Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i2.2298
C. A. Joseph
-
-
{"title":"The Stellenbosch University Senate ought to remain neutral on the Israel-Palestine war in Gaza - A response to Mahomed and Hendricks","authors":"C. A. Joseph","doi":"10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i2.2298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i2.2298","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>-</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":43498,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Bioethics and Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141669316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i2.2403
H. Mahomed, L. Hendricks
-
-
{"title":"A response to 'The Stellenbosch University Senate ought to remain neutral on the Israel-Palestine war in Gaza - A response to Mahomed and Hendricks'","authors":"H. Mahomed, L. Hendricks","doi":"10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i2.2403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i2.2403","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>-</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":43498,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Bioethics and Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141669896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-23DOI: 10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.1600
J. L. Roos, C. Kotzé
On 6 September 1966, the prime minister of South Africa, Dr HF Verwoerd was killed by Mr Tsafendas, a Portuguese national of Greek descent, in parliament by stabbing him in the chest. Mr Tsafendas was a messenger in parliament. At the enquiry trial of Mr Tsafendas, he was found unfit to stand trial on the ground that he suffered from schizophrenia. The psychiatric evidence during the enquiry trial was reviewed and discussed under the following headings: Diagnosis of schizophrenia; Consideration of cultural factors in forensic psychiatric settings; Delusional infestation v. extreme overvalued beliefs; Simulation of psychosis; Ethical considerations in criminal capacity and trial competency assessments. Lessons from the Mr Tsafendas enquiry trial for forensic psychiatrists where a defendant previously diagnosed with schizophrenia commits a prominent political murder, are summarised. It is emphasised that the personhood of an accused referred for forensic observation should be respected and protected, instead of focusing exclusively on a specific diagnosis.
{"title":"Examining the Mr Tsafendas enquiry trial: Current insights on forensic psychiatric assessment and ethics","authors":"J. L. Roos, C. Kotzé","doi":"10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.1600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.1600","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000On 6 September 1966, the prime minister of South Africa, Dr HF Verwoerd was killed by Mr Tsafendas, a Portuguese national of Greek descent, in parliament by stabbing him in the chest. Mr Tsafendas was a messenger in parliament. At the enquiry trial of Mr Tsafendas, he was found unfit to stand trial on the ground that he suffered from schizophrenia. The psychiatric evidence during the enquiry trial was reviewed and discussed under the following headings: Diagnosis of schizophrenia; Consideration of cultural factors in forensic psychiatric settings; Delusional infestation v. extreme overvalued beliefs; Simulation of psychosis; Ethical considerations in criminal capacity and trial competency assessments. Lessons from the Mr Tsafendas enquiry trial for forensic psychiatrists where a defendant previously diagnosed with schizophrenia commits a prominent political murder, are summarised. It is emphasised that the personhood of an accused referred for forensic observation should be respected and protected, instead of focusing exclusively on a specific diagnosis.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":43498,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Bioethics and Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140669601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-23DOI: 10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.1969
L. Abdulrauf, B. L. Llb, Adaji, B. L. Llb, PhD H Ojibara
The draft Code of Conduct for Research is an important initiative towards assisting the scientific community in complying with the provisions of the Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013 (POPIA). However, its approach towards cross-border data sharing should be reconsidered to clarify the ambiguities inherent in the legal requirements for the cross-border sharing of health data in the POPIA. These ambiguities include the concept of ‘transfer of information’, the application of adequacy as a legal mechanism for transfer, the nature of consent for cross-border sharing and the scope of the recipient third party. We suggest that the draft Code of Conduct for Research can be improved by: Explaining or defining the concept of ‘transfer of information’ and when it applies to cross-border sharing in research Clarifying the application of adequacy as a legal mechanism for transfer vis-à-vis the other alternatives Expanding on the interpretation and application of consent as a legal mechanism for cross-border transfers Expanding the category of persons who may be recipients of personal information in a third country
{"title":"Clarifying the legal requirement for cross-border sharing of health data in POPIA: Recommendations on the draft Code of Conduct for Research","authors":"L. Abdulrauf, B. L. Llb, Adaji, B. L. Llb, PhD H Ojibara","doi":"10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.1969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.1969","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The draft Code of Conduct for Research is an important initiative towards assisting the scientific community in complying with the provisions of the Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013 (POPIA). However, its approach towards cross-border data sharing should be reconsidered to clarify the ambiguities inherent in the legal requirements for the cross-border sharing of health data in the POPIA. These ambiguities include the concept of ‘transfer of information’, the application of adequacy as a legal mechanism for transfer, the nature