果表明,火山喷发将对全球大部分地区产生深远的影响,导致极其罕见的干旱事件,在正常情况下每世纪发生一次的干旱事件变得非常可能。西非、南亚和东亚以及海洋大陆等几个地区尤其受到预期气候变化的影响,其变化幅度远远超出通常范围,最多可达5个标准差。这些结果具有重要意义,因为它们表明,在一次大喷发之后,多个产粮区可能会出现严重干旱。在同一地区,强降雨的风险趋于减少,但减少的幅度使热浪变得极为罕见,然而,极端冬季寒潮的机会并没有相应增加,因为北半球的大部分地区显示出冬季变暖。我们的研究结果表明,火山喷发的位置对极端事件的变化至关重要,尽管存在区域依赖性,但北半球火山喷发的总体变化大于热带和南半球火山喷发。对具有相似强迫分布但规模不同的不同喷发的模拟与线性关系是一致的,但对于较小的喷发,内部变率往往占主导地位,对极端气候的影响不易察觉。
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引用次数: 0
Regional polar warming linked to poleward moisture transport variability 区域极地变暖与向极地的水汽输送变率有关
Pub Date : 2023-08-09 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/acee9e
R. Bintanja, R. Graversen, M. Kolbe
Polar warming, ice melt and strong precipitation events are strongly affected by episodic poleward advection of warm and moist air (Woods and Caballero 2016 J. Clim. 29 4473–85; Wille et al 2019 Nat. Geosci. 12 911–6), which, in turn, is linked to variability in poleward moisture transport (PMT) (Nash et al 2018 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 123 6804–21). However, processes governing regional impacts of PMT as well as long-term trends remain largely unknown. Here we use an ensemble of state-of-the-art global climate models in standardized scenario simulations (1850–2100) to show that both the Arctic and the Antarctic exhibit distinct geographical patterns of PMT-related warming. Specifically, years with high PMT experience considerable warming over subarctic Eurasia and West-Antarctica (Raphael et al 2016 Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 97 111–21), whereas precipitation is distributed more evenly over the polar regions. The warming patterns indicate preferred routes of atmospheric rivers (Woods and Caballero 2016 J. Clim. 29 4473–85), which may regionally enhance atmospheric moisture content, cloud cover, and downward longwave radiative heating in years with comparatively high PMT (Scott et al 2019 J. Clim. 32 665–84). Trend-analyses reveal that the link between PMT-variability and regional precipitation patterns will weaken in both polar regions. Even though uncertainties associated with intermodel differences are considerable, the advection of warm and moist air associated with PMT-variability is likely to increasingly cause mild conditions in both polar regions, which in the Arctic will reinforce sea-ice melt. Similarly, the results suggest that warm years in West-Antarctica disproportionally contribute to ice sheet melt (Trusel et al 2015 Nat. Geosci. 8 927–32), enhancing the risk of ice-sheet instabilities causing accelerated and sudden sea-level rise.
