Pub Date : 2022-10-12DOI: 10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i2.804
M. Kwinda, M. Labuschaigne, M. Slabbert
The purpose of this article is to address the questions as to whether a criminal conviction of a healthcare practitioner should affect his or her professional standing, and whether such conviction constitutes ‘unprofessional conduct’ in terms of the Health Professions Act. The article also explores a related matter, namely whether the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) has a legal duty to refer complaints regarding unprofessional conduct that displays criminal elements for criminal prosecution. After considering relevant case law on these issues, the article concludes that a practitioner, after being convicted of an offence, should be afforded an opportunity to explain him- or herself to the board, not only in extenuation of the conduct in question, but also in response to the question of whether the conduct constitutes improper or disgraceful conduct. Moreover, the article explains why the HPCSA and professional boards have a legal duty to refer matters of unprofessional conduct with criminal elements in terms of section 34 of the Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act to law enforcement agencies.
{"title":"Disciplinary proceedings against healthcare practitioners facing criminal charges: The role of the Health Professions Council of South Africa","authors":"M. Kwinda, M. Labuschaigne, M. Slabbert","doi":"10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i2.804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i2.804","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The purpose of this article is to address the questions as to whether a criminal conviction of a healthcare practitioner should affect his or her professional standing, and whether such conviction constitutes ‘unprofessional conduct’ in terms of the Health Professions Act. The article also explores a related matter, namely whether the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) has a legal duty to refer complaints regarding unprofessional conduct that displays criminal elements for criminal prosecution. After considering relevant case law on these issues, the article concludes that a practitioner, after being convicted of an offence, should be afforded an opportunity to explain him- or herself to the board, not only in extenuation of the conduct in question, but also in response to the question of whether the conduct constitutes improper or disgraceful conduct. Moreover, the article explains why the HPCSA and professional boards have a legal duty to refer matters of unprofessional conduct with criminal elements in terms of section 34 of the Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act to law enforcement agencies. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":43498,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Bioethics and Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42865187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-12DOI: 10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i2.819
P. Soma-Pillay, L. Nkosi-Thomas, Y. Pillay
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{"title":"Rights of the fetus: Voice of the Unborn Baby and Constitutional Court decision","authors":"P. Soma-Pillay, L. Nkosi-Thomas, Y. Pillay","doi":"10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i2.819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i2.819","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>-</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":43498,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Bioethics and Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43874119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-12DOI: 10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i2.802
G. P. Kovane, V. C. Nikoderm, O. Khondowe
Background. Informed consent (IC) is not only a regulatory but also an ethical requirement to participate in any clinical trial. It is essential to determine that research participants understand what they consent to. Studies that evaluate participants’ understanding of IC conclude that recall and understanding of IC is often low, and researchers recommend that interactive multimedia interventions should be implemented to optimise understanding. Objectives. To assess participants’ understanding of IC of the research trial that they agreed to participate in.Methods. A descriptive survey design, within a quantitative research approach, was used to conduct the study at two government hospitals in the Eastern Cape Province. A semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from 170 participants in research studies. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the results.Results. Participants were recruited from among women who enrolled in any of the three studies that were ongoing at the two sites during the recruitment period. The study participants had a mean age of 25.9 years. Nearly one-third (30%) could not recall the purpose of the original trial that they consented to. The concept of randomisation was not understood by any of the participants.Conclusion. Regardless of extensive efforts to ensure that participants understood their participation, this study unveiled poor recall of essential information on IC. It is proposed that IC should be short and only address essential components such as purpose, procedure, possible risks or benefits, alternative options if not participating and explaining the concept of voluntary participation.
