Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10588339891334546
J. Ghaemghami, R. Baker, S. Simkins
Mixtures of toluene, ethylbenzene, and the xylenes spiked with 14C-labeled toluene or m-xylene were added to bench-scale bioventing simulation columns filled with hydrocarbon-contaminated subsurface soils. After 2 to 4 weeks of incubation during which air was pumped through the column at rates of at least 2 ml·min−1·kg−1 between 54 and 84% of the radiolabel was recovered in traps as outgassed parent compound from four columns sterilized with gamma-irradiation. In contrast, seven nonsterilized but otherwise identically treated (except for inorganic nitrogen addition) columns lost less than 0.4% (and one column lost 0.7%) of the radiolabel through outgassing of the parent compound. Nonsterilized columns lost 40 to 61% of the radiolabel as 14CO2, whereas gamma-irradiated columns usually lost only trace amounts of 14C in this form. Biologically active columns also retained much larger fractions than sterilized columns of the radiolabel in the subsoil in forms, possibly microbial biomass, from which it could b...
{"title":"Outgassing Losses of Toluene and m-Xylene Evaluated by 14C-Based Mass Balances for Laboratory Bioventing Simulations","authors":"J. Ghaemghami, R. Baker, S. Simkins","doi":"10.1080/10588339891334546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339891334546","url":null,"abstract":"Mixtures of toluene, ethylbenzene, and the xylenes spiked with 14C-labeled toluene or m-xylene were added to bench-scale bioventing simulation columns filled with hydrocarbon-contaminated subsurface soils. After 2 to 4 weeks of incubation during which air was pumped through the column at rates of at least 2 ml·min−1·kg−1 between 54 and 84% of the radiolabel was recovered in traps as outgassed parent compound from four columns sterilized with gamma-irradiation. In contrast, seven nonsterilized but otherwise identically treated (except for inorganic nitrogen addition) columns lost less than 0.4% (and one column lost 0.7%) of the radiolabel through outgassing of the parent compound. Nonsterilized columns lost 40 to 61% of the radiolabel as 14CO2, whereas gamma-irradiated columns usually lost only trace amounts of 14C in this form. Biologically active columns also retained much larger fractions than sterilized columns of the radiolabel in the subsoil in forms, possibly microbial biomass, from which it could b...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116291017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10588339891334582
O. Schoefs, L. Deschênes, R. Samson
The objectives of the study were to first characterize a new covering system that allows the temperature inside the biopiles to be maintained at a level where biodeg-radation can take place despite unfavorable climatic conditions, and then second to develop a mathematical simulation of the biopile temperature profile knowing local meteorological conditions and the covering system used. A field study was undertaken with four 60 m3 biopiles of contaminated soil. The performance of conventional semipermeable black geotextile was compared with that of two sealed double polyethylene membrane systems (a white/white and a black/translucid polyethylene membrane). Heat transfer was favored or restricted by choosing the color of the polyethylene membranes and by the presence of an insulating air layer between the two polyethylene membranes. Results showed that the air layer allowed to increase soil temperature up to a range that could enhance biodegradation. For example, the biopile temperature was maintained above...
{"title":"Efficiency of a New Covering System for the Environmental Control of Biopiles Used for the Treatment of Contaminated Soils","authors":"O. Schoefs, L. Deschênes, R. Samson","doi":"10.1080/10588339891334582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339891334582","url":null,"abstract":"The objectives of the study were to first characterize a new covering system that allows the temperature inside the biopiles to be maintained at a level where biodeg-radation can take place despite unfavorable climatic conditions, and then second to develop a mathematical simulation of the biopile temperature profile knowing local meteorological conditions and the covering system used. A field study was undertaken with four 60 m3 biopiles of contaminated soil. The performance of conventional semipermeable black geotextile was compared with that of two sealed double polyethylene membrane systems (a white/white and a black/translucid polyethylene membrane). Heat transfer was favored or restricted by choosing the color of the polyethylene membranes and by the presence of an insulating air layer between the two polyethylene membranes. Results showed that the air layer allowed to increase soil temperature up to a range that could enhance biodegradation. For example, the biopile temperature was maintained above...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115501865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10588339891334573
J. Kissel, J. Shirai, K. Y. Richter, R. Fenske
A series of laboratory, greenhouse, and field experiments have been conducted at the University of Washington to improve the empirical grounding of dermal/soil pathway risk calculations. This article presents results from controlled trials, conducted in a greenhouse, in which volunteers engaged in activities in soil amended with a fluorescent marker. Activities included transplanting of bedding plants and laying of pipe by adults and children's play. Soil contact on hands, forearms, lower legs, and faces was examined using both fluoro-metric and gravimetric measurements. Results provide information on pre- and postactivity loadings, the extent of contact associated with the selected activities, and the effects of clothing, activity duration, and soil moisture. Preactivity loadings were consistent with previously reported observations. Following activity, skin coverage was found to be substantially incomplete except on hands. Local soil loadings may therefore deviate markedly from mean values obtained by w...
