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SOCIAL SPHERE MANAGEMENT THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE SYSTEM APPROACH 社会领域管理通过棱镜的系统方法
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2019.1.6
N. Keshikova
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引用次数: 0
The Role of Judicial Auto Technical Examination in the Investigation of Fraud in the Auto Insurance Sphere 汽车司法技术审查在汽车保险诈骗侦查中的作用
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2022.3.8.
S. I. Usachev
Modern market of auto insurance is rather imperfect and has numerous ways of gaining financial benefit illegally. That is the reason why fraud in the field of auto insurance is a very common crime in this field. Methods of investigating, solving and preventing of fraud in the field of auto insurance has been connected to the use of special knowledge for a long time because this aspect is indisputable help in the forming of evidence base. Practice shows that the most common procedural form of the implementation of special knowledge is the appointment and production of various examinations and studies. This circumstance is justified because forensic examination helps gain enough reliable evidence needed for investigating and solving crimes. Forensic examination is the main form of applying special knowledge in fraud investigating in the field of auto insurance. The article analyses forensic auto technical examination, its peculiarities and applications while investigating frauds in the field of auto insurance. The article characterizes main tasks and objects of investigation; it also describes the cases when one needs to attract specialists from different fields of operation and maintenance of motor vehicles.
现代车险市场相当不完善,非法获取经济利益的途径众多。这就是为什么汽车保险领域的欺诈是该领域非常常见的犯罪。长期以来,车险领域欺诈行为的调查、解决和预防方法都与专业知识的运用有关,因为这方面无疑有助于形成证据基础。实践表明,专业知识实施最常见的程序形式是各种考试和学习的委派和产生。这种情况是合理的,因为法医检查有助于获得调查和解决犯罪所需的足够可靠的证据。司法鉴定是车险诈骗侦查中运用专业知识的主要形式。本文分析了汽车司法技术检验的特点及其在汽车保险领域欺诈调查中的应用。文章明确了研究的主要任务和对象;它还描述了需要吸引来自不同领域的机动车辆操作和维护专家的情况。
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引用次数: 0
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LEGAL REGULATION OF «NEW» PUBLIC EASEMENTS AND THE RULES ON INTRODUCING DATA ON THEIR BOUNDARIES IN THE UNIFIED STATE REGISTER “新”公共地役权的法律规定与在统一的国家登记册中引入边界数据的规则之间的关系
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2020.1.4.
A.P. Yshakova
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引用次数: 0
Waiver of real rights to immovable property: problems of interpretation and law enforcement 不动产物权放弃:解释与执法问题
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2019.3.4
L. Vasilevskaya, S. Suslova
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引用次数: 0
Institutional Ensuring Anti-Corruption Measures: Problem Statement 确保反腐败措施的制度:问题陈述
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2021.2.10.
A. Moskovtsev
According to the position taken by the author of the article, the main condition for achieving systematic and effective measures to combat corruption is to bring them to the level of specific social systems (state power, education, health, science, culture, etc.). Although the problem of corruption is of national and even global importance, but the prevalence of general measures among anti-corruption practices is an obvious source of formalization, companionship and inefficiency. This position is linked in the article with the provision that a corruption is not a separate social system. At its core, a corruption of social institutions is a violation of their normal functioning and the production of results that are not suitable for society, including economic and social ones. The normality of the institutional functions implementation involves maintaining the necessary correspondence between the elements or institutions that make up the institution. They are divided into formal and informal institutions that have legal significance and do not have one. According to the author, it is due to the lack of the necessary correspondence between institutions in the institutional structure of specific social systems that the latter begin to systematically produce mass violations of formal norms, including corruption, to which the state and society respond first of all. At the same time, even more large-scale violations of norms that capture the micro-level of society remain in the shadows. In conclusion, the article highlights the main problem in the institutional ensuring anti-corruption. If formal norms are largely subjected to administrative influence, then the informal institutional space of the social system is formed culturally and historically and mainly by the forces of the public. Therefore, without the productive interaction of the state and society, which are the main forces that form the institutional structure, neither the necessary systemic institutional support in combating corruption, nor the desired and resulting consistency in this counteraction, is achievable.
