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Science Management: Theory and Practice最新文献

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Efficacy of Project-program Management Tools at the Science 科学项目-计划管理工具的有效性
Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2023.5.2.17
V. Tambovtsev
The presented analysis of scientific research planning practices, as well as international experience in covering projects and programs of the entire state administration, leads to the conclusion that in science, project-program methods can be efficient and cost-effective only for a limited range of tasks. These methods should be combined with exploratory, non-project research necessary to identify and compare work options that can lead to one or another significant practical results. Without such a combination, the range of practical problems solved by project-program methods can be significantly reduced after a certain period of neglect of exploratory research.
本文对科研规划实践的分析,以及涵盖整个国家行政部门的项目和计划的国际经验,得出的结论是,在科学领域,项目-计划方法只能在有限的任务范围内有效和具有成本效益。这些方法应与必要的探索性、非项目研究相结合,以确定和比较可能导致一个或另一个重大实际结果的工作选择。如果没有这样的结合,在一段时间内忽视探索性研究后,项目-计划方法解决的实际问题的范围可能会大大缩小。
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引用次数: 0
Mobilization Model of Science Management: Pro et Contra 科学管理的动员模式:赞成与反对
Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2023.5.2.10
A. Fonotov
The conditions, prospects and consequences of using the mobilization management model (hereinafter MM) in science are considered. It is shown that the problem of mobilization arises when politics invades the economy in order to force it to switch to achieving goals that are beyond the current and prospective economic environment.To this end, the economic mechanisms that regulate economic activity are replaced by a system of priorities for the concentration of quality resources in the areas of their own reproduction, ensuring the highest possible growth rates of quality resources over a certain period. The change in the direction of resource flows is carried out by discriminating against non-priority industries, giving rise to technological imbalance and qualitative heterogeneity of the production apparatus. The gap between the priority sphere and the rest of the economy under conditions of mobilization can only grow, leading in time to its disorganization.The situation of mobilization creates extremely disastrous conditions for scientific and innovative activity. Within the framework of the administrative-command system, the scientific ethos is destroyed, and the scientist turns from a researcher and creator into an official-manager for access and interpretation of new knowledge, functionally merging with the state bureaucracy.The logic of events arising from the use of the mobilization management model leads to destructive and disorganizing results. Its limited application is possible only within the framework of individual projects, an indispensable condition for the implementation of which is the existence of an independent system of regulation and control and a strict time frame for its work.
对动员管理模式(以下简称MM)在科学领域应用的条件、前景和后果进行了分析。研究表明,当政治介入经济以迫使经济转向实现超出当前和未来经济环境的目标时,就会出现动员问题。为此目的,调节经济活动的经济机制被一种优先制度所取代,以便把优质资源集中在其自身再生产的领域,确保优质资源在一定时期内尽可能高的增长率。资源流动方向的改变是通过歧视非优先工业来实现的,造成了生产设备的技术不平衡和质量异质性。在动员条件下,优先领域和其他经济领域之间的差距只会扩大,最终导致其解体。动员的情况为科学和创新活动创造了极其灾难性的条件。在行政命令系统的框架内,科学精神被摧毁,科学家从研究者和创造者变成了获取和解释新知识的官方管理者,在功能上与国家官僚机构合并。使用动员管理模式产生的事件逻辑导致破坏性和混乱的结果。它的有限应用只能在个别项目的框架内进行,执行这些项目的一个必不可少的条件是存在一个独立的管制制度和严格的工作时限。
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引用次数: 1
Project and Process Approaches in Science. Overview of Large Scientific and Technical Projects 科学中的项目和过程方法。大型科技项目概述
Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2023.5.2.3
I. Ganieva, G. Martynuk, G. Shepelev
The analysis of the management of large scientific and technical projects is carried out. The nuclear and space projects of the USSR, the nuclear project of the USA (Manhattan project), international and Russian megascience projects, federal scientific and technical programs (FNTP) and complex scientific and technical programs and projects (KNTP) are considered. The issues of problem formulation (substantiation of the relevance of the work), allocation of resources for projects, project implementation management are analyzed. From the examples considered, megaprojects include projects that were implemented in the USSR and the USA, some international projects of the mega-science class, and individual KNTP projects. Russian mega science projects, and most of the KNP from the point of view of management should be attributed to the class of large rather than megaprojects. It is shown that federal targeted programs, federal scientific and technical programs are rather not project-based, but process-based (they represent a set of small-scale projects that are not aimed at a common practical result), therefore they should be considered in the appropriate management logic.
