JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW最新文献

英文中文

International Lawyers as Hope Mongers: How Did We Come to Believe That Democracy Was Here to Stay? 作为希望蛊惑者的国际律师：我们是如何相信民主永存的？

IF 0.7 Q2 LAW

JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.1163/15718050-bja10098

Işıl Aral

It is common these days to lament the recession of democracy around the world. The way scholars address the issue of democratic backsliding shows that there is a significant gap between the expectation about democracy’s anticipated course of development and the current state of affairs. This article argues that the expectation that democracy would consolidate over time was produced by the progress narrative of democratic governance discourses. Drawing on narratology, it conducts a discourse analysis to demonstrate that today’s dismay about the recession of democracy is due to an unwarranted expectation that was created by the progress narrative of democratic governance discourses. It focuses on the periodisation of history in the construction of these discourses and investigates how scholars used the Cold War – post-Cold War dichotomy to create a progress narrative.

如今，人们普遍感叹世界各地民主的衰退。学者们探讨民主倒退问题的方式表明，人们对民主发展进程的预期与现状之间存在巨大差距。本文认为，民主将随着时间的推移而得到巩固的预期是由民主治理话语的进步叙事所产生的。文章借鉴叙事学，进行了话语分析，以证明今天人们对民主衰退的失望是由于对民主治理话语的进步叙事所产生的不切实际的期望。文章重点探讨了在构建这些论述时的历史分期问题，并研究了学者们是如何利用冷战-后冷战二分法来创造进步叙事的。

引用次数: 0

Locating the 1948 Economic Agreement of Bogotá: The Rise and Fall of Latin America’s International Economic Law Project 定位 1948 年《波哥大经济协定》：拉丁美洲国际经济法项目的兴衰

IF 0.7 Q2 LAW

JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

Pub Date : 2024-04-06 DOI: 10.1163/15718050-bja10099

Nicolás M. Perrone

This article claims that Latin America developed a competing International Economic Law project in the 1940s. These ideas and practices served the region to imagine its economic development process. Through the work of economists and lawyers – especially international lawyers – Latin America envisioned a future of industrialization and designed a strategy to make it happen. In the 1940s, many Latin Americans were enthusiastic about the prospects of industrialization; however, the consensus was that this objective required regional cooperation to reshape international trade and foreign investment laws among themselves and, especially, vis-à-vis the United States. This article explores this regional momentum focusing on the 1948 Economic Agreement of Bogotá, one of the most important international economic law-making efforts in the Western Hemisphere. In Bogotá, many Latin American governments insisted that states, not markets or foreign investors, should plan the region’s economic future. The United States and the US business elite disagreed.

本文认为，拉丁美洲在 20 世纪 40 年代制定了与之竞争的国际经济法项目。这些思想和实践有助于该地区想象其经济发展进程。通过经济学家和律师--尤其是国际律师--的工作，拉丁美洲设想了工业化的未来，并制定了实现工业化的战略。20 世纪 40 年代，许多拉美人对工业化的前景充满热情；然而，他们的共识是，要实现这一目标，就必须开展区域合作，重塑拉美国家之间，尤其是与美国之间的国际贸易和外国投资法。本文以 1948 年《波哥大经济协定》这一西半球最重要的国际经济法制定工作之一为重点，探讨了这一地区势头。在波哥大，许多拉美国家政府坚持认为，应该由国家而非市场或外国投资者来规划本地区的经济未来。美国和美国商界精英不同意这一观点。

引用次数: 0

The (Latin) American Dream? Human Rights and the Construction of Inter-American Regional Organisation (1945–1948) 拉丁美洲梦？人权与美洲区域组织的构建（1945-1948 年）

IF 0.7 Q2 LAW

JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

Pub Date : 2024-04-06 DOI: 10.1163/15718050-bja10100

Francisco-José Quintana

The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man is often cited as evidence of the longstanding centrality of human rights in Latin American approaches to international law. However, when the Declaration is brought into the history of inter-American regionalism, a more complex picture emerges. This article places the early codification efforts of regional human rights within the post-war construction of inter-American regional organisation. It argues that for Latin American and US elites, the priorities lay on institutional, collective security, and economic aspects. In this context, they instrumentally embraced the flexible language of human rights to advance broader regionalist visions. As a result, human rights gained ground, albeit as a contested idea. The article reveals that the post-war institutional settlement ultimately comprised a collective security apparatus, crucial for the United States, supplemented by the principle of non-intervention, vital to Latin American states, in which human rights were not central.