极地变暖、冰融化和强降水事件受到暖湿空气向极地平流的强烈影响(Woods and Caballero, 2016 . J.气候,29 4473-85;Wille et al . 2019地球科学学报,12 911-6),这反过来又与极地水分输送(PMT)的变化有关(Nash et al . 2018 J. Geophys。Res. Atmos. 123 6804-21)。然而,控制PMT区域影响的过程以及长期趋势在很大程度上仍然未知。在这里,我们在标准化情景模拟(1850-2100)中使用了最先进的全球气候模式集合,以表明北极和南极都表现出与pmt相关的不同的变暖地理模式。具体来说,PMT高的年份在欧亚亚北极和南极洲西部经历了相当大的变暖(Raphael et al . 2016 Bull)。点。Meteorol。Soc. 97 111-21),而降水在极地地区分布更为均匀。变暖模式表明了大气河流的优先路径(Woods and Caballero 2016 J. Clim. 29 4473-85),这可能会在PMT相对较高的年份区域增强大气含水量、云量和向下的长波辐射加热(Scott et al . 2019 J. Clim. 32 665-84)。趋势分析表明,在两极地区,pmt变率与区域降水模式之间的联系将减弱。尽管与模式间差异相关的不确定性相当大,但与pmt变率相关的暖湿空气平流可能越来越多地在两极地区造成温和条件,这将在北极加强海冰融化。同样,结果表明,南极洲西部的温暖年份不成比例地促进了冰盖融化(Trusel et al . 2015 Nat. geosi . 8 927-32),增加了冰盖不稳定导致海平面加速和突然上升的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Foundations of attribution in climate-change science 气候变化科学归因的基础
Pub Date : 2023-08-09 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/aceea1
E. Lloyd, T. Shepherd
Attribution—the explanation of an observed change in terms of multiple causal factors—is the cornerstone of climate-change science. For anthropogenic climate change (ACC), the central causal factor is evidently ACC itself, and one of the primary tools used to reveal ACC is aggregation, or grouping together, of data, e.g. global mean surface temperature. Whilst this approach has served climate-change science well, the landscape is changing rapidly. First, there is an increasing focus on regional or local aspects of climate change, and on singular or unprecedented events, which require varying degrees of disaggregation. Relatedly, climate change is increasingly apparent in observations at the local scale, which is challenging the primacy of climate model simulations. Finally, the explosion of climate data is leading to more phenomena-laden methodologies such as machine learning. All this demands a re-think of how attribution is performed and causal explanations are constructed. Here we use Lloyd’s ‘Logic of Research Questions’ framework to show how the way in which the attribution question is framed can strongly constrain its possible and responsive answers. To address the Research Question ‘What was the effect of ACC on X?’ (RQ1), scientists generally consider the question ‘What were the causal factors leading to X, and was ACC among them?’. If the causal factors include only external forcing and internal variability (RQ2), then answering RQ2 also answers RQ1. However, this unconditional attribution is not always possible. In such cases, allowing the causal factors to include elements of the climate system itself (RQ3)—the conditional, storyline approach—is shown to allow for a wider range of possible and responsive answers than RQ2, including that of singular causation. This flexibility is important when uncertainties are high. As a result, the conditional RQ3 mitigates against the sort of epistemic injustice that can arise from the unconditional RQ2.
归因——用多个因果因素来解释观察到的变化——是气候变化科学的基石。对于人为气候变化(ACC),中心原因显然是ACC本身,而揭示ACC的主要工具之一是数据的汇总或分组,例如全球平均地表温度。虽然这种方法很好地服务于气候变化科学,但景观正在迅速变化。首先,人们越来越关注气候变化的区域或局部方面,以及需要不同程度分解的单一或前所未有的事件。与此相关,气候变化在局地尺度观测中越来越明显,这对气候模式模拟的首要地位提出了挑战。最后,气候数据的爆炸式增长正在催生更多现象分析方法,比如机器学习。所有这些都要求我们重新思考归因是如何进行的,以及因果解释是如何构建的。在这里,我们使用劳埃德的“研究问题的逻辑”框架来展示归因问题的框架如何强烈地限制其可能的和响应性的答案。为了解决研究问题“ACC对X的影响是什么?”(RQ1),科学家们通常考虑的问题是“导致X的原因是什么,ACC在其中吗?”如果因果因素只包括外部强迫和内部变率(RQ2),那么回答RQ2也回答RQ1。然而,这种无条件归因并不总是可能的。在这种情况下,允许因果因素包括气候系统本身的要素(RQ3)——有条件的故事线方法——被证明比RQ2允许更广泛的可能和响应性答案,包括单一因果关系。当不确定性很高时,这种灵活性很重要。因此,条件RQ3减轻了可能由无条件RQ2引起的认知不公正。
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引用次数: 0
Unequal carbon tax impacts on 38 million German households: assessing spatial and socio-economic hotspots 不平等的碳税对3800万德国家庭的影响:评估空间和社会经济热点
Pub Date : 2023-08-09 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/aceea0
Johannes Többen, Peter-Paul Pichler, Ingram S Jaccard, K. Kratena, D. Moran, Heran Zheng, H. Weisz
Carbon pricing is a core climate policy in many countries. However, the distribution of impacts is highly unequal across income brackets, but also across household types and regions. The complex interplay between household characteristics and location specific factors such as building stock and transport infrastructure considerably hampers our understanding of the inequality impacts of carbon taxes and the development of remedial measures. In this paper, we simulate the impacts of carbon taxes and compensation on the purchasing power of more than 38 million German households living in over 11 000 municipalities. We find that the strength of impacts varies more within income groups (horizontal inequality) than across income groups (vertical inequality), based on demographic, socio-economic and geographic factors. Without compensation, a carbon tax of €50 per ton doubles the number of households at risk of becoming energy poor, the majority of them low-income families in remotely located small and medium cities. A lump sum payment of €100 per capita and year reduces inequality impacts and additional energy poverty risk substantially.
