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On Epistemic Warrant in Text 论文本的认识论保证
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.15
V. Demyankov
Linguistic techniques used for formulating and for proving propositions in arts and in sciences do not solely depend on grammatical and lexical structures of national languages, they also belong to certain cultural traditions. Interpersonal relationships also influence the form and the content of scientific texts, they are governed by ethical principles of scholarly communication. The notion of ‘epistemic warrant of judgments’ used metaphorically gives a culture-dependent way for looking at the real-time processes of conjectures and refutations, where ‘epistemic default’ is not excluded. The logical ‘possibility’ and ‘probability’ themselves may be considered as culture-dependent, so that the possible-world pragmatics acquires a civilisational aspect. Empirical facts concerning relative frequencies of the use of certain lexical items are discussed in this paper. Thus, possibility is much more frequently mentioned in both scientific and in fictional text corpora in Latin, in French, in Spanish, in Italian, in English, in German, and in Russian. The concept of ‘improbability’ is much less frequent than ‘probability’.
在艺术和科学中用于表述和证明命题的语言技巧不仅取决于民族语言的语法和词汇结构,它们也属于某些文化传统。人际关系也影响着科学文本的形式和内容,它们受到学术交流的伦理原则的支配。“判断的认识论保证”的概念隐喻地提供了一种文化依赖的方式来看待猜测和反驳的实时过程,其中不排除“认识论默认”。逻辑的“可能性”和“概率”本身可以被认为是文化依赖的,因此可能世界语用学获得了文明的方面。本文讨论了有关某些词汇使用相对频率的经验事实。因此,可能性在拉丁语、法语、西班牙语、意大利语、英语、德语和俄语的科学和虚构文本语料库中都被更频繁地提到。“非概率”的概念比“概率”的概念要少得多。
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引用次数: 1
Requirements for the Russian publications system under sanctions pressure 要求俄罗斯出版物制度承受制裁压力
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.8
G. Shepelev
The model of the system of scientific publications, the main quantitative characteristics of the Russian subsystem of scientific publications, the potential number of Russian authors of scientific publications and the number of readers (consumers) of scientific information are considered. The functions that the publication system should perform in the interaction of science and economics, including the function of providing the management of the scientific sector with scientometric information, are analyzed. Analyzed the types of the authors of scientific publications, the types of scientific publications that should be reflected in the publication system; the types of consumers of scientific information. The requirements for the system of scientific publications, which are presented by the authors of articles, readers and the management system of the scientific sector, are formulated, the analysis of the current state of the system in terms of meeting the formulated requirements is carried out. Possible options for implementing the formulated requirements in a prospective system are considered. The necessity of taking into account the interests of consumers of scientific information and the development of services focused on it is noted. The proposals and approachesto the development of the publication system, which are currently being discussed in the expert community, are analyzed. It is concluded that it is necessary to consider the system of publications in the conditions of international sanctions primarily as a system of presentation and promotion of scientific knowledge obtained by Russian organizations in the Russian economy.
考虑了科学出版物系统的模型、科学出版物俄罗斯分系统的主要数量特征、科学出版物俄罗斯作者的潜在数量和科学信息读者(消费者)的数量。分析了出版系统在科学与经济互动中应发挥的功能,包括为科学部门的管理者提供科学计量信息的功能。分析了科学出版物的作者类型、出版体制中应体现的科学出版物类型;科学信息的消费者类型。制定了论文作者、读者和科学部门管理制度对科学出版物系统的要求,并从满足这些要求的角度对系统的现状进行了分析。考虑在未来系统中实施已制定的要求的可能选择。委员会指出,必须考虑到科学信息消费者的利益和发展以科学信息消费者为重点的服务。分析了目前专家界正在讨论的关于发展出版系统的建议和方法。结论是,有必要将国际制裁条件下的出版物制度主要视为介绍和促进俄罗斯经济中俄罗斯组织获得的科学知识的制度。
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引用次数: 1
Innovations in the System of Higher Education 高等教育体制创新
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.9
G. Chulkova
The article is devoted to the objects of innovative infrastructure in the education system, which are designed to create conditions for the implementation of innovative projects and programs that are essential for the development of the education system in the Russian Federation. Organizations implementing innovative projects and programs are recognized as regional or federal innovation platforms. Moscow State Pedagogical University is working to create an innovative educational system and methodological mechanisms based on the active immersion of students in scientific and technological research, and providing a new level of quality in physical education for schoolchildren and training of physicists. The introduction of the results of the study into the process of preparing a university graduate to work in a modern school will allow him to form new types of professional activities that are in demand by society at the present time, and successfully solve the tasks set for the education system,including teaching physics. The model can be broadcast and replicated in any region of the Russian Federation. Ensuring the effective operation of new educational programs, educational technologies, mechanisms, forms and methods of education management is due to the opportunities provided by associations of universities with innovative companies.
