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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPEED DIFFERENTIAL AND TIME TO COLLISION OF MALAYSIAN EXPRESSWAYS 马来西亚高速公路速度差与碰撞时间的关系
Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.55766/sujst-2023-01-e01613
Haydar Ataelmanan Ali Mohamed, Sitti Asmah Hassan, Othman Che Puan, Tareq Mohamed Al-Bahr, Shaza Farouk Azhari
Lane change (LC) manoeuvre has been recognized as an important aspect of driving behavior that significantly impacts traffic operation and management. Incorrect LC execution, particularly incorrect gap distance selection before the LC movement, can lead to traffic accidents, most often in the form of a rear-end, sideswipe, or angled collision. This paper investigates the relationship between time to collision and the speed differential between the leading and following vehicles when lane change occurs. Using an instrumented vehicle method, data was gathered along a typical length of the Kuala Lumpur-Seremban expressway. A VBox (Video Velocity Box) is an on-board data collection device that is used to videotape traffic incidents on the road, was installed in a passenger car. In a three-day period, a total of 175 instances of lane changing were documented. Following gap distance was used to calibrate the VBox equipment as a measure of efficiency. A simple linear regression was conducted between time to collision (TTC) and speed differential. It was found that 60% and 75% of drivers have TTC fewer than 5 sec and 10 sec, separately, with 6.10 sec average TTC. The time to collision (TTC) has a negative linear relationship with speed differential (R2 = 84.47%). The finding shows that the higher the speed differential between vehicles, the lower the TTC value, which indicates a higher probability of collisions. It can be concluded that the speed differential between the test car and following vehicles is affecting the TTC, which is to be utilised as a risk indicator throughout lane-changing operation.
变道操作是驾驶行为的一个重要方面,对交通运行和管理有着重要的影响。不正确的LC执行,特别是在LC移动之前不正确的间隙距离选择,可能导致交通事故,最常见的形式是追尾,侧击或角度碰撞。本文研究了变道时发生碰撞的时间与前后车速度差的关系。使用仪器车辆方法,沿着吉隆坡-吉隆坡高速公路的典型长度收集数据。VBox (Video Velocity Box)是一种车载数据收集装置,用于拍摄道路上的交通事故,安装在乘用车上。在三天的时间里,总共记录了175起变道事件。跟随间隙距离被用来校准VBox设备,作为效率的衡量标准。碰撞时间(TTC)与速度差之间进行了简单的线性回归。研究发现,60%和75%的司机TTC分别少于5秒和10秒,平均TTC为6.10秒。碰撞时间(TTC)与速度差呈负线性关系(R2 = 84.47%)。研究结果表明,车辆之间的速度差越大,TTC值越低,这表明碰撞的可能性越大。可以得出结论,测试车和跟随车辆之间的速度差正在影响TTC, TTC将被用作整个变道操作的风险指标。
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引用次数: 0
IMPACTS OF BUS ONLY LANES ON SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION UNDER HETEROGENEOUS TRAFFIC CONDITIONS 异构交通条件下公交专用道对信号交叉口的影响
Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.55766/sujst-2023-01-e01617
Muhammad Azam, Muhammad Nadeem, Sitti Asmah Hassan, Othman Che Puan
The unsolicited delays and unpredictable travel times are common in urban areas of Pakistan hence making it difficult to maintain the image of public transport. Bus priorities provided in terms of dedicated bus lanes at intersections are considered as a solution to improve the conditions for public transport. Conversely, dedicated lanes may negatively affect the performance of other vehicular classes. This study quantifies the impact of Bus Only Lanes (BOLs) on the intersection’s performance as well as on the performance of individual vehicular class. The VISSIM microsimulation tool was employed to a signalized intersection located in urban area under heterogeneous traffic conditions. Sensitivity analysis followed by trial and error method was conducted to calibrate the microsimulation model. The calibrated VISSIM model was utilized to run three scenarios; scenario-1: existing conditions, scenario-2: converting existing lanes to BOLs and scenario-3: providing additional lanes as BOLs. The results indicated that for scenario-2, buses experience 14-16% lesser travel time and 10.5% reduction in delays as compared to scenario-1 due to dedicated right-of-way, while all other vehicular classes experience deteriorated conditions. Scenario-2 affected the intersection’s performance and caused an increase of 5.6% in average delay, 9.0% in average maximum queue length and reduction in average speed by 9.8%. However, in scenario-3, BOLs as additional lanes improved the conditions for buses and also reduced the travel time and delays for other vehicular classes. It is established that the present findings may assist the planners and decision makers to revisit the policies for public transport services.