{"title":"Informed consent in clinical trials","authors":"G. P. Kovane, V. C. Nikoderm, O. Khondowe","doi":"10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i2.802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i2.802","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Background. Informed consent (IC) is not only a regulatory but also an ethical requirement to participate in any clinical trial. It is essential to determine that research participants understand what they consent to. Studies that evaluate participants’ understanding of IC conclude that recall and understanding of IC is often low, and researchers recommend that interactive multimedia interventions should be implemented to optimise understanding. \u0000Objectives. To assess participants’ understanding of IC of the research trial that they agreed to participate in.Methods. A descriptive survey design, within a quantitative research approach, was used to conduct the study at two government hospitals in the Eastern Cape Province. A semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from 170 participants in research studies. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the results.Results. Participants were recruited from among women who enrolled in any of the three studies that were ongoing at the two sites during the recruitment period. The study participants had a mean age of 25.9 years. Nearly one-third (30%) could not recall the purpose of the original trial that they consented to. The concept of randomisation was not understood by any of the participants.Conclusion. Regardless of extensive efforts to ensure that participants understood their participation, this study unveiled poor recall of essential information on IC. It is proposed that IC should be short and only address essential components such as purpose, procedure, possible risks or benefits, alternative options if not participating and explaining the concept of voluntary participation. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":43498,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Bioethics and Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45056894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-12DOI: 10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i2.815
P. Msimang
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{"title":"Don’t shy away from the elitist implications of your argument: Response to de Roubaix","authors":"P. Msimang","doi":"10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i2.815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i2.815","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>-</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":43498,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Bioethics and Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42109617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-12DOI: 10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i2.784
R. Joseph, G. Mahiti, G. Frumence, C. Ulrich
Background. Decisions to test, enrol and disclose HIV status are among the ethical challenges that may influence adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and HIV care and treatment in adolescents living with HIV. In the Tanzanian setting, how parental perceptions of ethical issues affect adolescents’ adherence to HIV care and treatment is not well known.Objective. To explore parental perceptions of ethical issues in adolescent HIV care and treatment. Methods. The study employed a descriptive qualitative exploratory design and was conducted at Temeke Regional Referral Hospital in Dar es Salaam Care and Treatment Centre (CTC) in the Outpatient Department (OPD). The study population were parents and non-parent caregivers of HIV-infected adolescents 10 - 19 years of age. A total of 16 persons participated in semi-structured interviews after their consent was obtained. All interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim in Swahili and back-translated into English. An inductive content analysis was used, and standards of qualitative rigour applied. Results. Three qualitative themes emerged: balancing adolescents’ autonomy with parents’ desire to protect their children; parental dilemmas regarding disclosure of adolescents’ HIV status; and parental reasons for delayed disclosure.Conclusion. Participants perceived that parental authority should override adolescents’ autonomy in HIV care and treatment. Disclosure of HIV status to adolescents is a challenge to parents. Delays in disclosure often occur because parents feel guilty and because they have fears of rejection by their adolescent children.
{"title":"Parents’ perceptions of ethical issues in adolescents’ HIV care and treatment at Temeke Regional Referral Hospital, Tanzania","authors":"R. Joseph, G. Mahiti, G. Frumence, C. Ulrich","doi":"10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i2.784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i2.784","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Background. Decisions to test, enrol and disclose HIV status are among the ethical challenges that may influence adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and HIV care and treatment in adolescents living with HIV. In the Tanzanian setting, how parental perceptions of ethical issues affect adolescents’ adherence to HIV care and treatment is not well known.Objective. To explore parental perceptions of ethical issues in adolescent HIV care and treatment. \u0000Methods. The study employed a descriptive qualitative exploratory design and was conducted at Temeke Regional Referral Hospital in Dar es Salaam Care and Treatment Centre (CTC) in the Outpatient Department (OPD). The study population were parents and non-parent caregivers of HIV-infected adolescents 10 - 19 years of age. A total of 16 persons participated in semi-structured interviews after their consent was obtained. All interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim in Swahili and back-translated into English. An inductive content analysis was used, and standards of qualitative rigour applied. \u0000Results. Three qualitative themes emerged: balancing adolescents’ autonomy with parents’ desire to protect their children; parental dilemmas regarding disclosure of adolescents’ HIV status; and parental reasons for delayed disclosure.Conclusion. Participants perceived that parental authority should override adolescents’ autonomy in HIV care and treatment. Disclosure of HIV status to adolescents is a challenge to parents. Delays in disclosure often occur because parents feel guilty and because they have fears of rejection by their adolescent children. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":43498,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Bioethics and Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42825033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In most of Africa, mental illness is considered a silent epidemic due to structural and systemic barriers such as inadequate health care infrastructure, insufficient number of mental health specialists, stigma and discrimination related to mental illness, and lack of access to all levels of care. The continued suffering and disability due to mental illness calls for newer treatments and continued research into the field of mental health treatment and therapy. Research ethics committees are cognizant of the importance of this aspect yet, the road to this innovative future is fraught with ethical dilemmas as well as ethical, legal, and social implications. There is an urgent need to have guidelines that give guidance to research ethics involving mental health participants. Guidelines were developed for the ethical review of mental health research protocols with the aim of increasing health equity and access in Africa and other low-income countries. We systematically analyzed 13 programme, research, and policy evaluation tools in light of mental health and cultural attributes. A 54-item assessment tool was created to guide the process of mental health research protocol evaluation taking into account ethical, gender, and sociocultural factors in Africa. The emerging themes i.e. research governance, background and justification, methodology and ethical impact of the research forming the basis of the assessment tool are interlinked with the bioethical principles of respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. When they are applied to the evaluation of a study they will not only underscore these principles, they enhance their application and increase access to equitable health in Africa and other low-resource settings regardless of the varied contexts.
