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Law’s Changing Bodies: Contemporary and Historical Perspectives on Law and Embodiment 法律的变化体:当代与历史视角下的法律及其体现
IF 0.5 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2019-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13200968.2019.1672613
Laura L. Griffin, L. R. Danil
Feminist scholars and theorists have long engaged with the body and questioned its relation to law. This special issue continues this legacy, while also drawing on and contributing to more recent scholarly interest in embodiment, gender and law. The issue was inspired by a wish to foreground the body, embodiment and lived experience in relation to law, from both contemporary and historical perspectives. It examines the ways in which lawmay preclude, encourage, marginalise or stratify certain kinds of embodiment, and how particular kinds of embodiment may be gendered, sexed, classed and/or racialized, includingby lawand legal institutions. Suchdiscussionsquestion the embodied consequences of particular legal decisions, and vice-versa, potential modes of embodied resistance that might drive legal, and broader social, change. What bodily effects and embodied affects are shaped by law,whetherdirectlyor indirectly, andwhat are the embodied consequences of such decisions/omissions?What theoretical or methodological perspectives can enhanceorenrichourunderstandingof the relationshipbetween lawand the body, and law and embodiment? We have also sought to attend to recent developments across varied disciplineswhich challenge commonunderstandings of the body as individuated and static – instead exploring the inherent plasticity of the body, and the ways in which embodiment is relational, situated, subjective and continuous. Many of the articles in this issue follow those whose bodies and modes of embodiment are marginalised – such as prisoners, trans young people, children of misattributed paternity, birthing fathers, the colonised – and their journeys of engaging with, and disrupting, legal orders and institutions. We see in these accounts a complex interaction between old and new legal imaginaries and sensoria, as well as the difficulties faced by legal decision-makers in grappling with the inadequacies of simplistic, cis-heteropatriarchal understandings of gendered/sexed bodies. As several of our authors demonstrate, while such disruption may be productive in the sense of challenging exclusion or hierarchy, we must continue to question law’s emancipatory potential. Hegemonic notions of whose bodies are violable, or how bodies are gendered/ sexed, often persist in unexpected or unintended ways.
女权主义学者和理论家长期以来一直在研究身体,并质疑身体与法律的关系。本期特刊延续了这一传统,同时也借鉴并促进了最近对化身、性别和法律的学术兴趣。这个问题的灵感来自于一个愿望,即从当代和历史的角度,突出与法律有关的身体、体现和生活经验。它考察了法律可能排除、鼓励、边缘化或分层某些类型的化身的方式,以及如何通过法律和法律机构对特定类型的化身进行性别、性别、分类和/或种族化。这样的讨论质疑特定法律决定的具体后果,反之亦然,质疑可能推动法律和更广泛的社会变革的潜在具体抵抗模式。法律直接或间接地塑造了什么样的身体影响和具体影响,这些决定/遗漏的具体后果是什么?什么样的理论或方法论视角可以增强和丰富我们对法律与身体、法律与化身之间关系的理解?我们也试图关注不同学科的最新发展,这些学科挑战了对身体个体化和静态的普遍理解,而不是探索身体的内在可塑性,以及体现关系、位置、主观和连续的方式。本期的许多文章都关注了那些身体和体现方式被边缘化的人——比如囚犯、跨性别年轻人、亲子关系被错误认定的孩子、生父、被殖民者——以及他们参与和破坏法律秩序和制度的旅程。在这些描述中,我们看到新旧法律想象和感觉之间的复杂互动,以及法律决策者在应对对性别/性别身体的简单化、顺式异性父权制理解的不足时所面临的困难。正如我们的几位作者所证明的那样,虽然这种破坏在挑战排斥性或等级制度的意义上可能是富有成效的,但我们必须继续质疑法律的解放潜力。关于谁的身体是可侵犯的,或者身体是如何被性别化的霸权观念,经常以意想不到或意想不到的方式持续存在。
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引用次数: 0
Genetic Bodily Fragments and Relational Embodiment: Judicial Rhetoric about ‘Biological Truth’ in Paternity Disputes in the Family Courts 遗传身体碎片与关系体现:家事法庭父权纠纷中“生物学真相”的司法修辞
IF 0.5 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2019-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13200968.2019.1646111
H. Robert
In an era of quick, cheap and readily available genetic heredity testing, the Family Courts are increasingly asked to determine legal parentage in light of DNA evidence. For the children involved, that can mean that their genetic bodily fragments are used to retrospectively ‘correct’ their legal kinship relationships and legal identity. Where genetic paternity has been misattributed, judges have erased children’s legal connections with misattributed fathers (and their kin) from birth certificates irrespective of any social and relational meaning that these relationships and identities may have accumulated. This article critiques the genetic thinking apparent in family law judgments on legal parentage. It draws on theories of embodiment to argue that judges use a rhetoric of ‘biotruth’ to engage with the child’s body only as genetic fragments. In reconstructing children’s ‘true’ legal parentage and identity from their genetic fragments, law disembodies children themselves, relating to them as evidence of a reproductive transaction in which men who did not get the genetic child they bargained for may be able to obtain a refund of child support paid. In doing so, the current model of legal parentage fails to engage with the children involved in these disputes as embodied and relational legal persons.