对大型科技项目的管理进行了分析。苏联的核和空间项目,美国的核项目(曼哈顿计划),国际和俄罗斯的大科学项目,联邦科学技术计划(FNTP)和复杂的科学技术计划和项目(KNTP)被考虑在内。分析了问题的制定(工作相关性的具体化)、项目资源的分配、项目实施管理等问题。从所考虑的例子来看,大型项目包括在苏联和美国实施的项目,一些大型科学类的国际项目以及单个KNTP项目。从管理的角度来看,俄罗斯的大型科学项目和KNP的大部分应该归功于大型项目,而不是大型项目。研究表明,联邦目标计划、联邦科学和技术计划不是基于项目的,而是基于过程的(它们代表了一组小规模的项目,不以共同的实际结果为目标),因此应该在适当的管理逻辑中考虑它们。
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引用次数: 1
Russian Scientific Journals in the Structure of Research Process Assessments 研究过程评价结构中的俄罗斯科学期刊
Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2023.5.2.5
V. Tsvetkova, Yuliya Mokhnacheva
Approaches to the formation of a system of priority of scientific journals in the processes of certification of scientific personnel in Russia are considered. The features of a number of proposed lists of scientific journals are considered: the List of the Higher Attestation Commission, the White List, RSCI Journals, etc. and regulation of their use in the preparation of candidate and doctoral scientific papers. Attention is drawn to the division of journals in the HAC List into categories, while the K3 category is not counted when evaluating publications in the process of defending works, which creates difficulties when working with the proposed form of the of the HAC List. The target function of the White List in the volume of more than 30 thousand journal titles has not been determined. It is noted that monographs are not counted as scientific works in the defense processes, which negatively affects communication processes and the preservation of knowledge. It is noted that the proposed approaches need to be improved.
探讨了在俄罗斯科学人员认证过程中形成科学期刊优先制度的途径。考虑了一些拟议的科学期刊列表的特点:高等认证委员会列表、白名单、RSCI期刊等,以及在准备候选人和博士科学论文时使用它们的规定。值得注意的是,在评审评审作品的过程中,在评审出版物时不计算K3类别的期刊,这在处理拟议的HAC目录格式时造成了困难。在3万余种期刊中,白名单的目标函数尚未确定。值得注意的是,在辩护过程中,专著不被视为科学著作,这对交流过程和知识的保存产生了负面影响。委员会指出,拟议的办法需要加以改进。
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引用次数: 1
Personnel Problems in Domestic Science 家政科学中的人事问题
Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2023.5.2.2
V. Klistorin
The paper discusses the problems of scientific activity effectiveness, especially the quality of scientific personnel training, formation and maintenance of creative climate in research teams, and certification of scientific workers. The majority of the works devoted to the problems of domestic science development discuss the problems of low demand for the results of research and publication activity at the international level, aging of research teams and the problem of youth flow-in into science, material and financial support of scientific research, the structure of research and its compliance with the most demanded areas of knowledge and much more. Much less attention in the scientific literature is paid to the problem of the use of human capital in science, and usually the conclusions are reduced to the problem of insufficient funding of fundamental research. The article discusses the process of training of highly qualified researchers, argues that a special role in this is played by on-the-job training, justifies the need to create conditions for the flow of scientific personnel and extensive informal cooperation of scientists. It is shown from the standpoint of the theory of human capital and special interest groups that such mechanisms to a certain extent ensure the effectiveness of scientific research. Some decisions of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation regarding the stimulation of scientific research productivity are considered. It is shown that the approaches of the Ministry in this area are reduced to the orientation of scientists to achieve formal quantitative indicators, which ultimately leads to a decrease in the quality of R&D. Moreover, the focus on quantitative indicators leads to individualization of research work, reduction of incentives for creative communication and scientific criticism. Another problem is the formation of scientific nomenclature and the growing isolation of domestic science from the world. The tightening of criteria and the increasing complexity of scientific certification procedures on the basis of the same quantitative approaches and growing centralization in decision-making lead rather to the opposite result – the quality of researchers and the effectiveness of their work are declining. The general conclusion is that the domestic science needs actual decentralization both in the choice of research topics and in the personnel policy.
