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Jools Gilson and Nicola Moffat, eds, Textiles, Community and Controversy: The Knitting Map 乔尔斯·吉尔森和尼古拉·莫法特主编,《纺织品、社区和争议:编织地图》
IF 1 2区 社会学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-11-23 DOI: 10.1080/00404969.2020.1835253
Alla Myzelev
opened up an apparently endless supply, and until 1800 beaver fur was the main trade between America and Europe: the 21 million hats made in Britain for export between 1700 and 1770 consumed 60 million pelts. Fur founded the fortunes of the Hudson’s Bay Company and of John Jacob Astor, the wealthiest American of his era. Less fortunate, however, were Native American hunters, whom traders set against one another, destroying the tribes’ ecology and social systems. The poor beavers, meanwhile, were only saved by the advent of the silk top hat. The beavers’ story is painful, but the central theme of Smith’s book is the shocking impact of hats on the bird world. A felt hat demands ornament, unless you are a Puritan. Most of us are Cavaliers and we like feathers — which, of course, have no real function. Feathers on military headgear might be said to make leaders visible to their men. Not always a good idea: in Sarajevo the helmet of Archduke Ferdinand sported green ostrich feathers, making him an all-too visible target. Ostrich plumes were a favourite hat-trim, and in North Africa ostriches were hunted to near-extinction. Farming in nineteenth-century South Africa saved them — until feathers became pass e in 1912, when the birds were shot or left to fend for themselves. Hummingbirds, parrots and kingfishers were massacred for nineteenthcentury millinery — but the truly terrible slaughter was of the egret. Its delicate, desirable plumes grew in the breeding season, and because the bird had to be killed before the feathers lost their lustre, chicks were left to starve. A conservationist in Florida in the 1890s followed ‘the screams of young birds ... [and saw] heaps of dead Herons... the back of each bird raw and bleeding ... young Herons left to perish from exposure and starvation’. This is one of many horrific descriptions we find in Smith’s book, and if I have any reservations about the book it would be a sense of overload: too many deaths become numbing. Are we justified in exploiting the natural world for survival? Or for personal adornment? These are difficult but important questions, and Smith is convincingly condemnatory in his answers. The chapter on ‘Ladies with Influence’ charts the battle for protective legislation, and he acknowledges the efforts of American and British conservationists — mainly women — who fought to regulate the trade. Protective legislation was fiercely opposed but passed by 1918. It was, however, fashion rather than the law that saved birds: the 1920s cloche had no space for feathers, thus ending (for the moment) the big feathered hat. In this respect, the book underplays the potency of fashion, that ‘something in the air’, an implacable force that caused such carnage and then quite arbitrarily brought it to a halt.
直到1800年,海狸皮毛一直是欧美之间的主要贸易:1700年至1770年间,英国为出口而生产的2100万顶帽子消耗了6000万顶毛皮。他创造了哈德逊湾公司和约翰·雅各布·阿斯特的财富,他是那个时代最富有的美国人。然而,美洲原住民的猎人就没那么幸运了,商人们让他们彼此对抗,破坏了部落的生态和社会制度。与此同时,可怜的海狸们却因为丝绸大礼帽的出现而得救了。海狸的故事令人痛苦,但史密斯这本书的中心主题是帽子对鸟类世界的惊人影响。毡帽需要装饰,除非你是清教徒。我们大多数人都是骑士,我们喜欢羽毛——当然,羽毛没有真正的功能。可以说,军帽上的羽毛是为了让部下注意到领导人。并非总是一个好主意:在萨拉热窝,费迪南德大公的头盔上有绿色的鸵鸟羽毛,使他成为一个非常明显的目标。鸵鸟羽毛是最受欢迎的帽子装饰,在北非,鸵鸟被猎杀到几乎灭绝。19世纪南非的农业拯救了它们,直到1912年羽毛被淘汰,鸟类被射杀或被遗弃自生自灭。19世纪,蜂鸟、鹦鹉和翠鸟被屠杀用于制帽业,但真正可怕的屠杀是白鹭。在繁殖季节,它娇嫩的、令人向往的羽毛长了起来,因为必须在羽毛失去光泽之前将其杀死,所以雏鸟只能挨饿。19世纪90年代,佛罗里达州的一位环保主义者追踪了“幼鸟的尖叫声……(看到)一堆苍鹭的尸体……每只鸟的背部都在流血……年轻的苍鹭因暴露和饥饿而死亡。这是我们在史密斯的书中发现的许多可怕的描述之一,如果我对这本书有任何保留的话,那就是一种超负荷的感觉:太多的死亡变得麻木。我们为了生存而剥削自然世界是正当的吗?还是用于个人装饰?这些都是困难但重要的问题,史密斯在他的回答中充满了令人信服的谴责。“有影响力的女士”一章描绘了保护立法的斗争,他承认美国和英国的自然资源保护主义者——主要是女性——为规范贸易所做的努力。保护性立法遭到强烈反对,但在1918年通过。然而,是时尚而不是法律拯救了鸟类:20世纪20年代的钟表没有羽毛的空间,因此(暂时)结束了大羽毛帽子。在这方面,这本书低估了时尚的力量,“空气中的某种东西”,一种不可调和的力量,造成了这样的大屠杀,然后又相当武断地停止了它。