在巴基斯坦的城市地区,不请自来的延误和不可预测的旅行时间很常见,因此很难保持公共交通的形象。在十字路口设立专用巴士专用道,是改善公共交通条件的一种解决方案。相反,专用车道可能会对其他车辆类别的性能产生负面影响。本研究量化巴士专用道(bol)对交叉口性能的影响,以及对个别车辆类别性能的影响。采用VISSIM微仿真工具对异构交通条件下的城市信号交叉口进行了仿真。采用灵敏度分析和试错法对微模拟模型进行了标定。利用标定后的VISSIM模型运行三种场景;场景1:现有条件,场景2:将现有车道转换为bol,场景3:提供额外车道作为bol。结果表明,与场景1相比,在场景2中,由于专用路权,公共汽车的行驶时间减少了14-16%,延误减少了10.5%,而所有其他车辆类别的情况都恶化了。场景2影响交叉口性能,导致平均延误增加5.6%,平均最大排队长度增加9.0%,平均速度降低9.8%。然而,在方案3中,bol作为额外的车道改善了公共汽车的条件,也减少了其他车辆的行驶时间和延误。本研究结果可协助规划者和决策者重新审视公共交通服务的政策。
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引用次数: 0
XANTHAN GUM/CARRAGEENAN-BASED HYDROGEL PADS WITH OKRA FRUIT MUCILAGE POWDER FOR COSMECEUTICAL AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS 黄原胶/卡拉胶为基础的水凝胶垫与秋葵果胶粉药妆和医疗应用
IF 0.2 Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-23 DOI: 10.55766/sujst-2023-02-e01536
J. Chokboribal, Aksarapaksorn Vipavin, Aiyada Sirinjullapong, V. Suchaiya, Narongrit Lahpun
The main component of mucilage found in the fruit of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is okra gum consisting of pectic polysaccharides reported to exhibit, inter alia, antibacterial and antioxidant characteristics. It was used in the pharmaceutical industry, e.g. as a stabilizer or a modifier drug release. In this work, various formulations of xanthan gum (XG)/κ-carrageenan (CN)-based hydrogel with okra mucilage (OM) powder were examined to achieve the goal of developing OM-hydrogel pads that make good use of the advantages of OM polysaccharides relevant to drug delivery and/or stability. A straightforward cosmeceutical application of the OM-hydrogels is as under-eye masks since the OM itself is reported to contain diffusible small compounds with proven skincare benefits. OM from blended fresh okra pods without seeds was precipitated with ethanol. Preliminary studies showed that hydrogel pads prepared with XG, CN, glycerol, and NaCl at 0.5, 0.5, 13, and 4 wt%, respectively, possess a suitable hardness while exhibit the highest adhesive strength among other formulations tested. When OM powder was added at 0.02, 0.05, 0.06, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 wt%, the OM-hydrogels’ hardnesses substantially drop. Increases in hardnesses and adhesive strengths with increasing amounts of OM powder were observed. The upward trend of adhesive strengths continues only up to 0.2 wt% where the adhesive strength begins to drop. In OM-hydrogels containing 0.2 wt% OM powder, normalized rates of moisture loss are the lowest while water contents and water holding capacities are the highest.