of consent for cross-border sharing and the scope of the recipient third party. We suggest that the draft Code of Conduct for Research can be improved by:\u0000\u0000\u0000Explaining or defining the concept of ‘transfer of information’ and when it applies to cross-border sharing in research\u0000\u0000\u0000Clarifying the application of adequacy as a legal mechanism for transfer vis-à-vis the other alternatives\u0000\u0000\u0000Expanding on the interpretation and application of consent as a legal mechanism for cross-border transfers\u0000\u0000\u0000Expanding the category of persons who may be recipients of personal information in a third country\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":43498,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Bioethics and Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140671226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-23DOI: 10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.1561
D. Thomson, M. Labuschaigne
Organ donation after a circulatory determination of death is possible in selected patients where consent is given to support donation and the patient has been legally declared dead by two doctors. The National Health Act (61 of 2003) and regulations provide strict controls for the certification of death and the donation of organs and tissues after death. Although the National Health Act expressly recognises that brain death is death, it does not prescribe the medical standards of testing for the determination of brain death (neurological determination of death), circulatory death (circulatory determination of death) or for determination of death based on somatic criteria. However, in all cases of organ donation, including after circulatory death, the National Health Act mandates that two doctors certify the death, with one doctor possessing more than 5 years of experience. Additionally, both doctors must be independent from the transplant team. The standard for such determination, as for brain death, aligns with accepted medical standards. The Critical Care Society of Southern Africa has published South African (SA) Guidelines on Death Determination that outline rigorous standards for death determination in hospital settings by either a neurological or circulatory method. Legislation and the Health Professions Council of SA’s (HPCSA) professional guidance direct clinicians on obtaining informed consent for donation either from the patient or in cases of incapacity from their surrogate decision maker. Collectively, the legislation, regulations and professional guidelines in SA provide a robust ethical framework that supports organ donation after circulatory death.
{"title":"Organ donation after circulatory death – legal in South Africa and in alignment with Chapter 8 of the National Health Act and Regulations relating to organ and tissue donation","authors":"D. Thomson, M. Labuschaigne","doi":"10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.1561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.1561","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Organ donation after a circulatory determination of death is possible in selected patients where consent is given to support donation and the patient has been legally declared dead by two doctors. The National Health Act (61 of 2003) and regulations provide strict controls for the certification of death and the donation of organs and tissues after death. Although the National Health Act expressly recognises that brain death is death, it does not prescribe the medical standards of testing for the determination of brain death (neurological determination of death), circulatory death (circulatory determination of death) or for determination of death based on somatic criteria. However, in all cases of organ donation, including after circulatory death, the National Health Act mandates that two doctors certify the death, with one doctor possessing more than 5 years of experience. Additionally, both doctors must be independent from the transplant team. The standard for such determination, as for brain death, aligns with accepted medical standards. The Critical Care Society of Southern Africa has published South African (SA) Guidelines on Death Determination that outline rigorous standards for death determination in hospital settings by either a neurological or circulatory method. Legislation and the Health Professions Council of SA’s (HPCSA) professional guidance direct clinicians on obtaining informed consent for donation either from the patient or in cases of incapacity from their surrogate decision maker. Collectively, the legislation, regulations and professional guidelines in SA provide a robust ethical framework that supports organ donation after circulatory death.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":43498,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Bioethics and Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140666384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-23DOI: 10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.2071
M. J. Kotze, K. A. Grant, N. C. van der Merwe, N. W. Barsdorf, M. Kruger
The development of gene expression profiling and next-generation sequencing technologies have steered oncogenomics to the forefront of precision medicine. This created a need for harmonious cooperation between clinicians and researchers to increase access to precision oncology, despite multiple implementation challenges being encountered. The aim is to apply personalised treatment strategies early in cancer management, targeting tumour subtypes and actionable gene variants within the individual’s broader clinical risk profile and wellbeing. A knowledge-generating database linked to the South African Medical Research Council’s Genomic Centre has been created for the application of personalised medicine, using an integrated service and research approach. Insights gained from patient experiences related to tumour heterogeneity, access to targeted therapies and incidental findings of pathogenic germline variants in tumour DNA, provided practice-changing evidence for the implementation of a cost-minimisation pathology-supported genetic testing strategy. Integrating clinical care with genomic research through data sharing advances personalised medicine and maximises precision oncology benefits.