在一个快速、廉价且易于获得的基因遗传检测时代,家庭法院越来越多地被要求根据DNA证据来确定合法的亲子关系。对于相关儿童来说,这可能意味着他们的基因身体片段被用来追溯性地“纠正”他们的法律亲属关系和法律身份。在基因亲子关系被错误归因的情况下,法官已经从出生证明中删除了儿童与被错误归因父亲(及其亲属)的法律联系,而不管这些关系和身份可能积累了任何社会和关系意义。本文对家庭法关于法定亲子关系的判决中明显存在的基因思维进行了批判。它借鉴了具体化理论,认为法官使用“biotruth”的修辞只作为基因片段与孩子的身体接触。在从儿童的基因片段中重建儿童的“真实”合法父母身份和身份时,法律剥夺了儿童本身的实体,将其作为生殖交易的证据,在生殖交易中,没有得到他们所期望的基因孩子的男性可能能够获得已支付的儿童抚养费退款。在这样做的过程中,目前的合法亲子关系模式未能将卷入这些纠纷的儿童作为具体的和关系型的法人。
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引用次数: 5
Gendered Custody: The Drowning Moment that Never Ends (Inertia as Social Training) 性别监护:永不结束的溺水时刻(惰性作为社会训练)
IF 0.5 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2019-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13200968.2019.1636753
Carolyn Craig
This paper discusses a visual arts practice that articulates the lived experience of incarceration as a form of knowledge production that gives voice to the affect of carceral practices. The author considers this knowledge in relation to standard forms of academic discourse, seen as an extension of a static framework of representational practices. Standard academic papers are discussed as forming part of a larger logic of Othering that views the incarcerated female as ‘subject’ within the scaffoldings of power. The way such power acts over the body is discussed in relation to broader social actions over the raced/gendered and classed body. These coercive frameworks enact a permanent state of enclosure, denial, erasure and abuse, where prison becomes an extension of a lifelong suite of punitive schedules. The author’s practice enacts affect in order to give agency to this lived experience and voice subjectivity over being the subject of someone else’s perspectival regime of knowledge.
本文讨论了一种视觉艺术实践,它阐明了监禁的生活经验,作为一种知识生产形式,表达了监禁实践的影响。作者认为这种知识与学术话语的标准形式有关,被视为表征实践的静态框架的延伸。标准的学术论文被认为是形成了一个更大的他者逻辑的一部分,这个逻辑将被监禁的女性视为权力框架内的“主体”。这种权力作用于身体的方式与对种族/性别和阶级身体的更广泛的社会行动有关。这些强制性框架制定了一种永久的封闭、拒绝、消除和虐待状态,监狱成为终身惩罚性时间表的延伸。作者的实践产生了影响,以赋予这种生活经验能动性,并表达了主体性,而不是成为他人视角知识体系的主体。
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引用次数: 0
Alleviating Anxiety and Cultivating Care: Young Trans People in the Family Court of Australia 缓解焦虑,培养关怀:澳大利亚家庭法庭中的年轻跨性别者
IF 0.5 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2019-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13200968.2019.1636752
Senthorun Raj
The distress and anxiety faced by young trans(gender) people generates varied social, medical, and legal concerns. In Australia, minors have had to appeal to the jurisdiction of the Family Court of Australia if they wished to undergo medical or surgical changes to their bodies in order to alleviate ‘gender dysphoria’ and affirm their gender. In approving almost every application to date and, most recently, dispensing with the requirement to seek Court approval, the Family Court has exhibited care, concern, and compassion when addressing anxieties faced by young trans people and formulating therapeutic determinations to relieve those anxieties. This paper maps out this affective terrain – the alleviation of anxiety and cultivation of care – by exploring key appellate Family Court decisions relating to young trans people made between 2004 and 2018. A queer engagement with Australian Family Court decisions enables us to consider the extent to which alleviating anxiety and cultivating care secure the wellbeing of young trans and gender non-conforming people.