在秋葵果实中发现的粘液的主要成分是由果胶多糖组成的秋葵胶,据报道,它具有抗菌和抗氧化的特性。它被用于制药工业,例如作为稳定剂或药物释放调节剂。本研究考察了黄原胶(XG)/κ-卡拉胶(CN)基水凝胶与秋葵胶(OM)粉末的不同配方,以开发充分利用秋葵多糖在药物传递和稳定性方面的优势的OM-水凝胶垫。OM-水凝胶的一个直接药妆应用是眼罩,因为据报道OM本身含有可扩散的小化合物,具有已证实的护肤功效。用乙醇沉淀新鲜无籽秋葵豆荚中的OM。初步研究表明,分别以0.5、0.5、13、4 wt%的XG、CN、甘油和NaCl制备的水凝胶垫具有合适的硬度,并且在其他配方中具有最高的粘接强度。当OM粉添加量为0.02、0.05、0.06、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6 wt%时,OM水凝胶的硬度明显下降。硬度和粘接强度随OM粉用量的增加而增加。粘合强度的上升趋势仅持续到0.2 wt%,此时粘合强度开始下降。在含有0.2 wt% OM粉末的OM-水凝胶中,水分损失率最低,而含水量和持水量最高。
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引用次数: 0
EFFECT OF PROCESS PARAMETERS ON VOID FORMATION IN FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING (FDM) PART 工艺参数对熔融沉积成型(fdm)零件空穴形成的影响
IF 0.2 Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-05-29 DOI: 10.55766/sujst-2023-02-e01887
M. N. Sudin, N. Md Daud, Faiz Redza Ramli, Mohd Asri Yusuff
A void is a structural defect resulting from the 3D printing process. The presence of voids compromises the structural integrity of a 3D-printed component, resulting in a reduction in durability and functionality. Currently, the only technique used to correlate FDM process parameters with mechanical properties is tensile testing. Nonetheless, this method is time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the viability of employing an alternative method to establish this connection. This study examined the parameters of infill density, infill pattern, raster angle, and part shape. While pressurized gas release was used to evaluate the printed material based on bubble formation, the printed object was evaluated based on bubble formation. Subsequently, the qualitative relationship between these parameters, void formation, and mechanical properties was determined. According to the results of this study, the relationship between the studied parameters, the tensile test, and the mechanical properties of the FDM part was consistent with the relationship between the studied parameters and the formation of bubbles and voids. 3D-printed parts with the lowest possible bubble intensity when using a 100% infill density, a grid infill pattern, and a 45° raster angle. The shape of the component was found to have the least impact on the formation of the bubble. This study concluded that using a 100% infill density, grid infill pattern, and 45° raster angle results in the least amount of void formation, and that the effect of shape difference on void formation in 3D-printed parts is negligible. The results of this study could be used to predict the mechanical properties of a component as a function of void formation during the (Pressurised gas release) PGR test. In the future, imaging-based quantitative analysis of voids will be required to validate this finding.