本文专门讨论教育系统中创新基础设施的目标,旨在为实施对俄罗斯联邦教育系统发展至关重要的创新项目和计划创造条件。实施创新项目和计划的组织被认为是地区或联邦创新平台。莫斯科国立师范大学正在努力建立一个创新的教育系统和方法机制,其基础是学生积极参与科学和技术研究,并为学童和物理学家培训提供新的质量水平的体育教育。将研究成果引入到准备大学毕业生在现代学校工作的过程中,将使他形成当前社会所需要的新型专业活动,并成功地解决包括教学物理在内的教育系统的任务。该模式可以在俄罗斯联邦的任何地区传播和复制。确保新的教育项目、教育技术、机制、形式和教育管理方法的有效运行,是由于大学与创新公司的联合提供了机会。
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引用次数: 1
Formation and Development of Comfortable Information Environment of Science at the University as a Goal of the University Library 建立和发展舒适的大学科学信息环境:大学图书馆的目标
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.10
I. Yurik, V. Lazarev
The definitions and notions of the “information environment”, “comfort of the information environment” and the interpretation of the “information environment of science” are considered, the characteristics of the comfortable information environment of science arepresented. In this connection, such concepts as “information resources” and “information infrastructure” are analyzed ex necessitate. A “pragmatic” understanding of the information environment is formulated in relation to library activity. The advantages of setting by a university library such a goal as forming the university information environment of science in comparison with the traditional task of providing information services to the users are substantiated.
对“信息环境”、“信息环境舒适性”的定义和概念以及“科学信息环境”的解释进行了探讨,提出了舒适科学信息环境的特征。因此,有必要对“信息资源”、“信息基础设施”等概念进行分析。对信息环境的“实用主义”理解与图书馆活动有关。与传统的为用户提供信息服务的任务相比,高校图书馆以形成科学的大学信息环境为目标的优势得到了证实。
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引用次数: 2
Journals in a Forest of Norms and Unconsidered Decisions 规范和未考虑的决定的森林期刊
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.1
O. Donskikh
In the article it is said that in recent conditions with those who have actively participated in the reforms of the education system and science in last decades preserved in the administration, there can be no real progress in principle. The moratorium on publications in the Web of Science and Scopus databases is ineffective as long as such enormous funds are circulating in this sphere. On the whole, the business orientation of education and science, which is primitively understood, but actually carried out in our country, prevents any attempts to rectify the situation. It leads only to increasing administration and standardization. One important negative trend of the present is the onslaught of “predatory” journals. Since scientists can truly work only in freedom, as representatives of other creative activities.
