Pub Date : 1998-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10588339891334221
I. Phillips
The primary objectives of this study were to determine (1) the exchange characteristics of various soil amendments using a range of salt solutions, (2) the effect of selected soil amendments on heavy metal (Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+) availability, and (3) the effect of selected soil amendments on NH4 + and P availability. The CEC of zeolite and red mud obtained using solutions of 0.1 M BaCl2 and 0.1 M BaCl2/NH4Cl were significantly lower than values obtained using 1 M KCl and 1 M NH4Cl. The higher CEC obtained with monovalent cations indicated that larger divalent cations could not enter the mineralogical framework of zeolite and red mud, and, consequently, a number of exchange sites were only accessible to the smaller monovalent cations. These findings suggest that 1 M KCl and 1 M NH4NO3 should be used as the extracting solutions to obtain the best estimation of CEC and ECEC of red mud and zeolite. The ability of red mud, zeolite, and calcium phosphate (Ca-P), mixed at rates of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% (w/w), to ...
本研究的主要目的是确定(1)使用一系列盐溶液的各种土壤改良剂的交换特性，(2)选定的土壤改良剂对重金属(Cu2+， Pb2+和Zn2+)有效性的影响，以及(3)选定的土壤改良剂对NH4 +和P有效性的影响。使用0.1 M BaCl2和0.1 M BaCl2/NH4Cl溶液得到的沸石和赤泥的CEC显著低于使用1 M KCl和1 M NH4Cl得到的值。一价阳离子获得的较高CEC表明，较大的二价阳离子不能进入沸石和赤泥的矿物框架，因此，一些交换位点只有较小的一价阳离子才能进入。以上结果表明，选用1 M KCl和1 M NH4NO3作为萃取溶液可获得赤泥和沸石的CEC和ECEC的最佳估计。赤泥、沸石和磷酸钙(Ca-P)以0%、5%、10%和20% (w/w)的比例混合，对…
{"title":"Use of Soil Amendments to Reduce Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Heavy Metal Availability","authors":"I. Phillips","doi":"10.1080/10588339891334221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339891334221","url":null,"abstract":"The primary objectives of this study were to determine (1) the exchange characteristics of various soil amendments using a range of salt solutions, (2) the effect of selected soil amendments on heavy metal (Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+) availability, and (3) the effect of selected soil amendments on NH4 + and P availability. The CEC of zeolite and red mud obtained using solutions of 0.1 M BaCl2 and 0.1 M BaCl2/NH4Cl were significantly lower than values obtained using 1 M KCl and 1 M NH4Cl. The higher CEC obtained with monovalent cations indicated that larger divalent cations could not enter the mineralogical framework of zeolite and red mud, and, consequently, a number of exchange sites were only accessible to the smaller monovalent cations. These findings suggest that 1 M KCl and 1 M NH4NO3 should be used as the extracting solutions to obtain the best estimation of CEC and ECEC of red mud and zeolite. The ability of red mud, zeolite, and calcium phosphate (Ca-P), mixed at rates of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% (w/w), to ...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"1067 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115037053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10588339891334212
R. Rikers, P. Rem, W. Dalmijn, A. Honders
In recent years forecasting soil cleaning efficiencies of polluted soil, especially those contaminated with heavy metals, has become an important issue. Failure of the methods to predict the right efficiency has resulted in financial losses and penalties. This article describes an addition to the traditional characterization methods for soils contaminated by heavy metals, improving the quality of the basic decisions to be made. The method is based on magnetic separation using a Frantz Isodynamic Separator (FIS) for this study. The FIS isolates soil particles containing heavy metals so that these particles, which are relevant for soil cleaning, can be studied in more detail. Four contaminated soils were tested, for example, soils that were a problem for the soil-cleaning industry. The experiments indicate that each soil has its own magnetic properties that should be regarded as a fingerprint. Density measurements of two soils show that densities approach the quartz density separated at moderate and high ma...