碳定价是许多国家的核心气候政策。然而,影响的分布在不同的收入阶层、不同的家庭类型和不同的地区之间高度不平等。家庭特征与特定地点因素(如建筑存量和交通基础设施)之间复杂的相互作用,极大地阻碍了我们对碳税不平等影响的理解和补救措施的制定。在本文中,我们模拟了碳税和补偿对生活在11,000多个城市的3800多万德国家庭购买力的影响。我们发现,基于人口、社会经济和地理因素,影响的强度在收入群体内部(横向不平等)比在收入群体之间(纵向不平等)差异更大。在没有补偿的情况下,每吨50欧元的碳税会使面临能源匮乏风险的家庭数量增加一倍,其中大多数是偏远中小城市的低收入家庭。每人每年一次性支付100欧元,大大减少了不平等影响和额外的能源贫困风险。
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引用次数: 0
The emergence of a new wintertime Arctic energy balance regime 一种新的冬季北极能量平衡机制的出现
Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/aced63
O. Miyawaki, T. Shaw, M. Jansen
The modern Arctic climate during wintertime is characterized by sea-ice cover, a strong surface temperature inversion, and the absence of convection. Correspondingly, the energy balance in the Arctic atmosphere today is dominated by atmospheric radiative cooling and advective heating, so-called radiative advective equilibrium. Climate change in the Arctic involves sea-ice melt, vanishing of the surface inversion, and emergence of convective precipitation. Here we show climate change in the Arctic involves the emergence of a new energy balance regime characterized by radiative cooling, convective heating, and advective heating, so-called radiative convective advective equilibrium. A time-dependent decomposition of the atmospheric energy balance shows the regime transition is associated with enhanced radiative cooling followed by decreased advective heating. The radiative cooling response consists of a robust clear-sky greenhouse effect and a transient cloud contribution that varies across models. Mechanism-denial experiments in an aquaplanet with and without interactive sea ice highlight the important role of sea-ice melt in both the radiative cooling and advective heating responses. The results show that climate change in the Arctic involves temporally evolving mechanisms, suggesting that an emergent constraint based on historical data or trends may not constrain the long-term response.
现代北极冬季气候的特点是海冰覆盖、强烈的地表逆温和缺乏对流。相应地,今天北极大气中的能量平衡以大气辐射冷却和平流加热为主,即所谓的辐射平流平衡。北极的气候变化包括海冰融化、地表逆温消失和对流降水的出现。在这里,我们表明北极的气候变化涉及到以辐射冷却、对流加热和平流加热为特征的新的能量平衡机制的出现,即所谓的辐射对流平流平衡。大气能量平衡的随时间分解表明,这种状态转变与辐射冷却增强以及随后的平流加热减少有关。辐射冷却响应包括强劲的晴空温室效应和在不同模式下变化的瞬态云贡献。在有和没有相互作用海冰的水行星上进行的机制否认实验强调了海冰融化在辐射冷却和平流加热响应中的重要作用。结果表明,北极的气候变化涉及时间演化机制,这表明基于历史数据或趋势的紧急约束可能不会约束长期响应。
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引用次数: 0
What next for the climate change culture wars? 气候变化文化战争的下一步是什么?
Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/aced62
Ed Atkins
[Extract from Introduction] This perspective details how objects and technologies, like the gas stove, are becoming key sites where climate policy is located within broader politically-charged ‘culture wars’. Within this process, climate policies are inscribed with new meanings that position groups against one another. While concerns about gas stoves were linked to public health, they were presented by detractors as representative of climate action. One Fox News article argued that: “These Leftists don't give a damn about everyday Americans… Barking orders is their favorite indoor activity. And if total control buys them a holier spot in Climatarian Heaven, even better.” [2] Whilst gas stove emissions aren’t necessarily significant to fulfilling national emission reductions, any potential regulation will shift domestic energy use – due to the technology being used in close to 40% of US homes [3]. This episode illuminates an emergent shift in the narratives adopted by those opposing climate action. Rather than being primarily sceptical about climate change and mitigation and adaptation policies, political figures are working to link climate action to broader ideological battles about the economy, society, and identity. Within such battles, new objects will become key ‘artefacts’ in the climate change culture wars – becoming infused with new meanings as they emerge or are phased out. These must be understood further as failing to do so can open future environmental and climate policy to backlash, polarisation, and opposition.
[导言摘录]这一视角详细说明了诸如煤气炉之类的物品和技术如何成为气候政策在更广泛的政治“文化战争”中定位的关键场所。在这一过程中,气候政策被赋予了新的含义,使各个群体相互对立。虽然对燃气灶的关注与公共健康有关,但批评者却将其视为气候行动的代表。福克斯新闻(Fox News)的一篇文章认为:“这些左翼分子根本不在乎美国人的日常生活……大声发号施令是他们最喜欢的室内活动。”如果完全控制能让他们在气候天堂中获得一个更神圣的位置,那就更好了。[2]虽然燃气灶的排放对实现国家减排并不一定重要,但任何潜在的监管都将改变国内的能源使用——因为这项技术在近40%的美国家庭中使用[3]。这一事件表明,那些反对气候行动的人所采用的叙事方式正在发生转变。政治人物不再主要对气候变化以及减缓和适应政策持怀疑态度,而是正在努力将气候行动与更广泛的关于经济、社会和身份的意识形态斗争联系起来。在这样的战斗中,新物品将成为气候变化文化战争中的关键“人工制品”——随着它们的出现或被淘汰,它们将被注入新的含义。这些问题必须得到进一步的理解,否则,未来的环境和气候政策可能会遭到强烈反对、两极分化和反对。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing decadal variability of subseasonal forecasts of opportunity using explainable AI 利用可解释的人工智能评估机会次季节预报的年代际变化
Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/aced60
Marybeth Arcodia, Elizabeth A. Barnes, Kirsten J. Mayer, Ji-Woo Lee, A. Ordoñez, M. Ahn
Identifying predictable states of the climate system allows for enhanced prediction skill on the generally low-skill subseasonal timescale via forecasts with higher confidence and accuracy, known as forecasts of opportunity. This study takes a neural network approach to explore decadal variability of subseasonal predictability, particularly during forecasts of opportunity. Specifically, this work quantifies subseasonal prediction skill provided by the tropics within the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2) Large Ensemble and assesses how this skill evolves on decadal timescales. Utilizing the networks’ confidence and explainable artificial intelligence, physically meaningful sources of predictability associated with periods of enhanced skill are identified. Using these networks, we find that tropically-driven subseasonal predictability varies on decadal timescales during forecasts of opportunity. Further, we investigate the drivers of the low frequency modulation of the tropical-extratropical teleconnection and discuss the implications. Analysis is extended to ECMWF Reanalysis v5 data, revealing that the relationships learned within the CESM2-Large Ensemble holds in modern reanalysis data. These results indicate that the neural networks are capable of identifying predictable decadal states of the climate system within CESM2 that are useful for making confident, accurate subseasonal precipitation predictions in the real world.