空洞是3D打印过程中产生的结构缺陷。空洞的存在损害了3d打印组件的结构完整性,导致耐用性和功能降低。目前,唯一用于将FDM工艺参数与机械性能相关联的技术是拉伸测试。然而,这种方法既耗时又昂贵。因此,本研究的目的是确定采用替代方法建立这种联系的可行性。本研究考察了填充密度、填充模式、光栅角度和零件形状等参数。加压气体释放是基于气泡形成来评价打印材料,而打印物体是基于气泡形成来评价。随后,确定了这些参数、孔隙形成和力学性能之间的定性关系。根据本研究的结果,研究参数、拉伸试验和FDM零件力学性能之间的关系与研究参数与气泡和空洞形成之间的关系是一致的。当使用100%填充密度,网格填充图案和45°光栅角时,具有最低气泡强度的3d打印部件。研究发现,构件的形状对气泡形成的影响最小。本研究得出,使用100%填充密度、网格填充模式和45°栅格角时,孔隙形成最少,并且形状差异对3d打印部件孔隙形成的影响可以忽略不计。这项研究的结果可以用来预测在(加压气体释放)PGR测试中,作为孔隙形成函数的组件的力学性能。在未来,将需要基于成像的空隙定量分析来验证这一发现。
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引用次数: 0
CREATION OF A POZZOLANIC MATERIAL FROM WASTE CALCIUM HYDROXIDE AND RECYCLED GLASS POWDER 利用废氢氧化钙和回收玻璃粉制备火山灰材料
IF 0.2 Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-05-29 DOI: 10.55766/sujst-2023-02-e02019
Chiraporn Auechalitanukul, P. Jornsanoh, R. McCuiston, Jinjutha Sooksamran, Sukrita Leecharoen, Chonnipa Withaisong
The use of consumer and industrial waste as supplementary cementitious materials is one solution to the development of sustainable Portland cement. This research studied the partial replacement of cement with a pozzolanic mixture of recycled soda-lime glass powder (GP) and waste calcium hydroxide (CH). The optimal weight ratio of CH and GP was selected from five ratios between 30/70 to 70/30 (CH/GP), using thermal gravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction. It was found that CH deficient ratios contained residual glass powder, while CH rich ratios contained residual calcium hydroxide and had undesirable carbonation of the CH. The 60/40 pozzolan was selected due to the large amount of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel that was formed, the absence of residual GP and a minimum of excess CH. Portland cement (PC) specimens with 20 to 40 wt.% replacement by the 60/40 pozzolan were characterized for porosity and compressive strength at aging times from 3 to 28 days. The PC with 20 to 40 wt.% pozzolan had slightly increased porosity due to an increased amount of unreacted water from the batch. The porosity decreased with increased aging time. The PC with 30 wt.% pozzolan had a compressive strength equal to the reference PC, but only after 7 days or longer of aging. This was likely due to the slower reaction rate of the pozzolan. The 60/40 CH/GP pozzolan appears to be a viable partial replacement for PC when used at 30 wt.%.
使用消费和工业废料作为补充胶凝材料是发展可持续波特兰水泥的一种解决方案。本文研究了用再生钠石灰玻璃粉(GP)和废氢氧化钙(CH)组成的火山灰混合物部分替代水泥。通过热重分析和x射线衍射,从30/70 ~ 70/30 (CH/GP)的5个比值中选择CH和GP的最佳质量比。发现缺CH比中含有残留的玻璃粉,富CH比中含有残留的氢氧化钙,存在CH的不良碳化现象。由于形成了大量的水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)凝胶,因此选择了60/40的火山灰。用60/40的火山灰替代20 - 40% wt.%的硅酸盐水泥(PC)试样,在3 - 28天的老化时间内进行孔隙率和抗压强度的表征。含有20 - 40 wt.%火山灰的PC由于从批次中增加了未反应水的量而略微增加了孔隙度。随着时效时间的延长,孔隙率降低。含有30wt .%火山灰的PC具有与参考PC相同的抗压强度,但仅经过7天或更长时间的老化。这可能是由于火山灰的反应速度较慢。60/40 CH/GP火山灰似乎是一个可行的部分替代PC当使用30 wt.%。
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引用次数: 0
IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE AIR QUALITY OF INDIA COVID-19大流行对印度空气质量的影响
IF 0.2 Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-05-29 DOI: 10.55766/sujst-2023-02-e02065
Shivangi S. Somvanshi, M. Kumari, S. Zubair, Gaurav G.