人们经常引用《美洲关于人的权利和义务宣言》来证明人权在拉丁美洲国际法中长期的核心地位。然而，如果将《宣言》与美洲区域主义的历史联系起来，就会发现一幅更为复杂的图景。本文将区域人权的早期编纂工作置于战后美洲区域组织的构建之中。文章认为，对于拉美和美国的精英来说，优先考虑的是制度、集体安全和经济方面。在此背景下，他们利用灵活的人权语言来推进更广泛的地区主义愿景。因此，尽管人权是一个有争议的概念，但它的地位却得到了提高。文章揭示，战后的体制解决方案最终包括对美国至关重要的集体安全机制，以及对拉美国家至关重要的不干涉原则，而人权在其中并不是核心。

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Regional Imaginations of Peace: The Work of the Rio Committee and the Antecedents of the Pact of Bogota (1942–1947) 和平的地区想象：里约热内卢委员会的工作和《波哥大公约》（1942-1947 年）的前身

IF 0.7 Q2 LAW

JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

Pub Date : 2024-04-06 DOI: 10.1163/15718050-bja10103

Fabia Fernandes Carvalho

This contribution re-describes the work of the Rio Committee in international law concerning dispute settlement in the Americas between 1942 and 1947. The work of the Rio Committee constitutes a crucial doctrinal and institutional experience that underpins the fundamental transformations experienced in Pan-Americanism considering the meeting of the Ninth International Conference of American States in Bogota, Colombia, in 1948, which led to the creation of the Organization of the American States. As an antecedent to the adoption of the Pact of Bogota in 1948, the doctrinal work of the Rio Committee and its draft treaties allow for a substantive interrogation of the complex relationship between regionalism and universalism in international law. More specifically, this article assesses the ways in which mechanisms of peaceful settlement of disputes in the Americas were accommodated under the universal legal framework of the United Nations, opening space for regional cooperation to continue evolving in the continent.

这篇论文重新描述了 1942 年至 1947 年间里约委员会在美洲争端解决国际法方面的工作。考虑到 1948 年在哥伦比亚波哥大举行的第九届美洲国家国际会议促成了美洲国家组织的成立，里约委员会的工作构成了泛美主义所经历的根本变革的重要理论和制度经验的基础。作为 1948 年通过《波哥大公约》的前身，里约委员会的理论工作及其条约草案使我们能够对国际法中区域主义与普遍主义之间的复杂关系进行实质性的探讨。更具体地说，本文评估了和平解决美洲争端的机制在联合国普遍法律框架下的适应方式，为区域合作在美洲大陆的继续发展开辟了空间。

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Indigeneity at the 1948 Bogotá Conference 1948 年波哥大会议上的土著问题

IF 0.7 Q2 LAW

JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

Pub Date : 2024-04-06 DOI: 10.1163/15718050-bja10093

Lucas Lixinski

The article examines the history and legacy of the Bogotá diplomatic conference of 1948 in relation to Indigenous peoples. Indigenous voices were entirely absent from the Bogotá conference itself, and delegates relied instead on certain assumptions and narratives largely drawn from the Indigenismo movement in the Americas at the time. In considering Indigenous peoples as part of a broader social agenda, delegates confronted the legacies of colonialism and the ongoing exploitation and resistance of Indigenous peoples, invoking threads that we today might label a racial capitalism critique of international law. Their efforts, however salutary, culminated in an instrument, the Inter-American Charter of Social Guarantees, that was never ultimately adopted. Nevertheless, the debates at Bogotá are illuminating of the subsequent trajectory of Indigenous peoples’ rights in international law, and the alternative possibilities that can still be recovered to live up to the Bogotá conference delegates’ aspirations of Indigenous emancipation.

文章探讨了 1948 年波哥大外交会议与土著人民有关的历史和遗产。波哥大会议本身完全没有原住民的声音，代表们依赖的是主要来自当时美洲原住民运动的某些假设和叙述。在将土著人民作为更广泛的社会议程的一部分进行审议时，代表们直面殖民主义的遗留问题以及土著人民正在遭受的剥削和反抗，引用了我们今天可能会称之为国际法种族资本主义批判的线索。尽管他们的努力是有益的，但最终形成的文书《美洲社会保障宪章》却从未获得通过。尽管如此，波哥大会议的辩论还是揭示了土著人民权利在国际法中的后续发展轨迹，以及为实现波哥大会议代表们的土著解放愿望而仍可恢复的其他可能性。