根据文章作者的立场,实现系统和有效的反腐败措施的主要条件是将其纳入特定社会制度(国家权力、教育、卫生、科学、文化等)的层面。尽管腐败问题具有国家乃至全球的重要性,但在反腐败实践中普遍采用的一般措施显然是形式化、陪伴性和低效率的根源。这一立场在文章中与腐败不是一个单独的社会制度的规定联系在一起。从本质上讲,社会机构的腐败是对其正常运作的侵犯,是对不适合社会,包括经济和社会的结果的产生。机构职能执行的常态性涉及维持构成机构的要素或机构之间的必要对应关系。它们分为有法律意义和没有法律意义的正式制度和非正式制度。作者认为,正是由于特定社会制度的制度结构中各制度之间缺乏必要的对应关系,后者才开始有系统地产生大规模违反正式规范的行为,包括腐败,而国家和社会首先对此作出反应。与此同时,更大规模的违反社会微观层面规范的行为仍处于阴影之中。最后,文章强调了反腐制度保障中的主要问题。如果正式规范在很大程度上受到行政的影响,那么社会系统的非正式制度空间则是在文化和历史上形成的,主要是由公众的力量形成的。因此,没有构成制度结构的主要力量——国家和社会之间富有成效的相互作用,既无法在打击腐败中获得必要的系统性制度支持,也无法在这种对抗中实现预期的一致性。
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引用次数: 1
Features of Development of the Extreme Necessity Institution in Criminal Law of Russia 俄罗斯刑法极端必要制度的发展特点
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2021.1.9.
B. B. Zhigzhitova
The article considers the process of formation and development of the extreme necessity institution in the system of domestic legislation. The author analyzes the conditions determining the introduction of circumstances that exclude the criminality of an act into the structure of Russian criminal law, and studies the paradigms of extreme necessity modernization, scientific views on its legal nature, their influence on the isolation of circumstances that exclude the criminality of an act in the mechanism of regulating public relations. The article summarizes the theoretical judgments about the nature of the extreme necessity institution, the legally significant properties and features specific to extreme necessity in different historical periods, as well as its inherent conceptual and terminological apparatus. The author systematizes the grounds for limiting extreme necessity from related institutions of criminal law, which justifies its place in the system of circumstances that exclude the criminality of an act, and investigates the mechanism of legal regulation of extreme necessity conditions legality, as well as the consequences of its limits violation. The article presents unified rules for the assessment and ratio of the harm caused in the state of extremity. The problems of legal regulation of extreme necessity at the present stage of its development are identified, and ways to eliminate some shortcomings are proposed. In conclusion the author actualizes the need to create a mechanism for assessing the extreme necessity acts legality, and identifies other promising areas of research activity in the field of extreme necessity legal regulation.
本文考察了国内法制度中极端必要制度的形成与发展过程。分析了俄罗斯刑法结构中排除行为犯罪情节的条件,研究了极端必要现代化的范式、科学的法律性质观及其对公共关系调节机制中排除行为犯罪情节隔离的影响。本文总结了不同历史时期关于极端必要性制度性质的理论判断、极端必要性所特有的具有法律意义的性质和特征,以及其固有的概念和术语工具。笔者从刑法相关制度上梳理了极端必要限制的依据,论证了其在排除行为犯罪的情节体系中的地位,探讨了极端必要条件合法性的法律规制机制及其违反极限的后果。本文提出了在极限状态下所造成损害的评定和比例的统一规则。指出了我国现阶段急需法律规制存在的问题,并提出了消除其不足的途径。最后,作者提出了建立一种评估极端必要行为合法性的机制的必要性,并指出了极端必要法律规制领域的其他有前景的研究领域。
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引用次数: 0
Denazification and the Following Development of Criminal Procedure Law in Western and Eastern Germany Between 1945 and 1990 1945 - 1990年间西德和东德去纳粹化与刑事诉讼法的后续发展
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2022.3.1.