Towards the end of 2019, a novel contagious virus (COVID-19) came out of Wuhan, China and turned into a disastrous pandemic. Many countries were locked down; completely or partially. The ongoing pandemic not only affected our economies and routine life, but also the environment. This study was aimed to compare the air quality of the Indian subcontinent prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this regard, air quality parameters (ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, PM2.5 and PM10) and meteorological parameters (wind speed and relative humidity) were analysed. The data was obtained from 229 monitoring stations in India and satellite-based Aerosol Absorption Index (AAI) during the springs of 2019 and 2020. The result indicated a significant decline in the concentration mean, six air pollutants (i.e., PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, O3 and CO) decreased by 36.27, 42.96, 44.62, 28.88, 18.35 and 20.51 %, respectively during April 2020 due to less to no industrial activities and vehicular emissions. The spatial variation of each parameter was simulated using the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation method. An Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model was applied to generate the overall air quality severity zonation map of the country. The zonation map indicated that by adopting cleaner fuel and restriction on biomass burning in the rural and urban sectors can improve the ambient air quality.
2019年底,一种新型传染性病毒(COVID-19)从中国武汉传出,演变成一场灾难性的大流行。许多国家被封锁;完全地或部分地目前的大流行病不仅影响到我们的经济和日常生活,而且影响到环境。本研究旨在比较2019冠状病毒病大流行之前和期间印度次大陆的空气质量。为此,分析了空气质量参数(臭氧、二氧化氮、二氧化硫、一氧化碳、PM2.5和PM10)和气象参数(风速和相对湿度)。这些数据是在2019年和2020年春季从印度的229个监测站和基于卫星的气溶胶吸收指数(AAI)获得的。结果表明,由于工业活动减少和机动车排放减少,2020年4月PM2.5、PM10、NO2、SO2、O3和CO 6种污染物的平均浓度分别下降了36.27%、42.96%、44.62%、28.88%、18.35%和20.51%。采用逆距离加权插值法模拟各参数的空间变化。应用层次分析法(AHP)模型生成全国整体空气质量严重程度分区图。分区图显示,在农村和城市采用更清洁的燃料和限制生物质燃烧可以改善环境空气质量。
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引用次数: 0
CORROSION INHIBITOR AND OXIDANTS EFFECT ON IRON LEACHING FROM CARBON STEEL DURING MERCURY REMOVAL 缓蚀剂和氧化剂对碳钢除汞过程中铁浸出的影响
IF 0.2 Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-05-29 DOI: 10.55766/sujst-2023-02-e02066
I. W. Azelee, A. Aris, W. A. A. ABU BAKAR
The Iodine/potassium iodide (I2/KI) lixiviant chemical possesses efficient treatment capabilities for elemental mercury (Hg°) removal on carbon steel’s porous surface. However, the mercury removal process on the contaminated carbon steel was observed to cause iron (Fe) to leach on the material’s surface. The results showed that the addition of imidazole as the corrosion inhibitor reduces 78.9% of  Fe leaching with only 55% of Hg° removal. Compared to the oxidants of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), only peroxyacetic acid (PAA) possesses a positive influence on the I2/KI reaction. Interestingly, PAA oxidant does not only enhance the Hg° removal up to 99% and reduce 73% of the Fe leaching but also reduces half of the treatment time from 16 to 8 h. While in the addition of NaOCl and TBHP oxidants, the efficiency of the decontamination process was only obtained at 54% and 59% for Hg° removal with 28.4% and 35.8% of Fe leaching, respectively.  