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引用次数: 1
Pasold Research Fund/Taylor & Francis Textile History Open Access First Publication Award 帕索尔德研究基金/Taylor&Francis纺织历史开放获取首次出版奖
IF 1 2区 社会学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/00404969.2020.1851512
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引用次数: 0
Charlotte Jirousek with Sara Catterall, Ottoman Dress and Design in the West: A Visual History of Cultural Exchange 《西方的奥斯曼服饰与设计:文化交流的视觉史》,Charlotte Jirousek与Sara Catterall合著
IF 1 2区 社会学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/00404969.2020.1835254
A. Phillips
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引用次数: 0
Editorial Note 编辑注意
IF 1 2区 社会学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/00404969.2020.1852710
Marina Moskowitz, Vivienne Richmond
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引用次数: 0
The Rise and Fall of the Spinning Jenny: Domestic Mechanisation in Eighteenth-Century Cotton Spinning 纺纱珍妮的兴衰:18世纪棉纺的国产化
IF 1 2区 社会学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/00404969.2020.1812472
J. Styles
In February 1777, Imbert de St Paul, the French government’s inspector of manufactures at Nimes, witnessed a spinning jenny at work for the first time. An experienced member of the state industrial bureaucracy, he had already heard about the jenny, which had been introduced into France by one of his colleagues in 1771. Nevertheless, he had to confess it ‘is a very ingenious machine, though very simple, and seeing it work, we were all simply astonished we had failed to guess its secret’. Invented in England in the mid-1760s by the Lancashire weaver James Hargreaves, this simple but ingenious machine remains a familiar icon of the Industrial Revolution, its origins and its impact repeatedly interrogated in the search for explanations of Britain’s eighteenth-century economic transformation. The jenny features as a key technical breakthrough — a ‘macroinvention’ — in the two most influential recent interpretations of the Industrial Revolution: Robert Allen’s The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective and Joel Mokyr’s The Enlightened Economy: An Economic History of Britain, 1700–1850. For Allen the spinning jenny was a macroinvention because it was a new technology with big effects. Its importance lies in its impact, setting in train a long trajectory of advance that resulted in huge increases in productivity. It is ‘the industrial revolution in miniature’, the machine that exemplifies Allen’s argument that the demand for technological innovation was shaped by the relative prices of factors of production — for the jenny, principally labour and capital — in an eighteenth-century English economy characterised by high wages, but cheap capital. Mokyr, by contrast, insists that macroinventions are only very weakly related to economic forces, if at all, and that their precise timing is difficult, perhaps impossible, to explain. He presents them as radical new ideas that emerge without clear precedent, but have dramatic economic consequences. Less invested than Allen in the economic theory of induced innovation, he presents the jenny as just one of a cluster of macroinventions in cotton spinning that emerged in Lancashire between 1760 and 1780, a cluster that included Richard Arkwright’s water frame and