А.I. Zazulin
The process of development of German criminal procedure law in the period from the moment of the end of the World War II (1945) until the moment of unification of Germany (1990) is analyzed within the frameworks of this article. The mentioned time frame is highly important for studying the history of the criminal proceeding of foreign countries because, firstly, its essential feature is denazification of the legislature and, secondly, the existence of two different variants of criminal procedure law (that of the Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic. However, there are almost no researches of this period in our scientific literature. The author of the article, using German scientific sources, discloses the ways of how German criminal procedure law got rid of the legacy of the national socialism. The author also reviews and compares the changes that happened in the researched area of law in the period of «existence of the two Germanys». As a result of this analysis the author concludes that denazification of the criminal procedure law in Germany was executed by one common way from 1945 until 1949. Further social and political controversies that led to the forming of East and West Germany resulted in different development of this field in these two countries while the common frequency of the reforms was the same in both countries. Where West Germany chose the way of reforming the original criminal procedure law of 1879, East Germany designed a new criminal procedure law. Further development of the procedure in East Germany was connected to liberalization and the struggle with left radicalism and victimization. Meanwhile West Germany chose the acceptance of the Soviet procedure model forgetting many traditional institutions intrinsic to Germany legal proceeding. Based on these findings, the author distinguishes between stages of development of German criminal proceedings in the researched period. The author also suggests to divide it into periods.
本文在此框架内分析了德国刑事诉讼法从二战结束(1945年)到德国统一(1990年)这一时期的发展历程。上述时间框架对于研究外国刑事诉讼史具有重要意义,因为首先,其本质特征是立法机关的去纳粹化;其次,存在两种不同的刑事诉讼法变体(德意志联邦共和国和德意志民主共和国的刑事诉讼法)。然而,在我国的科学文献中,几乎没有对这一时期的研究。本文运用德国的科学资料,揭示了德国刑事诉讼法摆脱国家社会主义遗产的途径。作者还对“两个德国并存”时期法学研究领域发生的变化进行了回顾和比较。根据这一分析,作者得出结论,德国刑事诉讼法的去纳粹化在1945年至1949年间以一种共同的方式执行。进一步的社会和政治争议导致了东德和西德的形成,导致了这两个国家在这一领域的不同发展,而两国改革的共同频率是相同的。西德选择了对1879年原刑事诉讼法进行改革的道路,而东德则设计了新的刑事诉讼法。该程序在东德的进一步发展与自由化和与左翼激进主义和受害的斗争有关。与此同时,西德选择了接受苏联程序模式,却忘记了德国法律程序所固有的许多传统制度。在此基础上,笔者对研究期间德国刑事诉讼的发展阶段进行了区分。作者还建议将其划分为几个时期。
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引用次数: 0
PARTICIPATION OF ANATOLY FEDOROVICH KONI IN THE FORMATION OF THE EMPIRE CRIMINAL LAW POLICY IN 1906–1917 1906-1917年阿纳托利·费奥多罗维奇·科尼对帝国刑法政策形成的参与
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2022.1.2.
A. Kodintsev, D. Rybin
As an active participant of special commissions on the development of criminal laws of the Empire, Anatoly Fedorovich Koni, nevertheless, in the last quarter of the XIX century, practically did not touch upon the issues of the criminal law theory (the exception was the work of the young lawyer in 1866). The practical experience gained by the famous senator allowed him to move into the sphere of theoretical jurisprudence. Being a member of the State Council Kony took an active part in the development of the state criminal policy and at the beginning of the 20th century, he did not only write the works on the criminal law theory, but also stated his objectives of the contemporary criminal policy. A.F. Koni subjected outdated norms in the field of criminal law to harsh criticism, noted their ineffectiveness and often – meaninglessness. His criticism of the outdated norms influenced the procedure of their abolition in the early twentieth century – at the time of the adoption and enactment of the new Criminal Code of the Empire. The criminal and legal views of Anatoly Fedorovich Koni during the specified period were not the subject of special study by scientists, since only a small part of his works on criminal law was published. Using archival materials and little-known publications, we consider the contribution of A.F. Koni to the development of criminal law and criminal law policy of the Russian state in the period between the two revolutions.