碘/碘化钾(I2/KI)浸出剂对碳钢多孔表面的单质汞(Hg°)具有有效的处理能力。然而,在被污染的碳钢上进行除汞过程会导致铁(Fe)在材料表面浸出。结果表明,加入咪唑作为缓蚀剂,Fe浸出率降低78.9%,Hg°的去除率仅为55%。与次氯酸钠(NaOCl)和过氧化叔丁基(TBHP)的氧化剂相比,只有过氧乙酸(PAA)对I2/KI反应有积极影响。有趣的是,PAA氧化剂不仅可以将Hg°的去除率提高到99%,将铁的浸出率降低73%,而且可以将处理时间从16小时减少到8小时的一半。而添加NaOCl和TBHP氧化剂时,Hg°的去除率仅为54%和59%,铁的浸出率分别为28.4%和35.8%。
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引用次数: 0
INFLUENCE OF FRESHNESS OF EDTA BLOOD ON RELIABILITY OF THALASSEMIA SCREENING TESTS edta血新鲜度对地中海贫血筛查试验可靠性的影响
Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-05-29 DOI: 10.55766/sujst-2023-02-e02352
Patiwat Kongdang, Thanusak Tatu
Thalassemia screening tests include one tube (0.36% NaCl) osmotic fragility test (OFT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH). Reliability of these parameters in stored EDTA blood is the important issue to be concerned. To address this issue, we analyzed the results of these thalassemia screening tests in 50 fresh and stored EDTA blood samples of collected in the Chiang Mai province of northern Thailand. These blood samples; 25 with MCV < 80 fl and 25 with MCV ≥ 80 fl, were stored at room temperature (RT) (approximately 30°C) and in cold (approximately 4°C). OFT, MCV, and MCH were tested in both groups of blood samples everyday for 7 days. It was found that falsely negative OFT results were seen after 1 day and 4 days of storage at RT and in cold, respectively. For MCV, acceptable values were obtained at 0 day and 2-3 days storage at RT and in cold, respectively. No change of MCH values was observed throughout 7-day storage at both RT and cold. It was concluded that when performing thalassemia screening tests in Thailand, fresh EDTA blood must be used for OFT test and MCV determination. However, although MCH seemed to be the most stable parameters, thalassemia screen cannot rely only on MCH value. Therefore, thalassemia screen using these three tests must be done within blood collection day if no cooling facility is available. This information would also be useful for countries in tropical region where ambient temperature is high.
地中海贫血筛查试验包括1管(0.36% NaCl)渗透脆性试验(OFT)、平均红细胞体积(MCV)、平均红细胞血红蛋白(MCH)。储存EDTA血液中这些参数的可靠性是值得关注的重要问题。为了解决这一问题,我们分析了在泰国北部清迈省收集的50份新鲜和储存的EDTA血液样本的地中海贫血筛查试验结果。这些血液样本;25与MCV <80 fl和MCV≥80 fl的25份分别在室温(约30°C)和低温(约4°C)下保存。每天检测两组血液样本的OFT、MCV和MCH,连续7天。结果发现,在室温和低温条件下分别保存1天和4天后,OFT结果为假阴性。对于MCV,分别在室温和低温下储存0天和2-3天获得可接受值。在室温和低温条件下,MCH值在7天的贮藏过程中没有变化。因此,在泰国进行地中海贫血筛查试验时,必须使用新鲜EDTA血液进行OFT试验和MCV测定。然而,虽然MCH似乎是最稳定的参数,但地中海贫血筛查不能仅依赖MCH值。因此,如果没有冷却设备,必须在采血当天使用这三种检查进行地中海贫血筛查。这一信息对环境温度较高的热带地区国家也很有用。
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引用次数: 0
COSECANT-SQUARED BEAM PATTERN SYNTHESIS OF CONCENTRIC CIRCULAR ANTENNA ARRAY IN A RANGE OF AZIMUTH PLANE USING EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM 基于进化算法的同心圆天线阵方位角范围内的余割平方波束方向图合成
IF 0.2 Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-05-29 DOI: 10.55766/sujst-2023-02-e02013
S. K. Dubey, D. Mandal
This paper presents, a pattern synthesis method based on Differential Evolutionary Algorithm. A cosec2 beam pattern has been generated from different concentric circular ring arrays of isotropic elements by finding the optimum set of elements amplitude and phase using the Differential Evolution algorithm. The shaped beam pattern (cosec2) is generated in three predefined azimuth planes (φ=0°, 5° and 10°) from a Concentric Circular Antenna Array (CCAA) having two rings, three rings, and four rings. The total number or isotropic elements are equal for array geometries. The optimum excitation for array geometries is also verified for a range of arbitrarily chosen azimuth planes. The obtained main beam is similar to the desired pattern with some minor variations in peak Side Lobe Level (peak SLL) and ripple. Dynamic range ratio (DRR) is improved by using 4-bit discrete Amplitudes and 5-bit discrete Phases. These discrete excitations also simplify the design complexity of the feed networks.