1777年2月,法国政府驻尼姆的制造业检查员因伯特·德·圣保罗(Imbert de St Paul)第一次目睹了珍妮纺纱机的工作情况。作为一名经验丰富的国家工业官僚机构成员,他已经听说过珍妮机,它是在1771年由他的一位同事引入法国的。然而,他不得不承认,“这是一个非常巧妙的机器,虽然很简单,看到它的工作,我们都很惊讶,我们竟然没有猜到它的秘密。”17世纪60年代中期,兰开夏郡的织布匠詹姆斯·哈格里夫斯在英格兰发明了这种简单而巧妙的机器,它仍然是工业革命的一个熟悉的标志,在寻找英国18世纪经济转型的解释时,它的起源和影响一再受到质疑。在最近对工业革命最有影响力的两本解释中,珍妮机是一项关键的技术突破——一项“宏观发明”:罗伯特·艾伦的《全球视角下的英国工业革命》和乔尔·莫基尔的《开明的经济:1700-1850年的英国经济史》。对艾伦来说,珍妮纺纱机是一项重大发明,因为它是一项影响巨大的新技术。它的重要性在于它的影响,它开启了一条漫长的发展轨迹,导致生产率的大幅提高。这是“工业革命的缩影”,这台机器证明了艾伦的观点,即对技术创新的需求是由生产要素的相对价格决定的——对珍妮来说,主要是劳动力和资本——在18世纪的英国经济中,工资高,但资本廉价。相比之下,Mokyr坚持认为,宏观发明与经济力量的关系非常微弱,如果有的话,而且它们的精确时间很难,甚至不可能解释。他把它们描述为激进的新思想,没有明确的先例,但会产生戏剧性的经济后果。与艾伦相比,他在诱导创新的经济理论上投入较少,他认为珍妮机只是1760年至1780年间出现在兰开夏郡的棉纺领域的一系列宏观发明之一,这些发明还包括理查德·阿克赖特的水架和
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引用次数: 9
The Crutchley Archive: Red Colours on Wool Fabrics from Master Dyers, London 1716–1744 Crutchley档案馆:Master Dyers羊毛织物上的红色,伦敦1716–1744
IF 1 2区 社会学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/00404969.2020.1799731
A. Quye, D. Cardon, J. B. Paul
The Crutchley Archive is a rare book collection with over a thousand dyeing instructions and colourful dyed patterns from an eighteenth-century wool fabric dyeing business in Southwark, London, owned by John Crutchley and his family. Our research of the outstandingly detailed dyeing materials and methods by text study, dyed textile history, dye analysis and colorimetry reveals unprecedented insight for ‘in grain’ and ‘out of grain’ dyeing of medium to high quality wool fabric using cochineal, stick lac, madder and other dyes, and shows the dyers to be skilled colourists. Other novel discoveries are instructions translated from Flemish or Old Dutch into English, a range of dyed patterns with broadcloth ‘lists’ (distinctive selvedges) and monogrammed dyeing calculations. Customer cash transactions were from 5s to £2,586. This research has resulted in UNESCO Memory of the World Programme recognition of the Crutchley Archive as significant documentary heritage for UK textile history.
Crutchley档案馆是一个罕见的图书收藏,里面有一千多条染色说明和五颜六色的染色图案,来自伦敦南华克一家18世纪的羊毛织物染色公司,由John Crutchley及其家人所有。我们通过文本研究、染色织物历史、染料分析和比色法对非常详细的染色材料和方法进行了研究,揭示了用胭脂虫、紫胶、茜草和其他染料对中高档羊毛织物进行“粒内”和“粒外”染色的前所未有的见解,并表明了染色师是熟练的染色师。其他新颖的发现包括从佛兰德语或古荷兰语翻译成英语的说明、一系列带有宽布“list”(独特的镶边)的染色图案和花押字的染色计算。客户现金交易从5英镑到2586英镑不等。这项研究使联合国教科文组织世界记忆计划承认Crutchley档案馆是英国纺织史上重要的文献遗产。
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引用次数: 2
Malcolm Smith, Hats: A Very UNnatural History 马尔科姆·史密斯,《帽子:一段非常不自然的历史》
IF 1 2区 社会学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/00404969.2020.1835252
C. Hughes
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引用次数: 0
Anne Grosfilley, African Wax Print Textiles Anne Grosfiley,非洲蜡染纺织品
IF 1 2区 社会学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/00404969.2020.1741217
Nicole Villarreal
make in this book is a methodological one. They aim to demonstrate the utility of what they term ‘object-attentive’ scholarship by examining extant objects alongside more ‘traditional’ written and pictorial sources. They do this very effectively, particularly in their analysis of the textiles, stitching, marking, mending and signs of wear found in and on surviving tie-on pockets, which provide information about the material features of and practices surrounding pockets not recorded elsewhere. The book is liberally illustrated in full colour, and the bibliography contains a list of the numerous pockets the authors studied in public collections, a practice that will hopefully become more widespread in future dress histories. In sum, The Pocket is an enlightening and engaging account of both the use of tie-on pockets and women’s material lives in the long eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and is to be highly commended.
