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PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INTEREST IN LAW-MAKING: CRITERIA OF DIFFERENTIATION 立法中的公共利益和私人利益:区分标准
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2020.1.1.
E. Devitskii
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引用次数: 1
LEGAL BASIS OF THE NUREMBERG TRIAL: RULES AND SOURCES OF LAW 纽伦堡审判的法律基础:规则和法律渊源
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2020.4.1
М. А. Safonov
The article is devoted to the issue of procedural and substantive rules of law, on the basis of which the International Military Tribunal was created and conducted its work over the main functionaries of the Nazi regime in Germany. The author explains the legal foundations of the Nuremberg tribunal's activities from the point of view of the law sources (forms) doctrine, and indicates the main sources and their role in the process of preparing the legal framework for the trial of war criminals. The author studied the main normative agreements drawn up by the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition for the organization of the trial of the fascist regime functionaries in Germanу, and examined the acts relating to the establishment of a military tribunal and determining the order of its work. As a special source underlying the conviction, the generally recognized principles of law are highlighted: humanism, moderation of repression, respect for human rights, etc. The author concludes that the procedural side of the legal support for the activities of the Nuremberg Tribunal had a solid basis in the form of a number of normative treaties concluded by authorized representatives of the winning countries, and the charges were based on an extensive layer of legal rules, denounced in the form of international treaties and recognized by the world community principles of law. At the same time, a distinctive feature of the sources underlying the charges was the lack of unified and universally recognized sanctions, which marked an obvious gap in international law, filled by the granting broad powers to the international military tribunal on the nature of possible defendants punishment. According to the author`s opinion, the importance of the Nuremberg tribunal, as a precedent that marked the beginning of the formation of institutions for bringing war criminals to justice, lies in the creation of a mechanism for the application of international criminal law sanctions.
该条专门讨论程序和实质性法律规则的问题,国际军事法庭就是根据这些规则设立的,并对德国纳粹政权的主要官员进行审判。作者从法律渊源(形式)理论的角度阐述了纽伦堡法庭活动的法律基础,并指出了主要渊源及其在制定战犯审判法律框架过程中的作用。作者研究了反希特勒联盟各国为在德国组织审判法西斯政权工作人员而拟订的主要规范性协定,并审查了与设立军事法庭和确定其工作顺序有关的法案。作为这种信念的特殊来源,强调了普遍公认的法律原则:人道主义、适度镇压、尊重人权等。发件人的结论是,对纽伦堡法庭活动的法律支持的程序方面有坚实的基础,即获胜国授权代表缔结的若干规范性条约,而指控是根据广泛的法律规则,以国际条约的形式加以谴责,并得到国际社会法律原则的承认。与此同时,这些指控的来源的一个显著特点是缺乏统一和普遍承认的制裁,这标志着国际法的一个明显空白,填补这一空白的是给予国际军事法庭关于可能对被告的惩罚的性质的广泛权力。根据发件人的意见,纽伦堡法庭作为一个先例,标志着开始建立将战争罪犯绳之以法的机构,其重要性在于建立了适用国际刑法制裁的机制。
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引用次数: 0
Course of dealing as a non-normative regulator of civil relations 作为民事关系非规范性调节者的处理过程
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2019.2.3
A. Pakharukov
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引用次数: 0
Discrimination in Sport’s Sphere: Concept, Legal Nature and Methods of Counteraction 体育领域的歧视:概念、法律性质及应对方法
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2022.2.8.
A. Sergeeva
The authors of the article analyze current issues of how to qualify discrimination manifestations in relations to sports events. The authors distinguish two forms of the discrimination behavior; one of them represents the demeaning of dignity of the person on the ground of the person’s belonging to a certain social group. The second form relates to creating the restrictions to access to sports events participation based on the wrong interpretation of the equal opportunities of sportsmen. The first form of discrimination can be viewed as an actual component of extremism whereas the second one, being atypical, has complicated medical and legal nature that is not appropriately reflected in the legal norms of the sports legislation. Counteraction to the ordinary form of discrimination is feasible when one uses administrative and criminal legal instruments. The authors summarize significant volume of empirical material that shows the need for optimization of the law enforcement practice in this field. In the system of current law regulation of sports events, the priority is in imposing penalties on sports organizations if their members or participants of sports events allow manifestation of discrimination. People who are directly accountable for the discrimination manifestations rarely are found personally responsible for that which is not related at all to the character and degree of the social danger of discriminatory behavior.