识别气候系统的可预测状态,可以通过更高的置信度和准确性,即所谓的机会预测,在通常低技能的亚季节时间尺度上提高预测技能。本研究采用神经网络方法探讨亚季节可预测性的年代际变化,特别是在机会预测期间。具体来说,这项工作量化了社区地球系统模式第2版(CESM2)大集合中热带地区提供的亚季节预测技能,并评估了这种技能在年代际时间尺度上的演变。利用网络的信心和可解释的人工智能,确定了与技能增强时期相关的物理上有意义的可预测性来源。利用这些网络,我们发现在机会预报期间,热带驱动的亚季节可预测性在年代际时间尺度上变化。此外,我们还研究了热带-温带遥相关低频调制的驱动因素,并讨论了其意义。分析扩展到ECMWF再分析v5数据,揭示了在CESM2-Large Ensemble中学习到的关系适用于现代再分析数据。这些结果表明,神经网络能够识别CESM2内气候系统的可预测年代际状态,这有助于在现实世界中做出自信、准确的亚季节降水预测。
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引用次数: 0
Comparing the impacts of ozone-depleting substances and carbon dioxide on Arctic sea ice loss 比较臭氧消耗物质和二氧化碳对北极海冰损失的影响
Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1088/2752-5295/aced61
M. Bushuk, L. Polvani, M. England
The rapid decline of Arctic sea ice is widely believed to be a consequence of increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs). While carbon dioxide (CO2) is the dominant GHG contributor, recent work has highlighted a substantial role for ozone-depleting substances (ODS) in Arctic sea ice loss. However, a careful analysis of the mechanisms and relative impacts of CO2 versus ODS on Arctic sea ice loss has yet to be performed. This study performs this comparison over the period 1955–2005 when concentrations of ODS increased rapidly, by analyzing a suite of all-but-one-forcing ensembles of climate model integrations, designed to isolate the forced response to individual forcing agents in the context of internal climate variability. We show that ODS have played a significant role in year-round Arctic sea ice extent and volume trends over that period, accounting for 64% and 32% of extent and volume trends, respectively. These impacts represent 50% and 38% of the impact from CO2 forcing, respectively. We find that ODS act via similar physical processes to CO2, causing sea ice loss via increased summer melt, and not sea ice dynamics changes. These findings imply that the future trajectory of ODS emissions will play an important role in future Arctic sea ice evolution.
人们普遍认为,北极海冰的迅速减少是大气中温室气体(GHGs)浓度增加的结果。虽然二氧化碳(CO2)是主要的温室气体贡献者,但最近的工作强调了臭氧消耗物质(ODS)在北极海冰损失中的重要作用。然而,目前还没有对二氧化碳和臭氧消耗物质对北极海冰损失的机制和相对影响进行仔细的分析。本研究对消耗臭氧层物质浓度迅速增加的1955-2005年期间进行了这种比较,方法是分析一套气候模式综合的全部强迫组合,其目的是在内部气候变率的背景下分离对单个强迫因子的强迫响应。研究表明,在这一时期,臭氧消耗物质在北极海冰范围和体积趋势中发挥了重要作用,分别占范围和体积趋势的64%和32%。这些影响分别占二氧化碳强迫影响的50%和38%。我们发现臭氧消耗物质通过与二氧化碳相似的物理过程起作用,通过增加夏季融化导致海冰损失,而不是海冰动力学变化。这些发现表明,ODS排放的未来轨迹将在未来北极海冰演变中发挥重要作用。
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Environmental Research: Climate
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