这本书中的make是一个方法论的问题。他们的目的是通过与更“传统”的文字和图片来源一起研究现存的物体,来证明他们所称的“关注物体”的学术的效用。他们非常有效地做到了这一点,特别是在他们对在系带口袋中发现的纺织品、缝合、标记、修补和磨损迹象的分析中,这些信息提供了其他地方没有记录的关于口袋的材料特征和实践的信息。这本书有大量的全彩插图,参考书目中列出了作者在公共收藏中研究的众多口袋,这种做法有望在未来的着装史上更加广泛。总之,《口袋》是对十八世纪和十九世纪漫长时期领带口袋的使用和女性物质生活的启发性和引人入胜的描述,值得高度赞扬。
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引用次数: 0
‘Hand in Hand: The Artistic and Spiritual Life of Dame Werburg Welch’, William Allen Gallery, Ushaw College, Durham, UK, 6 April–29 June 2019 “手拉手:韦尔奇夫人的艺术与精神生活”,英国达勒姆Ushaw学院威廉·艾伦画廊,2019年4月6日至6月29日
IF 1 2区 社会学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/00404969.2020.1741274
Caroline Rendell
The celebrants stand as an assembled congregation in the William Allen Gallery, Ushaw College, facing silently towards you as you enter the exhibition and encouraging you to wander amongst them. Each figure is simply presented on a small raised plinth, each with an unobtrusive text panel. There are no barriers to impede your enjoyment of the textiles, the construction of the embroidery or the woven decoration. Each figure is dressed in an example of the designs of Dame Werburg Welch (1894–1990), skilfully worked by the hands of her fellow sisters of Stanbrook Abbey. Eighteen copes, chasubles and dalmatics are displayed. In the colours of the liturgy, they are adorned with striking orphreys and hoods. The designs are treated with restraint, blending images that are both powerful and tender. They do not overwhelm the vestments, nor would they have been a distraction to the congregation when they were in use. Instead, the messages they convey are reverential, and they are executed with radical simplicity. In 1915 Eileen Grace Welch entered the novitiate at Stanbrook Abbey, taking on the name ‘Werburg’ after the seventhcentury Anglo Saxon saint, and was given the honorary title of ‘Dame’ in line with Benedictine tradition. Art was her passion. Welch had studied art at Bournemouth and later Bristol art schools, where she excelled in life drawing. On entering Stanbrook Abbey she had expected to give up art in this contemplative and
在乌肖学院威廉艾伦画廊,庆祝者们聚集在一起,当你进入展览时,他们默默地面向你,鼓励你在他们中间漫步。每个人物都简单地呈现在一个小的凸起底座上,每个底座都有一个不显眼的文本面板。没有任何障碍会阻碍你享受纺织品、刺绣或编织装饰的乐趣。每个人物都穿着维尔堡-韦尔奇女爵士(1894-1990)的设计,由她在斯坦布鲁克修道院的姐妹们熟练地完成。显示了18个作用域、chasubbs和dalmatics。在礼拜仪式的颜色中,他们装饰着引人注目的孤儿院和兜帽。设计受到约束,融合了既有力又温柔的图像。它们不会压倒法衣,也不会在使用时分散会众的注意力。相反,他们传达的信息是虔诚的,而且执行起来非常简单。1915年,Eileen Grace Welch进入斯坦布鲁克修道院见习,以七世纪盎格鲁撒克逊圣人的名字命名为“Werburg”,并根据本笃会的传统被授予“Dame”的荣誉称号。艺术是她的爱好。韦尔奇曾在伯恩茅斯和后来的布里斯托尔艺术学校学习艺术,在那里她擅长生活绘画。一进入斯坦布鲁克修道院,她就期望放弃这种沉思和沉思的艺术
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引用次数: 0
‘La Vie en Rose’, Museo Del Traje, Madrid, Spain, 16 November 2018–19 May 2019 《玫瑰中的生命》,西服博物馆,马德里,西班牙,2018年11月16日至2019年5月19日
IF 1 2区 社会学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/00404969.2020.1741273
Jenny Gilbert
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引用次数: 0
期刊
TEXTILE HISTORY
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