本文作者分析了当前体育赛事中歧视表现如何限定的问题。作者区分了两种形式的歧视行为;其中一种是基于一个人属于某个社会群体而贬低他的尊严。第二种形式是基于对运动员平等机会的错误解释,对参与体育赛事的机会设置限制。第一种形式的歧视可被视为极端主义的实际组成部分,而第二种形式的歧视是非典型的,具有复杂的医学和法律性质,没有适当地反映在体育立法的法律规范中。当使用行政和刑事法律文书时,对普通形式的歧视的反击是可行的。作者总结了大量的经验材料,表明需要优化这一领域的执法实践。在现行的体育赛事法律规制体系中,如果体育组织的成员或参与者允许表现出歧视行为,首先要对其进行处罚。对歧视表现负有直接责任的人很少被发现对那些与歧视行为的性质和社会危险程度完全无关的行为负有个人责任。
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引用次数: 0
Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence Discussed in the Framework of the XIII International IT-forum. 在第十三届国际信息技术论坛框架下讨论人工智能的恶意使用。
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2022.2.12.
Darya Matyashova
Development of the new technologies in the sphere of artificial intelligence and expanding their application for our everyday life supposes large-scale social and political consequences on the national and global levels. The mentioned above consequences are reflected on cooperative interactions like mutual development of strategies on the level of interstate associations, creating ethical codes of artificial intelligence as well as taking into account destructive tendencies of application of artificial intelligence by terrorist organizations, extremists and conflicting states. It also can be applied for malpractice and social opinion manipulation from the side of transnational IT-corporations etc. The pace of development and spreading of artificial intelligence by users demand, besides comprehension of current trends, prognosis of its dynamics and content taking into account international political and economic challenges that modern society faces. The suggested review of the conference presents the results of the mentioned comprehension and prognosis that were announced by reputable experts in the area of political, legal and technical sciences in the frame of the conference on the basis of XIII International IT-Forum with BRICS and SCO participation.
人工智能领域新技术的发展及其在我们日常生活中的应用,在国家和全球层面上产生了大规模的社会和政治后果。上述后果反映在合作互动中,如在国家间协会层面上共同制定战略,制定人工智能的道德准则,以及考虑到恐怖组织,极端分子和冲突国家应用人工智能的破坏性倾向。它也适用于跨国信息技术公司的渎职行为和社会舆论操纵等。用户对人工智能的发展和传播速度的要求,除了对当前趋势的理解,对其动态和内容的预测,还要考虑到现代社会面临的国际政治和经济挑战。本次会议的审议建议是在金砖国家和上合组织参加的第十三届国际信息技术论坛的基础上,由政治、法律和技术领域的知名专家在会议框架内宣布的上述理解和预测结果。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in the Formation of the Taxpayer Integrity Concept 俄罗斯联邦宪法法院在纳税人诚信观念形成中的作用
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2021.2.8.
T. Afanasyeva
The article investigates the influence of the positions of the Constitution-al Court of the Russian Federation on the formation of the taxpayer integrity presumption in Russian law. The research is conducted in the context of the implementation and protection of taxpayers` rights. The lack of a uniform un-derstanding of the constitutional principal content determines the problems as-sociated with the legal assessment of the actions of taxpayers aimed at opti-mizing the tax burden. Taking into account the place of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in the political system of the country as the highest body of constitutional control, which approves the principles of legali-ty both in law-making and in law enforcement, it is concluded that the leading role in the formation of the taxpayer integrity concept belong to the Constitu-tional Court of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the analysis of the practical implementation of a number of provisions of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, their interpretation by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation showed a lack of consistency in its positions regarding the assessment of the legality (illegality) of tax benefits. The latter, in turn, has a negative impact on the law enforcement process in the field of taxation and makes us think about the mechanism for reviewing our positions by the Con-stitutional Court of the Russian Federation.