{"title":"Investigation of Dermal Contact with Soil in Controlled Trials","authors":"J. Kissel, J. Shirai, K. Y. Richter, R. Fenske","doi":"10.1080/10588339891334573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339891334573","url":null,"abstract":"A series of laboratory, greenhouse, and field experiments have been conducted at the University of Washington to improve the empirical grounding of dermal/soil pathway risk calculations. This article presents results from controlled trials, conducted in a greenhouse, in which volunteers engaged in activities in soil amended with a fluorescent marker. Activities included transplanting of bedding plants and laying of pipe by adults and children's play. Soil contact on hands, forearms, lower legs, and faces was examined using both fluoro-metric and gravimetric measurements. Results provide information on pre- and postactivity loadings, the extent of contact associated with the selected activities, and the effects of clothing, activity duration, and soil moisture. Preactivity loadings were consistent with previously reported observations. Following activity, skin coverage was found to be substantially incomplete except on hands. Local soil loadings may therefore deviate markedly from mean values obtained by w...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134227881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10588339891334591
James L. Brown, J. Syslo, Yi-hua Lin, S. Getty, R. Vemuri, R. Nadeau
A bench-scale investigation was conducted prior to on-site bioremediation of 52,000 cubic yards of contaminated soil containing weathered, structurally complex petroleum compounds from an inactive oil refinery. Addition of bulking agents was required to improve soil physical properties. A supplemental study was also conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of bio-enhancement products. Loss of n-alkanes was rapid in soil mixtures containing a high nitrogen sludge compost, but very slow in mixtures containing wood products as bulking agents. By completion of the study at day 110, the isoprenoids pristane and phytane had nearly disappeared from mixtures containing sludge compost. Clearly, pristane and phytane are inadequate biomarkers when conditions favor an advanced stage of biodegradation. Nearly half the complex branched and cyclic alkanes in the unresolved complex mixture also degraded. After 70 days, depletion of dibenzo-thiophenes and phenan-threnes was 75 and 90%, respectively. The most stable PAHs wi...
{"title":"On-Site Treatment of Contaminated Soils: An Approach to Bioremediation of Weathered Petroleum Compounds","authors":"James L. Brown, J. Syslo, Yi-hua Lin, S. Getty, R. Vemuri, R. Nadeau","doi":"10.1080/10588339891334591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339891334591","url":null,"abstract":"A bench-scale investigation was conducted prior to on-site bioremediation of 52,000 cubic yards of contaminated soil containing weathered, structurally complex petroleum compounds from an inactive oil refinery. Addition of bulking agents was required to improve soil physical properties. A supplemental study was also conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of bio-enhancement products. Loss of n-alkanes was rapid in soil mixtures containing a high nitrogen sludge compost, but very slow in mixtures containing wood products as bulking agents. By completion of the study at day 110, the isoprenoids pristane and phytane had nearly disappeared from mixtures containing sludge compost. Clearly, pristane and phytane are inadequate biomarkers when conditions favor an advanced stage of biodegradation. Nearly half the complex branched and cyclic alkanes in the unresolved complex mixture also degraded. After 70 days, depletion of dibenzo-thiophenes and phenan-threnes was 75 and 90%, respectively. The most stable PAHs wi...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132977674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10588339891334555
G. Napolitano, J. E. Richmond, A. J. Stewart
Petroleum hydrocarbons from 20 soils from refineries or other industrial sites were extracted with a mixture of chloroform and methanol (1:1, v/v), and the extracts were analyzed by thin layer chromatography with flame ionization detection (TLC/FID). The TLC/FID procedure has been used widely in biological and medical research but generally has been underutilized in environmental chemistry. The analysis method involved spotting a small volume of sample extract (typically 1 to 3 µl) on ten silica-coated quartz rods, and chromatographically separating constituents in the spots using solvent systems of increasing polarities (hexane, toluene, and dichloromethane + methanol). We achieved complete separation of saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, resins, and asphaltenes from the hydrocarbon-contaminated soils with this method. Analysis of the separated constituents by TLC/FID also allowed quantification of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons without interference from soil biogenic lipids. A simplifie...