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The Blood Brotherhood and Colonial Treaties and Alliances: Between Myth and Reality 歃血兄弟会与殖民条约和联盟：神话与现实之间

IF 0.7 Q2 LAW

JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

Pub Date : 2024-04-06 DOI: 10.1163/15718050-bja10097

Inge Van Hulle

This article examines the representation and use of the blood exchange between European expeditionary leaders, that worked in the service of king Leopold II, and African rulers in Central and East Africa during the late nineteenth century. While the blood brotherhood played a role in the appeasement of African rulers and the conclusion of treaties, the details and origins of the procedure are often unclear. Europeans believed that the blood brotherhood was an African legal custom, even though recent anthropological studies suggest it differed from the inter-African version of the blood brotherhood. Europeans styled the blood brotherhood as the African counterpart to the European treaty, which served to support the legality of the much-contested treaties that Leopold II’s representatives had concluded, often under dubious circumstances. While the blood brotherhood therefore functioned as a practical tool to establish European influence and sovereignty over African rulers, it was also as a means of glorifying the white European explorer as a pseudo-scientist and well-meaning broker of peace. This article complicates the traditional narrative of how treaties were concluded during the Scramble for Africa and highlights the need for a critical re-examination of the legal practices and representations of colonialism.

本文探讨了十九世纪晚期为利奥波德二世国王服务的欧洲远征军领导人与中非和东非非洲统治者之间换血的表现形式和使用情况。虽然歃血为盟在安抚非洲统治者和缔结条约方面发挥了作用，但这一程序的细节和起源往往并不清楚。欧洲人认为歃血为盟是非洲的一种法律习俗，尽管最近的人类学研究表明它不同于非洲人之间的歃血为盟。欧洲人将歃血为盟称为与欧洲条约相对应的非洲条约，用于支持利奥波德二世的代表们缔结的备受争议的条约的合法性，这些条约往往是在可疑的情况下缔结的。因此，歃血为盟是欧洲对非洲统治者建立影响力和主权的实用工具，同时也是美化欧洲白人探险家的手段，将其视为伪科学家和善意的和平调解人。这篇文章使关于非洲争夺战期间如何缔结条约的传统叙事复杂化，并强调有必要对殖民主义的法律实践和表述进行批判性的重新审视。

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引用次数: 0

Organizing Peace in the Americas: Collective Security versus International Adjudication 组织美洲和平：集体安全与国际裁决

IF 0.7 Q2 LAW

JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

Pub Date : 2024-04-06 DOI: 10.1163/15718050-bja10101

Justina Uriburu

American states concluded two treaties to organize peace in the postwar world: the Rio Treaty (1947) and the Pact of Bogotá (1948). At first sight, they appear to reflect a division of tasks: the Rio Treaty would address threats to the peace and security of the Americas, and the Pact of Bogotá would help solve the disputes between American states. However, the Rio Treaty’s dominance during the Cold War calls this division into question. This paper first argues that American states pursued two projects of peace. The Rio Treaty was a defence pact with an autonomous enforcement mechanism, to which the United States was strongly committed. The Pact of Bogotá reflected Latin American states’ thinking that a comprehensive framework for solving disputes would mitigate regional power asymmetries. Second, it claims that the Rio Treaty’s vague provisions and the US support it enjoyed facilitated its dominance during the Cold War.

美洲国家为组织战后世界和平缔结了两项条约：《里约条约》（1947 年）和《波哥大公约》（1948 年）。乍一看，这两个条约似乎反映了任务分工：《里约条约》将应对美洲和平与安全面临的威胁，而《波哥大公约》将帮助解决美洲国家之间的争端。然而，《里约条约》在冷战期间的主导地位使这种分工受到质疑。本文首先论证了美洲国家所追求的两个和平计划。里约条约》是一项具有自主执行机制的防务条约，美国对此做出了坚定的承诺。波哥大公约》反映了拉美国家的想法，即一个解决争端的全面框架将缓解地区力量的不对称。其次，《波哥大公约》声称，《里约条约》的模糊规定和美国的支持有助于其在冷战期间的主导地位。

引用次数: 0

Epilogue: Bogotá, Law, Time, and Politics 后记：波哥大、法律、时间与政治

IF 0.7 Q2 LAW

JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

Pub Date : 2024-04-06 DOI: 10.1163/15718050-bja10102

George Rodrigo Bandeira Galindo

This special issue offers contemporary international lawyers a unique opportunity to be self-conscious about how those involved in the 1948 Bogotá Conference politicized time and how historical narratives about that Conference do the same. They treat the American region as an object of study in itself in international law, and avoid falling into the habit of many international lawyers in facing universalism as an a priori of legal thinking. In this vein, the 1948 Bogotá Conference is better seen as an array of possibilities.