然而,作为帝国刑法发展特别委员会的积极参与者,阿纳托利·费多罗维奇·科尼在19世纪最后25年几乎没有触及刑法理论的问题(例外是这位年轻律师在1866年的工作)。这位著名的元老院议员所获得的实践经验使他得以进入理论法学领域。作为国务院委员,孔尼积极参与国家刑事政策的发展,在20世纪初,他不仅撰写了有关刑法理论的著作,而且提出了他对当代刑事政策的目标。A.F. Koni对刑法领域的过时规范进行了严厉的批评,指出它们无效而且往往毫无意义。他对过时的规范的批评影响了20世纪初废除这些规范的程序——当时新的帝国刑法被采纳和颁布。阿纳托利·费多罗维奇·科尼在特定时期的刑事和法律观点并不是科学家们专门研究的对象,因为他关于刑法的著作只有一小部分发表。利用档案材料和鲜为人知的出版物,我们考虑A.F.柯尼在两次革命之间的时期对俄罗斯国家刑法和刑法政策发展的贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Postmortem Combined Psychological and Psychiatric Forensic Expertise in Cases of Juvenile Suicide 青少年自杀案件的死后综合心理学和精神病学法医鉴定
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2020.4.7
A. Bychkova, O. P. Vorsina
The subject of the research is the postmortem combined psychological and psychiatric forensic expertise in cases of juvenile suicide. The authors reveal the legal basis for conducting examinations of this type; the content of complexity signs; the specifics of the subject of forensic psychological, forensic psychiatric and combined forensic psychological and psychiatric expert examinations. They point out that the expertise under consideration is a necessary stage of investigation of criminal cases on a number of articles of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation, and the quality of the examination is directly related to truth-seeking and that this statement fully applies to criminal cases on the facts of juvenile suicide. In order to study the practice of setting and carrying out the expertise of this type in cases of juvenile suicide, the authors studied 30 acts of postmortem examinations obtained by random sampling. The article presents the analysis of typical questions that were put to the experts, and the recommendations on the optimal formulation of these questions in order to fully identify the circumstances that are important for the cases. The authors note that the situation is unsatisfactory when the complexity of the postmortem forensic psychological and psychiatric expertise, in fact, is replaced by a set of two examinations: psychological and psychiatric.
该研究的主题是青少年自杀案件的尸检结合心理学和精神病学法医专业知识。作者揭示了进行这类审查的法律依据;复杂性标志的内容;具体的科目有法医心理学、法医精神病学和法医心理与精神病学相结合的专家鉴定。他们指出,正在审议的专门知识是调查关于俄罗斯联邦《刑法》若干条款的刑事案件的必要阶段,审查的质量直接关系到寻求真相,这种说法完全适用于关于少年自杀事实的刑事案件。为了研究此类鉴定在青少年自杀案件中的设置与实施,作者对随机抽样获得的30例尸检行为进行了研究。本文介绍了向专家提出的典型问题的分析,以及关于这些问题的最佳提法的建议,以便充分确定对案件重要的情况。提交人指出,当复杂的法医心理和精神病学专业知识实际上被一套两种检查所取代时,情况就不令人满意了:心理和精神检查。
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引用次数: 0
Managerial Functions and the Concept of an Official as a Corruption Crime Subject 管理职能与官员作为腐败犯罪主体的概念
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2021.1.8.
R. A. Sorochkin
The subject of the research within the framework of the article is the criminal and legal characteristics of the managerial functions of an official as a corruption crime subject. The author presents the main doctrinal positions on this issue that were formed in the post-soviet historical period in the Russian criminal law science; defends the thesis that the managerial functions of an official as a corruption crime subject have common features dictated by the unity of their content; such a uniform managerial function is mandatory, including the activities of legal entities that protect the interests of public authorities, and therefore it has a public significance and practical prevalence, which means that the relations for its implementation require criminal protection. The article formulates the general features of managerial functions of officials as corruption crimes subjects and the classification of such functions, which has criminal legal significance. Based on the theses and arguments concerning the content of the managerial functions under study, the author proposes a new theoretical concept of an official as a corruption crime subject, which, according to the author`s opinion, more accurately reflects the social relations that require criminal-legal protection from corruption at the current historical stage of Russia's development.
在本文框架内研究的主题是官员作为腐败犯罪主体的管理职能的刑事和法律特征。作者介绍了后苏联历史时期俄罗斯刑法学在这一问题上形成的主要理论立场;论证了官员作为腐败犯罪主体的管理职能具有内容统一性所决定的共性特征;这种统一的管理职能是强制性的,包括保护公共权力机构利益的法律实体的活动,因此它具有公共意义和现实普遍性,这意味着其实施的关系需要刑事保护。本文阐述了官员作为腐败犯罪主体的管理职能的一般特征及其分类,具有刑事法律意义。笔者在对所研究的管理职能内容进行论述的基础上,提出了官员作为腐败犯罪主体的新的理论概念,笔者认为这一概念更准确地反映了俄罗斯当前发展历史阶段需要对腐败进行刑事法律保护的社会关系。
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引用次数: 0
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Prologue: Law Journal
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