基因表达谱分析和新一代测序技术的发展将肿瘤基因组学推向了精准医疗的前沿。这就需要临床医生和研究人员之间和谐合作，以增加精准肿瘤学的可及性，尽管在实施过程中遇到了多重挑战。其目的是在癌症治疗的早期应用个性化治疗策略，针对个人更广泛的临床风险和健康状况中的肿瘤亚型和可操作的基因变异。已创建了一个与南非医学研究理事会基因组中心相连的知识生成数据库，用于采用综合服务和研究方法应用个性化医疗。从与肿瘤异质性、获得靶向治疗以及偶然发现肿瘤 DNA 中的致病基因变异有关的患者经验中获得的见解，为实施成本最小化的病理支持基因检测战略提供了改变实践的证据。通过数据共享将临床治疗与基因组研究结合起来，可以推进个性化医疗并最大限度地提高精准肿瘤学的效益。
{"title":"Navigating ethical challenges of integrating genomic medicine into clinical practice: Maximising beneficence in precision oncology","authors":"M. J. Kotze, K. A. Grant, N. C. van der Merwe, N. W. Barsdorf, M. Kruger","doi":"10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.2071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.2071","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The development of gene expression profiling and next-generation sequencing technologies have steered oncogenomics to the forefront of precision medicine. This created a need for harmonious cooperation between clinicians and researchers to increase access to precision oncology, despite multiple implementation challenges being encountered. The aim is to apply personalised treatment strategies early in cancer management, targeting tumour subtypes and actionable gene variants within the individual’s broader clinical risk profile and wellbeing. A knowledge-generating database linked to the South African Medical Research Council’s Genomic Centre has been created for the application of personalised medicine, using an integrated service and research approach. Insights gained from patient experiences related to tumour heterogeneity, access to targeted therapies and incidental findings of pathogenic germline variants in tumour DNA, provided practice-changing evidence for the implementation of a cost-minimisation pathology-supported genetic testing strategy. Integrating clinical care with genomic research through data sharing advances personalised medicine and maximises precision oncology benefits.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":43498,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Bioethics and Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140671550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-23DOI: 10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.2058
S. Mahomed
There is an intrinsic connection between genocide and colonialism where both concepts are in close proximity and are based on the logic of elimination. The fact that an active genocide of the Palestinian people continues in 2024 is extremely disturbing. A plethora of human rights laws and principles complement and reinforce the protections afforded under international humanitarian law. These laws were developed in order to prevent historical atrocities from repeating themselves. As history is re-written, it is submitted that these laws, while good on paper, are not being put into practice in the case of Palestine. This article reflects on the application of specific international humanitarian laws, namely protecting healthcare, preserving nutrition and safeguarding children during times of conflict, and analyses how these protections are being flouted in the case of Gaza.