本特刊为当代国际法学家提供了一个独特的机会，使他们能够自觉地认识到 1948 年波哥大会议的参与者是如何将时间政治化的，以及有关该会议的历史叙事又是如何将时间政治化的。他们将美洲地区本身作为国际法的研究对象，避免了陷入许多国际法学家将普遍性作为法律思维先验的习惯。因此，1948 年波哥大会议最好被视为一系列可能性。

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‘A Jurisprudence for the Future’: Anticolonial Lawyering during the Vietnam War Years 未来的法理学"：越战时期的反殖民主义诉讼

IF 0.7 Q2 LAW

JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.1163/15718050-bja10091

Charlotte Kiechel

This article explores the dilemmas of progressive legalism during the Vietnam War years (1965–1975) by investigating the history of the Russell Tribunal. Scholars have argued that the 1960s witnessed a flourishing of anticolonial legalism, as activists sought to purge international law of its imperial origins. However, as the history of the Russell Tribunal shows, the transformation of law from a handmaiden of empire into a tool of anti-imperial resistance was not straightforward. This article examines the strategies employed by activists to overcome international law’s imperial biases. It argues that activists focused on developing a ‘jurisprudence for the future’, a mode of activism aimed at constructing international rules and norms that challenged, rather than sustained, European domination. By advocating for a future-oriented activism, tribunal members sought a temporary solution to the predicament of law’s imperial leanings. They defended their use of international law by asserting that their protests would contribute to the emergence of a future and more emancipatory international law. Nevertheless, an examination of the World Tribunal on Iraq (2003–2005) reveals that this envisioned future international law has yet to materialize. This article highlights the significance of futurism in the history of anticolonial lawyering and suggests that scholars should evaluate the limitations of a future-oriented legal activism.

本文通过研究罗素法庭的历史，探讨了越战时期（1965-1975 年）进步法律主义的困境。学者们认为，20 世纪 60 年代见证了反殖民主义法律主义的蓬勃发展，因为活动家们试图清除国际法的帝国起源。然而，正如罗素法庭的历史所显示的那样，法律从帝国的婢女转变为反帝抵抗的工具并非一蹴而就。本文探讨了活动家为克服国际法的帝国偏见而采取的策略。文章认为，活动家们专注于发展 "未来法学"，这种活动模式旨在构建国际规则和规范，挑战而非维持欧洲的统治。通过倡导面向未来的行动主义，法庭成员为法律的帝国主义倾向所带来的困境寻求临时解决方案。他们为自己使用国际法进行辩护，声称他们的抗议将有助于未来更解放的国际法的出现。然而，对伊拉克问题国际法庭（2003-2005 年）的研究表明，这种设想中的未来国际法尚未实现。本文强调了未来主义在反殖民主义诉讼史中的重要意义，并建议学者们评估面向未来的法律行动主义的局限性。

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引用次数: 0

A New History for Human Rights: Conflict of Laws as Adjacent Possibility 人权的新历史：法律冲突作为一种相邻的可能性

IF 0.7 Q2 LAW

JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.1163/15718050-bja10095

León Castellanos-Jankiewicz

The pivotal contributions of private international law to the conceptual emergence of international human rights law have been largely ignored. Using the idea of adjacent possibility as a theoretical metaphor, this article shows that conflict of laws analysis and technique enabled the articulation of human rights universalism. The nineteenth-century epistemic practice of private international law was a key arena where the claims of individuals were incrementally cast as being spatially independent from their state of nationality before rights universalism became mainstream. Conflict of laws was thus a vital combinatorial ingredient contributing to the dislocation of rights from territory that underwrites international human rights today.

国际私法对国际人权法概念形成的关键贡献在很大程度上被忽视了。本文以相邻可能性的概念为理论隐喻，说明法律冲突的分析和技术促成了人权普遍性的阐述。十九世纪国际私法的认识论实践是一个关键领域，在此领域中，个人的权利主张逐渐被视为在空间上独立于其国籍国，然后权利普遍主义才成为主流。因此，法律冲突是一个重要的组合要素，它促成了权利与领土的错位，而这种错位正是当今国际人权的基础。

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