本文从科研人员培养质量、科研团队创新氛围的形成与保持、科研工作者资格认证等方面探讨了科研活动有效性问题。大部分关于国内科学发展问题的著作讨论了国际上对研究成果和出版活动的低需求问题、研究团队的老龄化问题和青年流入科学领域的问题、科学研究的物质和财政支持问题、研究结构及其对最需要的知识领域的遵从性问题等等。在科学文献中,对人力资本在科学中的使用问题的关注要少得多,并且通常将结论归结为基础研究资金不足的问题。这篇文章讨论了培养高素质科研人员的过程,认为在职培训在这一过程中发挥了特殊的作用,证明有必要为科学人员的流动和科学家之间广泛的非正式合作创造条件。从人力资本和特殊利益集团理论的角度来看,这种机制在一定程度上保证了科学研究的有效性。审议了俄罗斯联邦教育和科学部关于促进科研生产力的一些决定。研究表明,科技部在这一领域的做法被简化为以科学家为导向,以实现正式的量化指标,最终导致研发质量下降。此外,对量化指标的关注导致了研究工作的个性化,减少了对创造性交流和科学批评的激励。另一个问题是科学术语的形成和国内科学与世界的日益隔绝。在同样的数量方法的基础上,标准的收紧和科学证明程序的日益复杂以及决策的日益集中导致了相反的结果- -研究人员的质量及其工作的效力正在下降。总的结论是,无论是在研究课题的选择上,还是在人事政策上,国内科学都需要真正的分权。
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引用次数: 0
Science in the Legal Dimension. Review of the Book “Efficiency of Scientific Activity: Criteria for Legal Assessment” 法律维度的科学。《科学活动的效率:法律评价的标准》一书述评
Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2023.5.2.21
A. Kirillovykh
The article reviews the book of “Efficiency of scientific activity: criteria for legal assessment” (ed. by N.V.Putilo), published by The Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation. The book reveals the legal status of the subjects of scientific activity – a scientific organization and a scientist – in the field of research activities. The book also summarizes and systematizes the accumulated experience of regulating scientific activity in educational and scientific organizations in Russia. Considerable attention is paid to our own developed criteria (parameters) for evaluating the effectiveness of research work. The issues of scientific ethics considered by the authors as one of the key elements of scientific work are of great importance; components of new trends regarding the determination of the contribution of a scientist and a scientific organization to scientific and technological development.
本文回顾了俄罗斯联邦政府立法和比较法研究所出版的《科学活动的效率:法律评估的标准》一书(N.V.Putilo主编)。这本书揭示了科学活动的主体——科学组织和科学家——在研究活动领域中的法律地位。本书还总结和系统化了在俄罗斯教育和科学组织中规范科学活动的积累经验。相当重视我们自己制定的标准(参数)来评估研究工作的有效性。作者认为科学伦理问题是科学工作的关键要素之一,具有重要意义;关于确定科学家和科学组织对科学技术发展的贡献的新趋势的组成部分。
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引用次数: 0
Mobilised, Isolated and Hybrid Forms of Scientific Activity 动员、孤立和混合形式的科学活动
Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2023.5.2.11
S. Egerev
The paper discusses different versions of the definition of mobilised, isolated and hybrid scientific activity. The paper traces the evolution of mobilization projects during the Soviet epoch. The case of Gordon Research Conferences as an instrument of intensification of scientific exchanges in the isolated format is considered. Examples of contemporary successful and unsuccessful mobilization projects are presented. The success of a project depends on a correct estimation of necessary resources, on the degree of concentration of research potential, as well as on the task formulation. Re-engineering, integration and adaptation of existing solutions are preferred as feasible tasks for mobilization projects.
本文讨论了动员型、孤立型和混合型科学活动的不同定义。本文追溯了苏联时期动员项目的演变。本文考虑了戈登研究会议作为一种孤立形式的加强科学交流的工具的情况。介绍了当代成功和不成功的动员项目的例子。项目的成功取决于对必要资源的正确估计,取决于研究潜力的集中程度,以及取决于任务的拟订。重新设计、整合和调整现有的解决办法是动员项目的可行任务。
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引用次数: 0
Relevance and Problems of the Procedure of Interdisciplinary Scientific Seminars 跨学科科学研讨会程序的相关性和问题
Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2023.5.2.8
I. Ivanov, Elena Churina
Conducting interdisciplinary scientific seminars in the context of a continuous process of differentiation and integration of sciences, an increasing volume of scientific information requires new approaches to their organization. Traditional methods of holding scientific seminars limit the cumulative intellectual potential of the participants and leave the discussion unfinished in the discussion of the stated topics. The structure of scientific seminars, built on the basis of the dominance of the position of the speaker over the listeners, initially predetermines their unequal status as subjects of discussion. With an increase in the number of seminar participants, the management of an expert social discussion is reduced to form and regulations, which leads to communication barriers, in fact, endowing the majority of listeners with the status of “subjectlessness”. The authors of the article propose to look for other approaches to the management of interdisciplinary scientific seminars, based on the use of a polylogue procedure and the professional identification of each participant as an equal subject of communication. Management of the course of an expert social discussion in the format of a seminar in the identification and professional self-identification of participants is possible with the use of polylogue technologies of “multi-subject” interaction, including the use of process digitalization tools. In the “new abnormal reality”, the crisis of modern Russian science actualizes the development of new methodological tools and information and communication approaches for organizing expert and social discussion in the format of an interdisciplinary scientific seminar.