{"title":"Characterization of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils by Thin-Layer Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection","authors":"G. Napolitano, J. E. Richmond, A. J. Stewart","doi":"10.1080/10588339891334555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339891334555","url":null,"abstract":"Petroleum hydrocarbons from 20 soils from refineries or other industrial sites were extracted with a mixture of chloroform and methanol (1:1, v/v), and the extracts were analyzed by thin layer chromatography with flame ionization detection (TLC/FID). The TLC/FID procedure has been used widely in biological and medical research but generally has been underutilized in environmental chemistry. The analysis method involved spotting a small volume of sample extract (typically 1 to 3 µl) on ten silica-coated quartz rods, and chromatographically separating constituents in the spots using solvent systems of increasing polarities (hexane, toluene, and dichloromethane + methanol). We achieved complete separation of saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, resins, and asphaltenes from the hydrocarbon-contaminated soils with this method. Analysis of the separated constituents by TLC/FID also allowed quantification of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons without interference from soil biogenic lipids. A simplifie...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116974805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10588339891334537
M. S. berg, R. Loehr, M. Webster
This article presents a qualitative evaluation of the extent to which the bioavailability (release) of a chemical is related to the biodegradation of hydrocarbons in a field bioremediation unit. The objectives of this research were to (1) quantify the rate of release of petroleum hydrocarbons from two soils that were bioremediated, (2) explore hydrocarbon release as a process affecting bioremediation; and (3) investigate the impact of bioremediation on chemical release in the two soils. An experimental protocol was used to quantify the rate of release of these hydrocarbons from two soils that had been bioremediated in a field-scale prepared bed land treatment unit. One soil showed little change in hydrocarbon concentration during 55 weeks of prepared bed bioremediation. The field study results indicated that, prior to the bioremediation, this soil had reached an environmentally acceptable endpoint. The second soil showed considerable hydrocarbon loss as a result of the bioremediation. The rate of hydrocar...
{"title":"Release Of Petroleum Hydrocarbons From Bioremediated Soils","authors":"M. S. berg, R. Loehr, M. Webster","doi":"10.1080/10588339891334537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339891334537","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a qualitative evaluation of the extent to which the bioavailability (release) of a chemical is related to the biodegradation of hydrocarbons in a field bioremediation unit. The objectives of this research were to (1) quantify the rate of release of petroleum hydrocarbons from two soils that were bioremediated, (2) explore hydrocarbon release as a process affecting bioremediation; and (3) investigate the impact of bioremediation on chemical release in the two soils. An experimental protocol was used to quantify the rate of release of these hydrocarbons from two soils that had been bioremediated in a field-scale prepared bed land treatment unit. One soil showed little change in hydrocarbon concentration during 55 weeks of prepared bed bioremediation. The field study results indicated that, prior to the bioremediation, this soil had reached an environmentally acceptable endpoint. The second soil showed considerable hydrocarbon loss as a result of the bioremediation. The rate of hydrocar...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116795547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-11-01DOI: 10.1080/10588339891334609
W. Kuhn, R. Gambino, N. Al‐Awadhi, M. T. Balba, J. Dragun
This laboratory study measured growth of one plant species, Lycopersicon esculentum Big Girl (tomato), that is sensitive to the presence of soil contamination, in Kuwait soil amended with crude-oil-contaminated soil. Germinated tomato seeds were placed in containers with soil containing 0, 0.12, 0.24, 0.36, 0.48, 0.60, 1.2, and 2.4% crude oil and were grown in an indoor growth chamber. Plants grew in Kuwait soil containing up to 0.36% crude oil; however, growth and fruit production were compromised at crude oil concentrations greater than 0.12% when compared with control plants. Plants did not grow in Kuwait soil amended with 0.48% crude oil or higher.
