Pub Date : 2007-02-20DOI: 10.1109/MAES.2007.4301044
Akhtar Ali Shah, L. Dal
Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are state of the art approaches based on information, communication and satellite technologies in mitigating traffic congestion, enhancing safety and improving quality of environment. ITS are being used in many industrialized and emerging economies for the last two decades to facilitate traffic mangers in tackling the surface mobility problems. In case of many developing countries, policy makers and practitioners have been neglecting this 'non-conventional' approach on the pretext inter alia, 'technological sophistication', cost and institutional ill preparedness. This paper aims to underscore the importance and relevance of the ITS for developing countries as a complementary tool in the 21st century. In so doing, the intention is to bestow some fresh thinking into the transport debate, that will serve as a catalyst for resolving mobility problems in the developing countries who are still dwelling on conventional options.
{"title":"Intelligent Transportation Systems in Transitional and Developing Countries","authors":"Akhtar Ali Shah, L. Dal","doi":"10.1109/MAES.2007.4301044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAES.2007.4301044","url":null,"abstract":"Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are state of the art approaches based on information, communication and satellite technologies in mitigating traffic congestion, enhancing safety and improving quality of environment. ITS are being used in many industrialized and emerging economies for the last two decades to facilitate traffic mangers in tackling the surface mobility problems. In case of many developing countries, policy makers and practitioners have been neglecting this 'non-conventional' approach on the pretext inter alia, 'technological sophistication', cost and institutional ill preparedness. This paper aims to underscore the importance and relevance of the ITS for developing countries as a complementary tool in the 21st century. In so doing, the intention is to bestow some fresh thinking into the transport debate, that will serve as a catalyst for resolving mobility problems in the developing countries who are still dwelling on conventional options.","PeriodicalId":433021,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Conference on Advances in Space Technologies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129646584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-02-20DOI: 10.1109/MAES.2007.4301019
M. Ahmed
To carry out search and rescue of the peoples in distress on the distressed aircrafts/vessels, or on land, at sea or in a remote mountainous region, there are a number of different search and rescue systems and methods that are being used by the different national search and rescue organizations worldwide. In this paper the main terrestrial search and rescue (SAR) system that are in use are discussed in brief and a satellite-aided search and rescue (SAR) system COSPAS-SARSAT is discussed in detail highlighting its benefits over other SAR Systems
{"title":"Satellite-aided Search and Rescue (SAR) System","authors":"M. Ahmed","doi":"10.1109/MAES.2007.4301019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAES.2007.4301019","url":null,"abstract":"To carry out search and rescue of the peoples in distress on the distressed aircrafts/vessels, or on land, at sea or in a remote mountainous region, there are a number of different search and rescue systems and methods that are being used by the different national search and rescue organizations worldwide. In this paper the main terrestrial search and rescue (SAR) system that are in use are discussed in brief and a satellite-aided search and rescue (SAR) system COSPAS-SARSAT is discussed in detail highlighting its benefits over other SAR Systems","PeriodicalId":433021,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Conference on Advances in Space Technologies","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122214355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ICAST.2006.313809
M. Nawaz, M. Hamid, F. Sattar
Water is a resource for all. Increasing number of users as well as their increasing demands needs appropriate management of water as a resource. For sustainable water resource management use of participatory approach is advisable for decision makers. This research paper presents the application of collaborative spatial decision-making approach for dam site selection and provides a framework for the multicriteria evaluation based consensus decision-making for water resource management
{"title":"Consensus Evaluation and Prioritization using GIS and DSS Tools: Case Study of Kalabagh and Bhasha Dam","authors":"M. Nawaz, M. Hamid, F. Sattar","doi":"10.1109/ICAST.2006.313809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAST.2006.313809","url":null,"abstract":"Water is a resource for all. Increasing number of users as well as their increasing demands needs appropriate management of water as a resource. For sustainable water resource management use of participatory approach is advisable for decision makers. This research paper presents the application of collaborative spatial decision-making approach for dam site selection and provides a framework for the multicriteria evaluation based consensus decision-making for water resource management","PeriodicalId":433021,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Conference on Advances in Space Technologies","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116623175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ICAST.2006.313804
G. Mahar, Z. A. Nayyar
Tsunami usually generates around the Pacific Ocean, causing huge amount of loss of life and damage of property. Its frequent actions were seen in south East Asia, Japan and western coast of North and South America. It most frequently occurs around the coast of Japan. This phenomenon is mostly due to the release and transfer of energy of tectonic type of earth quake. Recent mega thrust earth quake of December 26, 2004 is also tectonic type of earth quake that affected more than 10 countries of the world. Pakistan being located on the Arabian Sea, facing the Subduction zone nears the Makran coast. The earth quake in 1945 generated the Tsunami that affected the Makran coast. Its measure and pre-cautions are imperative.