本文考察了俄罗斯联邦宪法法院的立场对俄罗斯法律中纳税人诚信推定形成的影响。本研究是在纳税人权利实施与保护的背景下进行的。缺乏对宪法主要内容的统一理解决定了对纳税人旨在优化税收负担的行为进行法律评估的相关问题。考虑到俄罗斯联邦宪法法院作为最高宪法监督机构在国家政治体系中的地位,它在立法和执法中都认可合法性原则,因此得出结论,纳税人诚信概念形成的主导作用属于俄罗斯联邦宪法法院。同时,对俄罗斯联邦税法若干条款的实际执行情况以及俄罗斯联邦宪法法院对这些条款的解释进行的分析表明,在评估税收优惠的合法性(非法性)方面,俄罗斯联邦宪法法院的立场缺乏一致性。后者反过来又对税收领域的执法过程产生消极影响,并使我们考虑由俄罗斯联邦宪法法院审查我们立场的机制。
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引用次数: 0
Powers of the Prosecutor in Preparing for Trial in the Legislation of Judicial Reform in the XIX and XX Centuries in Russia [ 十九、二十世纪俄罗斯司法改革立法中检察官准备审判的权力[j]
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2021.2.5.
E. Varpakhovskaya, V. Derevskova
The subject of the study is the powers of the prosecutor at the stage of preparation for trials, which occupies an intermediate position between the stage of a preliminary investigation and a trial. The authors analyze the legal norms contained in the Statute of Criminal Proceedings of 1864 and related to the powers of the prosecutor at the stage of a trial. It is concluded that the prosecutor had broad powers during the period under review, which was the result of the transition from the investigative to the adversarial form of the process, and the complex procedure of bringing the accused to a trial was aimed at preventing unjustified bringing of the person to a trial. It is indicated that such a decision of the legislator of the XIX century and the powers of the prosecutor at this stage were differently evaluated by contemporaries of the judicial reform of 1864, and are ambiguously evaluated at the present time. The analysis of the Soviet legislation (the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR of 1922, the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR of 1923 and Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR of 1960), the comparison of the approaches of the previous stage to understanding the role and powers of the prosecutor in the trial stage are carried out. The authors pay attention to the fact that the Soviet legislator retained both the stage itself and its name, but changed the powers in the direction of their reduction, and in comparison with the subsequent stage, the reduction in the powers of the prosecutor was not so significant. It is indicated that initially the Russian legislator, when formulating the provisions of the concept of judicial reform in 1991, sought to abandon the Soviet experience and return to the experience of the Russian Empire, but this did not happen. It is noted that the adopted Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation of 2001 and the subsequent changes in the criminal procedure legislation were aimed at changing not only the name and content of the stage under consideration, but also reducing the powers of the prosecutor, which are currently mainly implemented during the preliminary hearing.
本研究的主题是检察官在审判准备阶段的权力,这一阶段处于初步调查阶段和审判阶段之间的中间位置。作者分析了1864年《刑事诉讼规约》所载的与审判阶段检察官权力有关的法律规范。结论是,在本报告所述期间,检察官拥有广泛的权力,这是诉讼程序从调查形式过渡到对抗形式的结果,将被告送交审判的复杂程序旨在防止不合理地将该人送交审判。本文指出,十九世纪立法者的这一决定与这一阶段检察官的权力在1864年司法改革的同时代人的评价是不同的,而在今天的评价则是模糊的。通过对苏联立法(1922年苏联社会主义苏维埃社会主义共和国刑事诉讼法、1923年苏联社会主义苏维埃社会主义共和国刑事诉讼法和1960年苏联社会主义苏维埃社会主义共和国刑事诉讼法)的分析,比较了前一阶段理解检察官在审判阶段的作用和权力的途径。作者注意到,苏维埃立法委员既保留了阶段本身,也保留了阶段的名称,但改变了权力减少的方向,与后来的阶段相比,检察官权力的减少并不那么显著。有人指出,俄罗斯立法者最初在1991年制定司法改革概念的规定时,试图放弃苏联的经验,回到俄罗斯帝国的经验,但这并没有发生。值得注意的是,2001年通过的《俄罗斯联邦刑事诉讼法》以及随后对刑事诉讼法进行的修改,其目的不仅在于改变所审议阶段的名称和内容,而且还在于减少检察官的权力,这些权力目前主要在预审期间执行。
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引用次数: 0
CONCILIATION PROCEDURES IN THE CONCEPT OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION 俄罗斯联邦最高法院概念中的调解程序
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2019.1.2
T. Afanasieva, A. Chirov
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引用次数: 0
Party Acts` Role and Significance in the Prosecutor's Supervision Implementation in the USSR in the 1920s-1930s 20世纪20 - 30年代苏联检察监督实施中的党法作用与意义
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2021.3.13.