{"title":"Characterization of Heavy Metals in Soil by High Gradient Magnetic Separation","authors":"R. Rikers, P. Rem, W. Dalmijn, A. Honders","doi":"10.1080/10588339891334212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339891334212","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years forecasting soil cleaning efficiencies of polluted soil, especially those contaminated with heavy metals, has become an important issue. Failure of the methods to predict the right efficiency has resulted in financial losses and penalties. This article describes an addition to the traditional characterization methods for soils contaminated by heavy metals, improving the quality of the basic decisions to be made. The method is based on magnetic separation using a Frantz Isodynamic Separator (FIS) for this study. The FIS isolates soil particles containing heavy metals so that these particles, which are relevant for soil cleaning, can be studied in more detail. Four contaminated soils were tested, for example, soils that were a problem for the soil-cleaning industry. The experiments indicate that each soil has its own magnetic properties that should be regarded as a fingerprint. Density measurements of two soils show that densities approach the quartz density separated at moderate and high ma...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133550329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10588339891334258
F. Goderya
This article reviews the widely scattered information on spatial variability of field-scale properties. It mainly addresses the variations in properties that influence nitrate accumulation and movement resulting from the agricultural activities in the root zone. The drive for this research comes from the perception and evidence of widespread contamination arising from production agriculture. The information is useful in the spatial management of soil for prevention of non-point source groundwater contamination from production practices. The review includes most of the static soil properties, one water transport property, some soil fertility variables, and crop yield. It examines various investigations and parameters identifying the magnitude of variability, and spatial correlation values for a given property are provided in a tabular form. Various sources of spatial variability, as well as methods of evaluating soil variability, are also discussed. For static soil properties, the range of coefficient of v...
{"title":"Field Scale Variations in Soil Properties for Spatially Variable Control: A Review","authors":"F. Goderya","doi":"10.1080/10588339891334258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339891334258","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews the widely scattered information on spatial variability of field-scale properties. It mainly addresses the variations in properties that influence nitrate accumulation and movement resulting from the agricultural activities in the root zone. The drive for this research comes from the perception and evidence of widespread contamination arising from production agriculture. The information is useful in the spatial management of soil for prevention of non-point source groundwater contamination from production practices. The review includes most of the static soil properties, one water transport property, some soil fertility variables, and crop yield. It examines various investigations and parameters identifying the magnitude of variability, and spatial correlation values for a given property are provided in a tabular form. Various sources of spatial variability, as well as methods of evaluating soil variability, are also discussed. For static soil properties, the range of coefficient of v...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116553630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10588339891334230
M. Tumeo, Amanda Cote
A research team at the University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environment Research Center conducted a series of column experiments to investigate the effect of flush water temperature and type (salt vs. fresh) on shoreline cleaning agent (SCA) efficiency. Results confirmed that the use of SCAs can enhance oil removal from porous media but showed that at the colder temperatures common in Alaska the efficiency of shoreline cleaners is significantly reduced. Using salt water also tends to decrease the efficiency of flushing. The data also show that the majority of the removal attributable to the shoreline cleaning agent occurs within the first one to three pore volume flushes. After that time, the effectiveness of the flushing procedure drops off to that of pure water for all three SCAs tested.
{"title":"Effect of Flush Water Temperature and Type on Commercial Shoreline Cleaning Agent Efficiency","authors":"M. Tumeo, Amanda Cote","doi":"10.1080/10588339891334230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339891334230","url":null,"abstract":"A research team at the University of Alaska Fairbanks Water and Environment Research Center conducted a series of column experiments to investigate the effect of flush water temperature and type (salt vs. fresh) on shoreline cleaning agent (SCA) efficiency. Results confirmed that the use of SCAs can enhance oil removal from porous media but showed that at the colder temperatures common in Alaska the efficiency of shoreline cleaners is significantly reduced. Using salt water also tends to decrease the efficiency of flushing. The data also show that the majority of the removal attributable to the shoreline cleaning agent occurs within the first one to three pore volume flushes. After that time, the effectiveness of the flushing procedure drops off to that of pure water for all three SCAs tested.","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"190 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122101952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-09-01DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383582
J. Odermatt
{"title":"Simulations of intrinsic biodegradation using a non‐linear modification of first‐order reaction kinetics","authors":"J. Odermatt","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383582","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126262703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-09-01DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383585
Chih Huang, J. V. Benschoten, Tara C. Healy, M. E. Ryan
In this Investigation, four surfactants were examined in a laboratory study that included testing for naphthalene solubilization capacity, suriactant sorption to soil, and treat‐ability for a sandy soil artificially contaminated with lead and naphthalene. Of interest was an examination of surfactant performance characteristics under the acidic conditions that may be required for metal removal. Although pH is recognized as a critical factor in metal sorption to soils, it did not significantly impact the solubilization ability of any of the surfactants for naphthalene. The sorption of nonionic surfactants to the soil was not affected by pH, while sorption of anionic surfactants increased as the pH decreased. Although nonionic surfactants showed better solubility enhancement for naphthalene than anionic surfactants, the latter may enhance lead desorption from the soil, presumably due to interactions between the anionic head groups of the surfactant and the Pb2+ ion. A mass balance model was used to interpret...