{"title":"Tsunami Generation and Propagation along the Coastal Zone of Makran and Karachi","authors":"G. Mahar, Z. A. Nayyar","doi":"10.1109/ICAST.2006.313804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAST.2006.313804","url":null,"abstract":"Tsunami usually generates around the Pacific Ocean, causing huge amount of loss of life and damage of property. Its frequent actions were seen in south East Asia, Japan and western coast of North and South America. It most frequently occurs around the coast of Japan. This phenomenon is mostly due to the release and transfer of energy of tectonic type of earth quake. Recent mega thrust earth quake of December 26, 2004 is also tectonic type of earth quake that affected more than 10 countries of the world. Pakistan being located on the Arabian Sea, facing the Subduction zone nears the Makran coast. The earth quake in 1945 generated the Tsunami that affected the Makran coast. Its measure and pre-cautions are imperative.","PeriodicalId":433021,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Conference on Advances in Space Technologies","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115569007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ICAST.2006.313787
K. Ur, R. Shad
Disaster management programs begin with locating and identifying potential emergency problems. Using a GIS, officials can pinpoint hazards and can evaluate the consequences of potential emergencies. GIS facilitates this process by allowing planners to view the appropriate combinations of spatial data through computer-generated maps. As potential emergency situations are identified, mitigation needs can be determined and prioritized. Disaster management team can begin to formulate mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery program needs. Availability of real time information, tailored software's, distributed computing and real time analysis has facilitated the job of decision makers; and accordingly reduce the havoc which otherwise would have ensued. Updating of data through high resolution satellite imageries and use of disaster management software is discussed in detail whereas ground shaking has been considered as typical disaster scenario
{"title":"Disaster Management and GIS","authors":"K. Ur, R. Shad","doi":"10.1109/ICAST.2006.313787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAST.2006.313787","url":null,"abstract":"Disaster management programs begin with locating and identifying potential emergency problems. Using a GIS, officials can pinpoint hazards and can evaluate the consequences of potential emergencies. GIS facilitates this process by allowing planners to view the appropriate combinations of spatial data through computer-generated maps. As potential emergency situations are identified, mitigation needs can be determined and prioritized. Disaster management team can begin to formulate mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery program needs. Availability of real time information, tailored software's, distributed computing and real time analysis has facilitated the job of decision makers; and accordingly reduce the havoc which otherwise would have ensued. Updating of data through high resolution satellite imageries and use of disaster management software is discussed in detail whereas ground shaking has been considered as typical disaster scenario","PeriodicalId":433021,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Conference on Advances in Space Technologies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116198620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ICAST.2006.313825
S. Rao, M. Ali, M. Naqvi, A.M. Qureshi
The occurrence of natural disasters is inevitable, no matter in which part of the world or at what instant of time they may occur. Among such disasters, earthquakes are an exception in that their time and place of happening cannot be foretold and measuring the extent of destruction caused by them is only possible in post-earthquake scenarios. Because of these reasons, an all-time vigilance and a concrete system of disaster management are needed for the concerned institutions and the people. For the past few years, satellite remote sensing (SRS) and geographical information system (GIS) have become an ever important matter of concern for personnel dealing with disaster management. This paper portrays the potential and accuracy of SRS techniques and use of GIS for assessment of damage caused by earthquakes and then using these technologies for devising suitable strategies to overcome the havoc played in the quake hit areas and to rehabilitate the affected populace
{"title":"Satellite Remote Sensing (SRS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) for Earthquake Damage Assessment and Disaster Management","authors":"S. Rao, M. Ali, M. Naqvi, A.M. Qureshi","doi":"10.1109/ICAST.2006.313825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAST.2006.313825","url":null,"abstract":"The occurrence of natural disasters is inevitable, no matter in which part of the world or at what instant of time they may occur. Among such disasters, earthquakes are an exception in that their time and place of happening cannot be foretold and measuring the extent of destruction caused by them is only possible in post-earthquake scenarios. Because of these reasons, an all-time vigilance and a concrete system of disaster management are needed for the concerned institutions and the people. For the past few years, satellite remote sensing (SRS) and geographical information system (GIS) have become an ever important matter of concern for personnel dealing with disaster management. This paper portrays the potential and accuracy of SRS techniques and use of GIS for assessment of damage caused by earthquakes and then using these technologies for devising suitable strategies to overcome the havoc played in the quake hit areas and to rehabilitate the affected populace","PeriodicalId":433021,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Conference on Advances in Space Technologies","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130619608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ICAST.2006.313827
J. K. Jena, N. Gupta, S. Jain, P. K. Verma
Disasters can result from meteorological phenomena such as typhoons and hurricanes, sheet flooding and marine and river-based floods; geological processes such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes. Earthquake hazards assessment of a region is based on the past earthquakes, tectonic considerations. Tectonic landforms express a broad spectrum of topographic features that can be employed as indicators of the style, magnitude and rate of timing of tectonic movements. The tectonic activities may be episodic or may occur at very low rate for prolonged period. The thematic maps of geomorphology, slope, lineament, vegetation index and morphotectonic parameters of study area have been prepared using Landsat 7 ETM+ digital data. These theme are integrated in GIS environment to assess the active tectonic potential in the area. The observed five high potential zones in the area are located at the intersection of NE-SW and E-W lineaments. The study brings out methodology for assessing active tectonic potential of the area.