在科学不断分化和整合的过程中举办跨学科的科学研讨会,越来越多的科学信息需要新的组织方法。举办科学研讨会的传统方法限制了参与者的智力潜力的积累,并且在讨论既定主题时留下了未完成的讨论。科学研讨会的结构是建立在演讲者对听众的支配地位的基础上的,这从一开始就预先决定了他们作为讨论主题的不平等地位。随着参与人数的增加,专家社会讨论的管理被简化为形式和规则,这导致了交流障碍,实际上赋予了大多数听众“无主体”的地位。这篇文章的作者建议寻找管理跨学科科学研讨会的其他方法,基于使用多语程序和将每个参与者视为平等的交流主体的专业认同。通过使用“多主体”互动的多语言技术,包括使用过程数字化工具,可以以研讨会的形式管理专家社会讨论的过程,以确定参与者的身份和专业自我认同。在“新的不正常现实”中,现代俄罗斯科学的危机实现了以跨学科科学研讨会的形式组织专家和社会讨论的新方法工具和信息交流途径的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Early Soviet Forced Labor Construction Bureaus [‘Sharashkas’] as an Experiment of Combining Protective and Mobilization Practices 早期苏联强迫劳动建设局[' Sharashkas ']作为结合保护和动员实践的实验
Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2023.5.2.14
S. Krasilnikov
This paper analyzes the experience and practices of creating in the early 1930s under the auspices of the OGPU the first institutional form of exploitation of the intellectual potential of imprisoned specialists in the scientific and technical field in the form of special technical / constructor bureaus (OTB/OKB), or the so-called ‘sharashkas’. The phenomenon of the emergence of them and the reasons for the relative short-term nature of their existence in the structure of the security agency is considered from three positions: in the hierarchy of authorities and management, ‘sharashkas’ caused a conflict of interests of economic departments with punitive ones; on the institutional side, they did not have the potential for sustainability and prospects for development; on the personal side, the marginal status of prisoners that arose influenced the creative biographies of scientists. Despite the practice of reviving these bureaus in the future, we made a conclusion about the dysfunctional nature of their formation and activities.
本文分析了20世纪30年代初在OGPU的主持下创建的经验和做法,这是利用被监禁的科学和技术领域专家的智力潜力的第一个机构形式,即专门技术/建造局(OTB/OKB),或所谓的“sharashkas”。这一现象的出现及其在安全机构结构中相对短期存在的原因从三个方面来考虑:在权力和管理的层次结构中,“沙拉什卡”造成了经济部门与惩罚性部门的利益冲突;在体制方面,它们没有可持续性和发展前景的潜力;在个人方面,囚犯的边缘地位影响了科学家的创造性传记。尽管今后有恢复这些局的做法,但我们对其组成和活动的功能失调性质作出了结论。
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引用次数: 0
The Mobilization Mode in the Economic Science 经济学中的动员模式
Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2023.5.2.16
A. Shastitko, A. Kurdin
Potential changes in economic science under the conditions of mobilization processes in the economy and society are considered. The main questions that arise before the scientific community because of these processes are formulated, options for answers to them are proposed, and the prospects for economic science in the new conditions are also indicated. The article systematizes the composition of external stakeholders of scientific activity and their interests, identifies potential changes in the mechanisms for coordinating their interaction with the scientific community.
在经济和社会的动员过程的条件下,经济科学的潜在变化被考虑。阐述了由于这些过程而出现在科学界面前的主要问题,提出了解决这些问题的备选方案,并指出了经济科学在新条件下的前景。本文将科学活动的外部利益相关者及其利益的构成系统化,确定了协调他们与科学界互动的机制的潜在变化。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Science Management: Theory and Practice
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