{"title":"Feasibility study of surfactant use for remediation of organic and metal contaminated soils","authors":"Chih Huang, J. V. Benschoten, Tara C. Healy, M. E. Ryan","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383585","url":null,"abstract":"In this Investigation, four surfactants were examined in a laboratory study that included testing for naphthalene solubilization capacity, suriactant sorption to soil, and treat‐ability for a sandy soil artificially contaminated with lead and naphthalene. Of interest was an examination of surfactant performance characteristics under the acidic conditions that may be required for metal removal. Although pH is recognized as a critical factor in metal sorption to soils, it did not significantly impact the solubilization ability of any of the surfactants for naphthalene. The sorption of nonionic surfactants to the soil was not affected by pH, while sorption of anionic surfactants increased as the pH decreased. Although nonionic surfactants showed better solubility enhancement for naphthalene than anionic surfactants, the latter may enhance lead desorption from the soil, presumably due to interactions between the anionic head groups of the surfactant and the Pb2+ ion. A mass balance model was used to interpret...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132095255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-07-01DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383571
T. L. Liikala, J. C. Evans
Soil gas surveys were employed to help determine the nature and extent of contamination resulting from the past operation of source area ST58, the Old Quartermaster Service Station, at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska. Two Intrusive methods were used for comparison, active conventional gas extraction and the passive Petrex method. Results were comparable, with gasoline identified as the main subsurface contaminant In both surveys. Close spatial correlation was also achieved among screening instruments and laboratory analyses. Contaminant concentrations corresponded very well with unsealed blueprints showing the locations of the above‐ground storage tanks and associated piping, subsequent test pit soil samples, and excavation results. The contamination probably occurred as a result of surface spills and leaks from discontinuities and/or breaks in the underground piping. A finer grid was employed in the Petrex method survey and produced better‐resolved contours. The use of conventional gas extraction provided...
{"title":"Comparison of Two Soil Gas Methods Used during a Field Investigation","authors":"T. L. Liikala, J. C. Evans","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383571","url":null,"abstract":"Soil gas surveys were employed to help determine the nature and extent of contamination resulting from the past operation of source area ST58, the Old Quartermaster Service Station, at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska. Two Intrusive methods were used for comparison, active conventional gas extraction and the passive Petrex method. Results were comparable, with gasoline identified as the main subsurface contaminant In both surveys. Close spatial correlation was also achieved among screening instruments and laboratory analyses. Contaminant concentrations corresponded very well with unsealed blueprints showing the locations of the above‐ground storage tanks and associated piping, subsequent test pit soil samples, and excavation results. The contamination probably occurred as a result of surface spills and leaks from discontinuities and/or breaks in the underground piping. A finer grid was employed in the Petrex method survey and produced better‐resolved contours. The use of conventional gas extraction provided...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125471203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-05-17DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383574
K. Reddy, Usha S. Parupudi
This article presents the results of a research study that investigated the use of the in situ electrokinetic process for removing chromium, nickel, and cadmium from contaminated clays. For this study, electrokinetic experiments were conducted on two types of clays: kaolin, a commercial‐grade soil consisting mainly of kaolinite clay mineral, and glacial till, a field derived clay that possesses a complex mineralogical composition. Two sets of experiments were performed. The first set of experiments consisted of clays contaminated with both chromium in its hexavalent form, Cr(VI), and nickel, Ni(II). Each of these contaminants was in a concentration of 500 mg/kg. The second set of experiments consisted of clays contaminated with Cr(VI), Ni(II), and cadmium, Cd(II), In concentrations of 500 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 250 mg/kg, respectively. These specific contaminants and contaminant concentration levels were selected to simulate typical electroplating waste conditions. In each test, the contaminated clay was s...