{"title":"The Role of GIS in Disaster Studies Such as Tectonic Activities in Chotatawa River Basin, Madhya Pradesh, India","authors":"J. K. Jena, N. Gupta, S. Jain, P. K. Verma","doi":"10.1109/ICAST.2006.313827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAST.2006.313827","url":null,"abstract":"Disasters can result from meteorological phenomena such as typhoons and hurricanes, sheet flooding and marine and river-based floods; geological processes such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes. Earthquake hazards assessment of a region is based on the past earthquakes, tectonic considerations. Tectonic landforms express a broad spectrum of topographic features that can be employed as indicators of the style, magnitude and rate of timing of tectonic movements. The tectonic activities may be episodic or may occur at very low rate for prolonged period. The thematic maps of geomorphology, slope, lineament, vegetation index and morphotectonic parameters of study area have been prepared using Landsat 7 ETM+ digital data. These theme are integrated in GIS environment to assess the active tectonic potential in the area. The observed five high potential zones in the area are located at the intersection of NE-SW and E-W lineaments. The study brings out methodology for assessing active tectonic potential of the area.","PeriodicalId":433021,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Conference on Advances in Space Technologies","volume":"384 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116485182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ICAST.2006.313813
K. Siddiqi, M. Hussain, T. Mahmood
The catastrophe on 8th Oct 2005 has lead people to think of their safety and well being in the hands of the government. The response time to disaster along with the lack of institutional coherence to meet such a disaster, demands a high level of integrated emergency management system (IEMS). Collapse of a high rise building in Islamabad due to the earthquake of a 7.6 magnitude is taken as a base line to analyze the response to a disaster in absence of an IEMS in Islamabad, Pakistan. For prompt response & strengthening administration according to various disasters a system based on emergency call handling system, command & control system, based on remote sensing, GIS and various field supporting system which responds to disasters as soon as possible for Islamabad is suggested on lines of the Seoul emergency management center. The cost of the system is approximately USD $ 4 million for an area having 1 million population
{"title":"Approaching the Earthquake Disaster Site in GIS Perspective - A Vision that Could Have Saved Lives","authors":"K. Siddiqi, M. Hussain, T. Mahmood","doi":"10.1109/ICAST.2006.313813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAST.2006.313813","url":null,"abstract":"The catastrophe on 8th Oct 2005 has lead people to think of their safety and well being in the hands of the government. The response time to disaster along with the lack of institutional coherence to meet such a disaster, demands a high level of integrated emergency management system (IEMS). Collapse of a high rise building in Islamabad due to the earthquake of a 7.6 magnitude is taken as a base line to analyze the response to a disaster in absence of an IEMS in Islamabad, Pakistan. For prompt response & strengthening administration according to various disasters a system based on emergency call handling system, command & control system, based on remote sensing, GIS and various field supporting system which responds to disasters as soon as possible for Islamabad is suggested on lines of the Seoul emergency management center. The cost of the system is approximately USD $ 4 million for an area having 1 million population","PeriodicalId":433021,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Conference on Advances in Space Technologies","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116889164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ICAST.2006.313802
F. Bhatti
Theoretical and experimental performance of a millimetre-wave radial line filter has been studied using air as dielectrics. The results are found to be in good agreement with an error of less than 1.3 %. The filter has also been tested in D-band InP Gunn oscillator and the 2nd harmonic power of more than 3 mW is achieved at 141 GHz.