本实验室研究测量了一种对土壤污染敏感的植物Lycopersicon esculentum Big Girl(番茄)在科威特用原油污染土壤改良的土壤中的生长情况。将发芽后的番茄种子置于含0、0.12、0.24、0.36、0.48、0.60、1.2和2.4%原油的容器中，在室内生长室中生长。科威特含油量高达0.36%的土壤中生长的植物;但与对照植株相比，原油浓度大于0.12%时，其生长和果实产量受到影响。科威特土壤中掺入0.48%或更高的原油后，植物无法生长。
{"title":"Growth of Tomato Plants in Soil Contaminated with Kuwait Crude Oil","authors":"W. Kuhn, R. Gambino, N. Al‐Awadhi, M. T. Balba, J. Dragun","doi":"10.1080/10588339891334609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339891334609","url":null,"abstract":"This laboratory study measured growth of one plant species, Lycopersicon esculentum Big Girl (tomato), that is sensitive to the presence of soil contamination, in Kuwait soil amended with crude-oil-contaminated soil. Germinated tomato seeds were placed in containers with soil containing 0, 0.12, 0.24, 0.36, 0.48, 0.60, 1.2, and 2.4% crude oil and were grown in an indoor growth chamber. Plants grew in Kuwait soil containing up to 0.36% crude oil; however, growth and fruit production were compromised at crude oil concentrations greater than 0.12% when compared with control plants. Plants did not grow in Kuwait soil amended with 0.48% crude oil or higher.","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131354608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-09-01DOI: 10.1080/10588339891334456
Chun-Chiao Chou, Victor Ososkov, Lei Zhang, P. Somasundaran
Removal of a nonvolatile paraffin oil from spiked soils using column flotation with countercurrent bubbles was explored at both ambient and elevated temperatures. Up to 80% of the contaminant was separated from the coarse fraction (250 to 800 µm) by flotation at 45°C using aqueous solutions of anionic and nonionic surfactants or alkali salt as collectors. With the 75 to 800 µm fraction, removal efficiencies of up to 65% was achieved. Sodium dodecyl-sulfate and Triton 100X at 50 ppm concentrations as well as sodium carbonate at pH 10 were found to yield similar removal efficiencies. Same surfactants were tested in soil washing experiments at similar and higher dosages. Removal efficiency by flotation was higher than those obtained by soil washing in all cases. In addition, as high surfactant dosage are not used in flotation, unlike in the case of soil washing, the problem of formation of stable emulsions was absent. Experiments with soil polluted by hydrocarbons from a contaminated site demonstrated the fe...
{"title":"Removal of Nonvolatile Hydrophobic Compounds from Artificially and Naturally Contaminated Soils by Column Flotation","authors":"Chun-Chiao Chou, Victor Ososkov, Lei Zhang, P. Somasundaran","doi":"10.1080/10588339891334456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339891334456","url":null,"abstract":"Removal of a nonvolatile paraffin oil from spiked soils using column flotation with countercurrent bubbles was explored at both ambient and elevated temperatures. Up to 80% of the contaminant was separated from the coarse fraction (250 to 800 µm) by flotation at 45°C using aqueous solutions of anionic and nonionic surfactants or alkali salt as collectors. With the 75 to 800 µm fraction, removal efficiencies of up to 65% was achieved. Sodium dodecyl-sulfate and Triton 100X at 50 ppm concentrations as well as sodium carbonate at pH 10 were found to yield similar removal efficiencies. Same surfactants were tested in soil washing experiments at similar and higher dosages. Removal efficiency by flotation was higher than those obtained by soil washing in all cases. In addition, as high surfactant dosage are not used in flotation, unlike in the case of soil washing, the problem of formation of stable emulsions was absent. Experiments with soil polluted by hydrocarbons from a contaminated site demonstrated the fe...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129445703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-09-01DOI: 10.1080/10588339891334447
A. Badora, G. Furrer, A. Grünwald, R. Schulin
We investigated the suitability of two aluminum-based binding agents, polynuclear Al13 and Al-coated montmorillonite (Al-mont-morillonite), for the immobilization of heavy metals in two contaminated agricultural soils: a loamy luvisol from an arable site in Rafz, Canton Zurich, Switzerland, and a sandy podsol from Szopienice, Upper Silesia, Poland. Both soils were polluted by lead, zinc, and cadmium: the soil from Szopienice by the emissions of a nearby zinc-lead smelter, and the soil from Rafz by sewage sludge applications. While the samples from Szopienice exhibited extremely high loads of these metals, the samples from Rafz were only moderately contaminated. The samples from both soils were slightly acidic. The Rafz soil contained 2.5% organic matter, that from Szopienice only 1.5%. Destruction of the organic matter in the Szopienice samples by H2O2 led to a significant release of Zn and Cd into solution. This indicated that organic matter is an important factor for the immobilization of heavy metals i...