{"title":"Removal of chromium, nickel and cadmium from clays by in‐situ electrokinetic remediation","authors":"K. Reddy, Usha S. Parupudi","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383574","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the results of a research study that investigated the use of the in situ electrokinetic process for removing chromium, nickel, and cadmium from contaminated clays. For this study, electrokinetic experiments were conducted on two types of clays: kaolin, a commercial‐grade soil consisting mainly of kaolinite clay mineral, and glacial till, a field derived clay that possesses a complex mineralogical composition. Two sets of experiments were performed. The first set of experiments consisted of clays contaminated with both chromium in its hexavalent form, Cr(VI), and nickel, Ni(II). Each of these contaminants was in a concentration of 500 mg/kg. The second set of experiments consisted of clays contaminated with Cr(VI), Ni(II), and cadmium, Cd(II), In concentrations of 500 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 250 mg/kg, respectively. These specific contaminants and contaminant concentration levels were selected to simulate typical electroplating waste conditions. In each test, the contaminated clay was s...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"49 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128835765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-05-01DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383564
B. Church
This article describes some of the dose assessment issues that should be considered when planning and executing a soil remedial activity. What is the proper dose scenario/ model? What are the appropriate cleanup criteria? How is the data gathered and analyzed (both before and after) cleanup? By describing the features and aspects of how these issues and others were considered or not considered in planning for the remedial action underway at Maralinga, Australia (former site of the Nuclear Weapons Testing Program of the United Kingdom) when compared with historical international experience of this type, the author attempts to illustrate that it is almost nonsensical to preselect a single soil value for Pu in soil (for national or international use), particulariy when expressed as a soil concentration (pCi/g or bq/g). This is especially so when the problem is Pu on the surface or near the surface of the soil. This is the situation common at nuclear test sites where “one point safe tests” were conducted. At ...
{"title":"Dose assessment considerations for remedial action on plutonium‐contaminated soil","authors":"B. Church","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383564","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes some of the dose assessment issues that should be considered when planning and executing a soil remedial activity. What is the proper dose scenario/ model? What are the appropriate cleanup criteria? How is the data gathered and analyzed (both before and after) cleanup? By describing the features and aspects of how these issues and others were considered or not considered in planning for the remedial action underway at Maralinga, Australia (former site of the Nuclear Weapons Testing Program of the United Kingdom) when compared with historical international experience of this type, the author attempts to illustrate that it is almost nonsensical to preselect a single soil value for Pu in soil (for national or international use), particulariy when expressed as a soil concentration (pCi/g or bq/g). This is especially so when the problem is Pu on the surface or near the surface of the soil. This is the situation common at nuclear test sites where “one point safe tests” were conducted. At ...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125865155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-05-01DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383560
D. Errampalli, J. Trevors, Hung Lee, K. Leung, M. Cassidy, Kyle L. Knoke, T. Marwood, K. W. Shaw, M. Blears, E. Chung
In this opinion paper, we offer our perspective on our bioremediation research along with the methods to assess its effectiveness as a safe and beneficial technology to remediate selected soil sites. The isolation and characterization of bacterial isolates from chemically contaminated soils, their survival and catabolic activity in contaminated soil, toxicity testing in chemically contaminated soils, molecular‐based methods of detection such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA probing are discussed. By using numerous conventional microbiological, chemical techniques, and molecular based methods, bioremediation can be studied in a comprehensive manner and the technology transferred to the commercial sector.
{"title":"Bioremediation: A perspective","authors":"D. Errampalli, J. Trevors, Hung Lee, K. Leung, M. Cassidy, Kyle L. Knoke, T. Marwood, K. W. Shaw, M. Blears, E. Chung","doi":"10.1080/15320389709383560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383560","url":null,"abstract":"In this opinion paper, we offer our perspective on our bioremediation research along with the methods to assess its effectiveness as a safe and beneficial technology to remediate selected soil sites. The isolation and characterization of bacterial isolates from chemically contaminated soils, their survival and catabolic activity in contaminated soil, toxicity testing in chemically contaminated soils, molecular‐based methods of detection such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA probing are discussed. By using numerous conventional microbiological, chemical techniques, and molecular based methods, bioremediation can be studied in a comprehensive manner and the technology transferred to the commercial sector.","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132757713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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