{"title":"D Band (110-150) GHz Radial Line Filter for Millimeter-wave Devices","authors":"F. Bhatti","doi":"10.1109/ICAST.2006.313802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAST.2006.313802","url":null,"abstract":"Theoretical and experimental performance of a millimetre-wave radial line filter has been studied using air as dielectrics. The results are found to be in good agreement with an error of less than 1.3 %. The filter has also been tested in D-band InP Gunn oscillator and the 2nd harmonic power of more than 3 mW is achieved at 141 GHz.","PeriodicalId":433021,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Conference on Advances in Space Technologies","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125544852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1109/icast.2006.313807
M. Hussain, M. Arsalan, M. Mehdi
Important objects in health database are patients, doctors, infrastructural facilities and health services. Nevertheless, all these objects have spatial dimensions and mutual interaction in their inheritance. The understanding of these dimensions and interactions are the key for health planning and management. For instance, these interactions may provide excellent means of analyzing epidemiological attributes, revealing spatial trends, dependencies and inter-relationships that would be more difficult to discover through conventional means. Moreover, it allows policy makers to easily visualize the problems in relation to the resources and prevailing needs. Spatial dimensions of health data give detailed and compelling answers to the difficult questions health service providers ask every day: Where is the disease coming from? How will it spread? Where is the nearest hospital? What is the fastest route for the ambulance? Where should we allocate our funding? In existing databases and systems of health management at public and private sectors in Pakistan no authenticated and specific spatial reference is available. However, in few cases, ambiguous and misleading references are there. Some isolated efforts are on the way to maintain such information as some private hospitals and companies maintain some data which is commercially available for pharmaceutical companies for marketing. The situation is getting worse due to rapidly increasing population and thus creating further gaps in health services demand. The spatial contexts in accurate format are vital for integrating health attributes in the form of geographical information system especially at micro scale. There are many potential users, but the major users will include national and provincial health departments, planning commissions, researchers etc. Undoubtedly, health objects database could be a huge and difficult task to manage. Nonetheless, in Pakistan precedence from national database and registration authority (NADRA) is a good example to handle the quantity. Patients are the most dynamic health objects to deal with this object data. It can be integrated using NADRA identity card or similar, which contains data strip readable digitally. This card may have personal information as well as the spatial origin.
{"title":"Role of GIS in Public Health Management in Pakistan","authors":"M. Hussain, M. Arsalan, M. Mehdi","doi":"10.1109/icast.2006.313807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icast.2006.313807","url":null,"abstract":"Important objects in health database are patients, doctors, infrastructural facilities and health services. Nevertheless, all these objects have spatial dimensions and mutual interaction in their inheritance. The understanding of these dimensions and interactions are the key for health planning and management. For instance, these interactions may provide excellent means of analyzing epidemiological attributes, revealing spatial trends, dependencies and inter-relationships that would be more difficult to discover through conventional means. Moreover, it allows policy makers to easily visualize the problems in relation to the resources and prevailing needs. Spatial dimensions of health data give detailed and compelling answers to the difficult questions health service providers ask every day: Where is the disease coming from? How will it spread? Where is the nearest hospital? What is the fastest route for the ambulance? Where should we allocate our funding? In existing databases and systems of health management at public and private sectors in Pakistan no authenticated and specific spatial reference is available. However, in few cases, ambiguous and misleading references are there. Some isolated efforts are on the way to maintain such information as some private hospitals and companies maintain some data which is commercially available for pharmaceutical companies for marketing. The situation is getting worse due to rapidly increasing population and thus creating further gaps in health services demand. The spatial contexts in accurate format are vital for integrating health attributes in the form of geographical information system especially at micro scale. There are many potential users, but the major users will include national and provincial health departments, planning commissions, researchers etc. Undoubtedly, health objects database could be a huge and difficult task to manage. Nonetheless, in Pakistan precedence from national database and registration authority (NADRA) is a good example to handle the quantity. Patients are the most dynamic health objects to deal with this object data. It can be integrated using NADRA identity card or similar, which contains data strip readable digitally. This card may have personal information as well as the spatial origin.","PeriodicalId":433021,"journal":{"name":"2006 International Conference on Advances in Space Technologies","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130331110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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