提出了一种基于差分进化算法的模式综合方法。利用差分进化算法求出各向同性单元幅值和相位的最优集合,得到了各向同性单元的不同同心环形阵列的cosec2波束图。从具有二环、三环和四环的同心圆形天线阵列(CCAA)中,在三个预定义的方位角平面(φ=0°、5°和10°)上生成形状波束图(cosec2)。对于数组几何,各向同性元素的总数是相等的。对于任意选择的方位面范围,也验证了阵列几何形状的最佳激励。得到的主波束与期望的模式相似,但在峰值旁瓣电平(峰值SLL)和纹波方面有一些微小的变化。采用4位离散幅度和5位离散相位,提高了动态范围比(DRR)。这些离散激励也简化了馈电网络的设计复杂性。
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引用次数: 0
ANTIFOULING STUDY OF ZINC TANNATE (TZn) FOR MILD STEEL IN TROPICAL SEAWATER 单宁酸锌(TZn)对热带海水中低碳钢防污性能的研究
IF 0.2 Q4 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-05-29 DOI: 10.55766/sujst-2023-02-e02063
Mohammad Fakhratul Ridwan Zulkifli, W. M. N. Wan Nik, Siti Hajar Abdullah, S. Jusoh, S. Abdullah, Adi Hafizamri Ariffin
This study was coordinated to investigate the potential of tannin extracted from mangrove bark (Rhizophora apiculata sp.) as an antifouling agent. Using natural resources as antifouling agents is an environmentally friendly alternative in industrial applications. Extracted tannin was formulated in a readily available epoxy coating and then coated on the mild steel samples. The samples were immersed in seawater for 60 days in Chendering Port and Marang Jetty. A screening test was performed via the anti-biofilm assay method to characterise the antimicrobial abilities. The IC50 of zinc tannate extract against Bacillus Cereus and Salmonella sp was 2.6 mg/ml and 28.75 mg/ml, respectively.  It was discovered that fouling attachment is more noticeable in Chendering Port due to the physical parameters of the surrounding waters. Furthermore, the percentage of the weight acquired at Chendering port is higher than at Marang jetty. Surface inspection using digital photographs and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals a denser tubeworm and mollusc attachment on the substrate without TZn. Higher tannin concentration has resulted in greater antifouling potential. Overall, the findings implicate that TZn has great potential as an antifouling additive in commercial marine coating.
本研究旨在探讨从红树林树皮(Rhizophora apiculata sp.)中提取的单宁作为防污剂的潜力。利用自然资源作为防污剂在工业应用中是一种环保的选择。提取的单宁在易获得的环氧涂层中配制,然后涂覆在低碳钢样品上。样品在陈令港和马朗码头海水中浸泡60天。通过抗生物膜试验方法进行筛选试验,以表征抗菌能力。单宁酸锌提取物对蜡样芽孢杆菌和沙门氏菌的IC50分别为2.6 mg/ml和28.75 mg/ml。研究发现,在陈岭港,受周围水体物理参数的影响,污垢附着更为明显。此外,在陈令港获得的重量百分比高于在马朗码头。使用数码照片和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的表面检查显示,在没有TZn的衬底上有更密集的管虫和软体动物附着。单宁浓度越高,防污潜力越大。总之,研究结果表明,TZn作为一种防污添加剂在商业船舶涂料中具有很大的潜力。
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Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology
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