{"title":"Immobilization of Zinc and Cadmium in Polluted Soils by Polynuclear Al13 and Al-Montmorillonite","authors":"A. Badora, G. Furrer, A. Grünwald, R. Schulin","doi":"10.1080/10588339891334447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339891334447","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the suitability of two aluminum-based binding agents, polynuclear Al13 and Al-coated montmorillonite (Al-mont-morillonite), for the immobilization of heavy metals in two contaminated agricultural soils: a loamy luvisol from an arable site in Rafz, Canton Zurich, Switzerland, and a sandy podsol from Szopienice, Upper Silesia, Poland. Both soils were polluted by lead, zinc, and cadmium: the soil from Szopienice by the emissions of a nearby zinc-lead smelter, and the soil from Rafz by sewage sludge applications. While the samples from Szopienice exhibited extremely high loads of these metals, the samples from Rafz were only moderately contaminated. The samples from both soils were slightly acidic. The Rafz soil contained 2.5% organic matter, that from Szopienice only 1.5%. Destruction of the organic matter in the Szopienice samples by H2O2 led to a significant release of Zn and Cd into solution. This indicated that organic matter is an important factor for the immobilization of heavy metals i...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128945863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-09-01DOI: 10.1080/10588339891334465
H. Stockman
The solubility of plutonium was estimated for waste buried at the Greater Confinement Disposal site in Nevada. The EQ3/6 thermochemical database was modified to include recent data on Pu complex formation, and the solubilities of two critical phases (probertite (CaNaB5O9·5H2O), added as a backfill material; and Ca sac-charate) were determined by experiment. Reaction path runs were used to model effects of cellulose degradation, including complexation of actinides by organic acids and carbonate, decay of the complexing agents, and the buildup and diffusive loss of CO2 through the permeable alluvium. For most waste interaction scenarios, long-term (≈103 years) concentrations of Pu in pore waters are ≤10−7 molal and are dominated by carbonate complexes, although organic complexes could dominate in the first ≈103 years. In unusual circumstances, carbonation of buried lithium could produce very high Pu solubilities; however, even in such a system, a slight lowering of the effective redox potential dramatically...
{"title":"Long-Term Modeling of Plutonium Solubility at a Desert Disposal Site, Including CO2 Diffusion, Cellulose Decay, and Chelation","authors":"H. Stockman","doi":"10.1080/10588339891334465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339891334465","url":null,"abstract":"The solubility of plutonium was estimated for waste buried at the Greater Confinement Disposal site in Nevada. The EQ3/6 thermochemical database was modified to include recent data on Pu complex formation, and the solubilities of two critical phases (probertite (CaNaB5O9·5H2O), added as a backfill material; and Ca sac-charate) were determined by experiment. Reaction path runs were used to model effects of cellulose degradation, including complexation of actinides by organic acids and carbonate, decay of the complexing agents, and the buildup and diffusive loss of CO2 through the permeable alluvium. For most waste interaction scenarios, long-term (≈103 years) concentrations of Pu in pore waters are ≤10−7 molal and are dominated by carbonate complexes, although organic complexes could dominate in the first ≈103 years. In unusual circumstances, carbonation of buried lithium could produce very high Pu solubilities; however, even in such a system, a slight lowering of the effective redox potential dramatically...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"27 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116637621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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