{"title":"International humanitarian laws: Applicable to all or a privilege for some?","authors":"S. Mahomed","doi":"10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.2058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.2058","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000There is an intrinsic connection between genocide and colonialism where both concepts are in close proximity and are based on the logic of elimination. The fact that an active genocide of the Palestinian people continues in 2024 is extremely disturbing. A plethora of human rights laws and principles complement and reinforce the protections afforded under international humanitarian law. These laws were developed in order to prevent historical atrocities from repeating themselves. As history is re-written, it is submitted that these laws, while good on paper, are not being put into practice in the case of Palestine. This article reflects on the application of specific international humanitarian laws, namely protecting healthcare, preserving nutrition and safeguarding children during times of conflict, and analyses how these protections are being flouted in the case of Gaza.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":43498,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Bioethics and Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140669776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-23DOI: 10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.2153
A. Dhai
-
-
{"title":"International humanitarian law: Dunant would be devastated again","authors":"A. Dhai","doi":"10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.2153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.2153","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>-</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":43498,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Bioethics and Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140666101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-23DOI: 10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.1991
M. De Roubaix
The aim of the article is threefold: to argue and motivate that unnecessary surgery is a worldwide phenomenon, that it exposes patients to unwarranted risks and that patients should actively participate in decision-making and take a shared responsibility to protect their interests. There is a firm belief that the enterprise of medicine is something of value – both intrinsically because being healthy is good and instrumentally since being healthy allows us to do what we wish to, to attain happiness and to live valuable lives. However, this can only hold if treatment is justified in terms of accepted evidence-based criteria. Imperative for all forms of treatment, including costly and invasive investigations, this is particularly true for surgical interventions because no surgery is without risk. Surgery performed outside of the norms of accepted indications constitutes a grave form of assault. Medicine is a noble cause if we stick to the rules and help each other to do so. As professionals, our most fundamental regulation is by ourselves.
{"title":"The noble cause of medicine – fact or fallacy?","authors":"M. De Roubaix","doi":"10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.1991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.1991","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The aim of the article is threefold: to argue and motivate that unnecessary surgery is a worldwide phenomenon, that it exposes patients to unwarranted risks and that patients should actively participate in decision-making and take a shared responsibility to protect their interests. There is a firm belief that the enterprise of medicine is something of value – both intrinsically because being healthy is good and instrumentally since being healthy allows us to do what we wish to, to attain happiness and to live valuable lives. However, this can only hold if treatment is justified in terms of accepted evidence-based criteria. Imperative for all forms of treatment, including costly and invasive investigations, this is particularly true for surgical interventions because no surgery is without risk. Surgery performed outside of the norms of accepted indications constitutes a grave form of assault. Medicine is a noble cause if we stick to the rules and help each other to do so. As professionals, our most fundamental regulation is by ourselves.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":43498,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Bioethics and Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140667024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-23DOI: 10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.1930
T. Carmichael, L. Gower
Futile medical interventions have virtually no chance of success. Doctors might perform such procedures because of pressure from families or patients. The doctor might also have an ulterior motive of gain or prefer to do it rather than take time to communicate with the patient about a poor prognosis. Established ways to communicate bad news to patients are not always used by managing physicians with time constraints. The SPIKES protocol method is outlined to assist in sensitive communication where further intervention is futile. This review primarily explores various aspects of medical futility. It also explores strategies for effectively communicating with patients and their families regarding futility interventions. A side-effect of futile interventions is burnout in doctors and other health practitioners (HPs). The complex relationship between futility and burnout is described.
{"title":"Futility, communicating bad news and burnout in doctors and other health practitioners","authors":"T. Carmichael, L. Gower","doi":"10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.1930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.1930","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Futile medical interventions have virtually no chance of success. Doctors might perform such procedures because of pressure from families or patients. The doctor might also have an ulterior motive of gain or prefer to do it rather than take time to communicate with the patient about a poor prognosis. Established ways to communicate bad news to patients are not always used by managing physicians with time constraints. The SPIKES protocol method is outlined to assist in sensitive communication where further intervention is futile.\u0000This review primarily explores various aspects of medical futility. It also explores strategies for effectively communicating with patients and their families regarding futility interventions. A side-effect of futile interventions is burnout in doctors and other health practitioners (HPs). The complex relationship between futility and burnout is described.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":43498,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Bioethics and Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140668303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：