{"title":"Guidelines for the ethical review of mental health research protocols from a culturally-sensitive perspective","authors":"F. Nabil, Mercury Shitindo","doi":"10.58177/ajb2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58177/ajb2","url":null,"abstract":"In most of Africa, mental illness is considered a silent epidemic due to structural and systemic barriers such as inadequate health care infrastructure, insufficient number of mental health specialists, stigma and discrimination related to mental illness, and lack of access to all levels of care. The continued suffering and disability due to mental illness calls for newer treatments and continued research into the field of mental health treatment and therapy. Research ethics committees are cognizant of the importance of this aspect yet, the road to this innovative future is fraught with ethical dilemmas as well as ethical, legal, and social implications. There is an urgent need to have guidelines that give guidance to research ethics involving mental health participants. Guidelines were developed for the ethical review of mental health research protocols with the aim of increasing health equity and access in Africa and other low-income countries. We systematically analyzed 13 programme, research, and policy evaluation tools in light of mental health and cultural attributes. A 54-item assessment tool was created to guide the process of mental health research protocol evaluation taking into account ethical, gender, and sociocultural factors in Africa. The emerging themes i.e. research governance, background and justification, methodology and ethical impact of the research forming the basis of the assessment tool are interlinked with the bioethical principles of respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. When they are applied to the evaluation of a study they will not only underscore these principles, they enhance their application and increase access to equitable health in Africa and other low-resource settings regardless of the varied contexts.","PeriodicalId":43498,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Bioethics and Law","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80452783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-12DOI: 10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i2.826
A. Dhai
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{"title":"Ethics replaced by politics at the patient’s bedside: Sad and dark times in our post-1994 trajectory","authors":"A. Dhai","doi":"10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i2.826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i2.826","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>-</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":43498,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Bioethics and Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48891295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L’épidémie a provoqué plusieurs initiatives de recherche en sciences sociales et humaines, épidémiologiques et sur les systèmes de santé amenant le à enregistrer 58 protocoles de recherche sur la Covid-19 avec 2 pics de soumissions notés respectivement en novembre 2020 (15 protocoles) et en janvier 2021 (13 protocoles). La gestion efficace de ce flux a nécessité la mise en place des dispositions particulières de gouvernance éthique de la recherche en période d’urgence. Deux défis étaient à relever par le comité face à la pression de la pandémie: traiter avec diligence des dossiers soumis qui sont souvent des protocoles de recherche pragmatique et veiller au respect des principes éthiques dans l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre des protocoles. Pour ce faire, des innovations étaient nécessaires, tant dans l’organisation des revues, que le de la mise en œuvre de la recherche en période de pandémie Covid-19. La note de politique ainsi rédigée vise à partager les acquis du quant à sa contribution à la protection des participants à la recherche dans le contexte de la pandémie Covid-19. La méthodologie utilisée est centrée sur la revue documentaire avec l’outil FAO et le guide des bonnes pratiques de la . Cela a permis de mettre en exergue les acquis suivants : La prise en compte de la vulnérabilité dans les procédures de recherche sur la covid-19 ; Examen systématique et réduction de la durée de traitement des protocoles Covid-19 ; Matérialisation du consentement par voie digitale ; et Vigilance éthique sur la vulnérabilité en période de Covid-19. En termes de bonnes pratiques on peut citer La digitalisation de la revue éthique et scientifique des protocoles La systématisation des commentaires écrits des reviewers et l’archivage électronique des procès-verbaux et de protocoles de recherche.