文章认为,在过去几十年积极参与教育和科学改革的人被保留在行政部门的情况下,原则上不会有真正的进步。只要在这个领域有如此巨大的资金流通,暂停在Web of Science和Scopus数据库发表论文就是无效的。从整体上看,教育和科学的商业取向,这是一个初步的认识,但在我国实际执行,阻止任何企图纠正这种情况。它只会增加管理和标准化。目前一个重要的负面趋势是“掠夺性”期刊的冲击。因为科学家只有作为其他创造性活动的代表,才能真正自由地工作。
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引用次数: 0
War in Minds. Review of the book by Maciej Gorny “Welka wojna profesorow. Nauki o czlowieku (1912–1923)” [Russ. ed.: M. Gurnyi «Velikaya voina professorov. Gumanitarnye nauki. 1912–1923»]
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.16
A. Vaganov
The fundamental research of Maciej Gurny, professor at the Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Berlin, is reviewed. Professor Gurny’s book is devoted to a phenomenon known in the historiography of the 20th century as “Krieg der Geister”. This seemingly invisible and bloodless war belongs only to the sphere of ideas. However, the scientific forces that were involved in this “Krieg der Geister”, as the author shows, directly influenced the origins, the course, and the consequences of the hot war – the World War I. These spheres are geography, racial anthropology, psychology and psychiatry. The monograph shows the role of the intellectuals of the region of Central-Eastern Europe and the Balkans in mobilizing the ideological (moral) and material resources of the warring countries. Having processed a huge array of information (about 1000 references to sources), M. Gurny notices a number of very interesting nuances in the topic under study. At the same time, one of the shortcomings of the book, in the opinion of the reviewer, is the absolutely insufficient use of Russian sources devoted to the phenomenon of “Krieg der Geister”. And those exist in not small numbers. One can argue with many of the conclusions that M. Gurny makes, but one of the undoubted advantages of the monograph is the return to the Russian intellectual space of many forgotten, but, paradoxically, historical plots that are relevant today.
本文回顾了柏林波兰科学院历史研究所的马切伊·格尼教授的基础研究。Gurny教授的书致力于研究20世纪史学中被称为“Krieg der Geister”的现象。这场似乎看不见的、不流血的战争只属于思想领域。然而,正如作者所指出的,参与这场“战争”的科学力量直接影响了热战——第一次世界大战的起源、进程和后果。这些领域是地理学、种族人类学、心理学和精神病学。这本专著展示了中东欧和巴尔干地区的知识分子在动员交战国家的思想(道德)和物质资源方面的作用。在处理了大量的信息(大约1000个参考资料)之后,Gurny注意到在研究的主题中有许多非常有趣的细微差别。与此同时,在评论家看来,这本书的缺点之一是,对“克里格·德·吉斯特”现象的俄罗斯来源的使用绝对不足。这些人的数量并不少。人们可以对格尼得出的许多结论提出异议,但这本专著的一个毋庸置疑的优点是,它将许多被遗忘的历史情节重新带回了俄罗斯的知识空间,而这些情节在今天与我们息息相关。
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引用次数: 0
Marginalizing Russian science. What to expect for Russian publishers and authors 使俄罗斯科学边缘化。对俄罗斯出版商和作者有什么期待呢
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.3
A. Mzhelsky
No country in the world has yet surpassed Russia by imposed sanctions volume and their severity. One of the of the sanctions goals is the marginalization of Russian science. The joint international statement of organizations such as Clarivate and Harvard Kennedy School states that the exclusion of Russia will have little effect on global science, especially on the leading countries of the West, since “Russia’s science system is weak, deteriorating and increasingly marginalised.” How true this is, what risks it carries and how to level them off is demonstrated by dozens of examples in Russian authors and journals in terms of Academic SEO, internationalization and other indicators.
迄今为止,世界上还没有一个国家在实施制裁的数量和严厉程度上超过俄罗斯。制裁的目标之一是使俄罗斯科学边缘化。Clarivate和哈佛肯尼迪学院等组织的联合国际声明指出,将俄罗斯排除在外对全球科学,特别是对西方主要国家几乎没有影响,因为“俄罗斯的科学体系很弱,正在恶化,而且越来越边缘化。”在学术SEO、国际化和其他指标方面,俄罗斯作者和期刊的几十个例子证明了这一点是正确的,它带来了什么风险,以及如何消除风险。
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引用次数: 1
Academic Presence in the Russian Arctic: the Relevance of Historical Experience. Book review by A. Suleimanov «Akademiya nauk SSSR i issledovanie arkticheskikh raionov Yakutii v kontse 1940-kh – 1991 gg» 俄罗斯北极地区的学术存在:历史经验的相关性。苏莱曼诺夫的书评:《苏联社会主义社会科学院》,《苏联社会主义社会科学院》,1940- 1991年
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.17
N. Kupershtokh
The article deals with the organization of scientific research in the Arctic regions of the USSR/Russia through the focus of the academic presence in the second half of the twentieth century. The experience of activity in the field of socio-humanitarian research is analyzed, which is summarized in detail and presented in the monograph by A. A. Suleimanov “The Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the study of the Arctic regions of Yakutia in the late 1940s – 1991”. The author of the monograph showed the complex and sometimes contradictory process of the gradual increasing of academic forces in the region, which have gone through stages of development from individual expeditionary groups and permanent establishments to specialized academic institutions. The book reveals the features of the organization of research in the Arctic regions and the results of the selfless work of scientists in almost the entire spectrum of socio-humanitarian areas – in the field of economics, sociology, history, archeology, ethnography, philology, linguistics. The final part of the article substantiates the relevance of the study conducted by the author of the monograph in the context of a comprehensive interdisciplinary study of the Arctic.