O. Galkin
The subject of the article is the theoretical concepts of the Soviet prosecutor's office regulatory controls and the historical and legal practice of its activities. The chronological framework of the study covers the period from the restoration of the prosecutor's office in 1922 to the completion of the main stage of the prosecutor's offices system reforming, which took place in the 1930s. Attention is focused on the problems of the Soviet prosecutor's office activities regulating by party acts. On the basis of modern historical and legal concepts, published archival documents and materials of the Soviet legal periodical press and scientific literature, the author studies the mechanisms of interaction between the Russian (later – All-Union) Communist Party and the prosecutor's office. The author raises the debatable issue of recognizing the status of the Soviet law source for party acts, and gives additional justifications of their legal nature based on the sources analysis covering the prosecutor's activity. The article analyzes both the practical aspects of the Soviet prosecutor's office work, and their theoretical understanding by contemporary authors. The author substantiates the importance of party acts in consolidating the organizational foundations of the Soviet prosecutor's office and the implementation of prosecutor's supervision, summarizes the range of issues of the prosecutor's office, which were reflected in the decisions taken by the party, confirming the status of the latter as a subject of law-making activity.
本文的主题是苏联检察机关规制控制的理论概念及其活动的历史和法律实践。这项研究的时间框架涵盖了从1922年恢复检察官办公室到20世纪30年代完成检察官办公室制度改革的主要阶段这一时期。对苏联检察机关受党法规制的问题进行了研究。本文以近代历史和法律观念为基础,以苏联法律期刊出版的档案文件和资料以及科学文献为基础,对俄罗斯共产党(后苏联)与检察机关的互动机制进行了研究。发件人提出了一个有争议的问题,即承认政党行为的苏联法律来源的地位,并根据涉及检察官活动的来源分析,对其法律性质提出了额外的理由。文章分析了苏联检察机关工作的实践方面,以及当代作者对苏联检察机关工作的理论认识。作者证实了党的行为在巩固苏联检察院的组织基础和实施检察官监督方面的重要性,总结了检察院的一系列问题,这些问题反映在党的决定中,确认了后者作为立法活动主体的地位。
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引用次数: 0
Corporate Regulation on the Plane of Political Regime: Theoretical and Legal Aspects 政治制度层面上的公司规制:理论与法律层面
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2021.3.1.
M. Tirskikh, G. Druzhinin, I. Siliveev
The article examines the problems of corporate regulation and political regime mutual influence, and describes the role and place of corporate regulation in the system of social and normative regulation. The corporate law structure is described as a set of corporate and legal norms from the point of view of narrow and broad approaches. Some features of corporate regulation in liberal, democratic, totalitarian and authoritarian regimes are analyzed. It is noted that a democratic political regime is characterized by a variety of corporate structures of a commercial and political nature, the predominance of the dispositive nature of the corporations’ activities legal regulation, and the admissibility of political and public corporations’ broad participation in government. The authors note that in a liberal political regime, there is a high degree of commercial corporations’ autonomy, while limiting the political and social corporations’ activities. The author reveals a variety of approaches to the manifestation of corporate regulation in authoritarian political regimes. It is described that in a totalitarian political regime, corporations actually become a part of the state mechanism, and corporate regulation is actually replaced by direct or delegated regulation of individual executive bodies. It is concluded that there is a connection between the nature of corporate regulation and the political regime of the respective state. It is established that the influence is mutual and stable and is determined both by the properties of certain types of political regimes and by the specifics of national systems of corporate regulation.
本文考察了公司规制与政治制度相互影响的问题,并阐述了公司规制在社会规制和规范规制体系中的作用和地位。公司法结构从狭义和广义的角度被描述为一套公司和法律规范。分析了自由主义、民主主义、极权主义和威权主义制度下公司监管的一些特征。值得注意的是,民主政治制度的特点是具有各种商业和政治性质的公司结构,公司活动的支配性质占主导地位,法律监管,以及允许政治和公共公司广泛参与政府。作者指出,在一个自由的政治制度下,商业公司具有高度的自治权,同时限制了政治和社会公司的活动。作者揭示了威权政体中公司管制表现的各种途径。在极权政治体制下,公司实际上成为国家机制的一部分,公司监管实际上被个别执行机构的直接或委托监管所取代。得出的结论是,公司监管的性质与各自国家的政治制度之间存在联系。可以确定的是,这种影响是相互的和稳定的,是由某些类型的政治制度的性质和国家公司监管制度的具体情况决定的。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Prologue: Law Journal
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