{"title":"Note de politique: la gestion de la vulnérabilité dans la revue éthique des protocoles de recherche sur la Covid-19","authors":"Samba Cor Sarr","doi":"10.58177/ajb001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58177/ajb001","url":null,"abstract":"L’épidémie a provoqué plusieurs initiatives de recherche en sciences sociales et humaines, épidémiologiques et sur les systèmes de santé amenant le à enregistrer 58 protocoles de recherche sur la Covid-19 avec 2 pics de soumissions notés respectivement en novembre 2020 (15 protocoles) et en janvier 2021 (13 protocoles). La gestion efficace de ce flux a nécessité la mise en place des dispositions particulières de gouvernance éthique de la recherche en période d’urgence. Deux défis étaient à relever par le comité face à la pression de la pandémie: traiter avec diligence des dossiers soumis qui sont souvent des protocoles de recherche pragmatique et veiller au respect des principes éthiques dans l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre des protocoles. Pour ce faire, des innovations étaient nécessaires, tant dans l’organisation des revues, que le de la mise en œuvre de la recherche en période de pandémie Covid-19. La note de politique ainsi rédigée vise à partager les acquis du quant à sa contribution à la protection des participants à la recherche dans le contexte de la pandémie Covid-19. La méthodologie utilisée est centrée sur la revue documentaire avec l’outil FAO et le guide des bonnes pratiques de la . Cela a permis de mettre en exergue les acquis suivants : La prise en compte de la vulnérabilité dans les procédures de recherche sur la covid-19 ; Examen systématique et réduction de la durée de traitement des protocoles Covid-19 ; Matérialisation du consentement par voie digitale ; et Vigilance éthique sur la vulnérabilité en période de Covid-19. En termes de bonnes pratiques on peut citer La digitalisation de la revue éthique et scientifique des protocoles La systématisation des commentaires écrits des reviewers et l’archivage électronique des procès-verbaux et de protocoles de recherche.","PeriodicalId":43498,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Bioethics and Law","volume":"19 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87825317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-05Epub Date: 2022-05-19DOI: 10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i1.797
S Naidoo, D Bottomley, M Naidoo, D Donnelly, D W Thaldar
Despite the tremendous promise offered by artificial intelligence (AI) for healthcare in South Africa, existing policy frameworks are inadequate for encouraging innovation in this field. Practical, concrete and solution-driven policy recommendations are needed to encourage the creation and use of AI systems. This article considers five distinct problematic issues which call for policy development: (i) outdated legislation; (ii) data and algorithmic bias; (iii) the impact on the healthcare workforce; (iv) the imposition of liability dilemma; and (v) a lack of innovation and development of AI systems for healthcare in South Africa. The adoption of a national policy framework that addresses these issues directly is imperative to ensure the uptake of AI development and deployment for healthcare in a safe, responsible and regulated manner.
{"title":"Artificial intelligence in healthcare: Proposals for policy development in South Africa.","authors":"S Naidoo, D Bottomley, M Naidoo, D Donnelly, D W Thaldar","doi":"10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i1.797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i1.797","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite the tremendous promise offered by artificial intelligence (AI) for healthcare in South Africa, existing policy frameworks are inadequate for encouraging innovation in this field. Practical, concrete and solution-driven policy recommendations are needed to encourage the creation and use of AI systems. This article considers five distinct problematic issues which call for policy development: (<i>i</i>) outdated legislation; (<i>ii</i>) data and algorithmic bias; (<i>iii</i>) the impact on the healthcare workforce; (<i>iv</i>) the imposition of liability dilemma; and (<i>v</i>) a lack of innovation and development of AI systems for healthcare in South Africa. The adoption of a national policy framework that addresses these issues directly is imperative to ensure the uptake of AI development and deployment for healthcare in a safe, responsible and regulated manner.</p>","PeriodicalId":43498,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Bioethics and Law","volume":"15 1","pages":"11-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9e/25/nihms-1810718.PMC9439582.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40351332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-11DOI: 10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i1.809
A. Dhai
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{"title":"Are we preparing for the next pandemic?","authors":"A. Dhai","doi":"10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i1.809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7196/sajbl.2022.v15i1.809","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>-</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":43498,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Bioethics and Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41488655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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