本文通过对20世纪下半叶学术存在的关注,论述了苏联/俄罗斯北极地区的科学研究组织。对社会人道主义研究领域的活动经验进行了分析,并在A. A. Suleimanov的专著“苏联科学院和20世纪40年代末至1991年雅库特北极地区研究”中进行了详细的总结和介绍。该专著的作者展示了该地区学术力量逐渐增加的复杂和有时相互矛盾的过程,这些力量经历了从个别远征团体和常设机构到专门学术机构的发展阶段。这本书揭示了北极地区研究组织的特点,以及几乎整个社会人道主义领域的科学家无私工作的结果,这些领域包括经济学、社会学、历史学、考古学、民族志、文献学、语言学。文章的最后一部分证实了专著作者在北极综合跨学科研究背景下进行的研究的相关性。
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引用次数: 0
Organizational and Managerial Problems of the Functioning of Academic Journals of the RAS 中国科学院学术期刊运作的组织与管理问题
Pub Date : 2022-06-27 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.2.5
S. Demidenko
The article raises the questions about the use of scientific periodicals in modern conditions in academic journals of a socio-humanitarian profile. It is also outlines the main production problems associated with holding competitions for the publication of RAS journals and their financing, special personnel, editorial phenomena, institutions for reviewing and participation of the editorial board, reviews and authors, as well as general issues of the development of scientific periodicals are identified. It is shown that an indicator of the importanceof the role of the editorial board is in maintaining a high level of scientific periodicals.
本文提出了在现代条件下科学期刊在社会人道主义学术期刊中的使用问题。它还概述了与举办RAS期刊出版竞赛及其经费、特别人员、编辑现象、审查机构和编辑委员会的参与、评论和作者以及科学期刊发展的一般问题有关的主要生产问题。这表明,编辑委员会的作用的重要性的一个指标是在保持科学期刊的高水平。
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引用次数: 2
International Scientific Cooperation – Approaches to the Analysis of the Situation 国际科学合作——形势分析的方法
Pub Date : 2022-06-27 DOI: 10.19181/smtp.2022.4.2.3
G. Shepelev
The directions of analysis of international cooperation in science are considered including access to foreign financing, access to modern scientific equipment, exchange of ideas, access to potential customers for R&D, independent examination of scientific results and the organization of scientific research management. The analysis of approaches to the organization of international cooperation in science under sanctions pressure is given and proposals for priority actions in this matter are formulated: clarification of priorities for theorganization of scientific research; development of scientific instrumentation and production of consumables for scientific research; provision of access to foreign scientific and technical information; organization of presentation of the results of Russian scientific research primarily for Russian consumers of information.
国际科学合作的分析方向包括获得外国融资、获得现代科学设备、交流思想、获得潜在的研发客户、独立审查科学成果和组织科研管理。分析了在制裁压力下组织国际科学合作的方法,并提出了在这一问题上的优先行动建议:澄清组织科学研究的优先事项;科学仪器的开发和科研耗材的生产;提供获取外国科学技术信息的途径;组织展示俄罗斯科学研究成果,主要面向俄罗斯的信息消费者。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Science Management: Theory and Practice
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