年轻跨性别者面临的痛苦和焦虑引发了各种各样的社会、医疗和法律问题。在澳大利亚,未成年人如果希望通过医疗或手术改变身体,以缓解“性别焦虑症”并确认自己的性别,就必须向澳大利亚家庭法院的管辖权提出上诉。迄今为止,家庭法院几乎批准了每一项申请,最近还免除了寻求法院批准的要求,在解决年轻跨性别者面临的焦虑并制定治疗决定以缓解这些焦虑时,家庭法院表现出了关怀、关心和同情。本文通过探索2004年至2018年间家庭法院做出的与年轻跨性别者有关的关键上诉裁决,描绘了这一情感领域——缓解焦虑和培养关爱。对澳大利亚家庭法院裁决的奇怪参与使我们能够考虑减轻焦虑和培养护理在多大程度上确保年轻跨性别和性别不合者的福祉。
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引用次数: 2
Queer Cases Unmake Gendered Law, Or, Fucking Law’s Gendering Function 酷儿案件破坏了性别法律,或者说,破坏了他妈的法律的性别功能
IF 0.5 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2019-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13200968.2019.1667777
G. Baars
Abstract Law’s role in upholding and continually reproducing the cisheteropatriarchy is increasingly being challenged in Western courts. This is happening directly, by ‘non-gendered’ claimants wishing to undo law’s compulsory gender performance, and by ‘birthing men’ seeking to queer law’s gender binary. Indirectly ‘fucking’ law’s gendering function are the defendants in the so-called ‘gender deception’ prosecutions. Here we see the judicial system reasserting its hegemony as heteronorm-maker and enforcer. A different face of state pushback against queer anti-normativity shows in accommodation: several European courts have recently ordered the creation of a third gender option. This paper evaluates these ‘Queer Cases’, and asks what the queer struggle with the heteronormative can tell us about law’s social function, its relationship to the body, its material effects and emancipatory potential more broadly. Can we queer the legal structures that seek to know, categorise, assign, police and contain our genders and sexualities or is now the time to say ‘fuck law’?
抽象法在维护和不断复制顺异父权制方面的作用在西方法院越来越受到挑战。这是直接发生的,“非性别”索赔人希望撤销法律的强制性性别表现,“生育男性”寻求酷儿法律的性别二元性。在所谓的“性别欺骗”起诉中,间接的“他妈的”法律的性别功能是被告。在这里,我们看到司法系统重申了其作为非规范制定者和执行者的霸权。国家对酷儿反规范行为的抵制呈现出不同的面貌:几个欧洲法院最近下令设立第三性别选项。本文对这些“酷儿案例”进行了评价,并询问与非规范性的酷儿斗争可以更广泛地告诉我们法律的社会功能、它与身体的关系、它的物质效果和解放潜力。我们能质疑那些试图了解、分类、分配、监管和遏制我们的性别和性取向的法律结构吗?还是现在是时候说“他妈的法律”了?
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引用次数: 9
Courtship, Coverture and Marital Cruelty: Historicising Intimate Violence in the Civil Courts 法庭、隐蔽和婚姻残酷:民事法庭亲密暴力的历史性
IF 0.5 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2019-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13200968.2019.1650629
Alecia Simmonds
What would the history of intimate violence look like if we traced it through the civil courts rather than the criminal courts? How did legal categories relevant to civil proceedings, such as a promise, seduction, consent and coverture, interact to create violable female bodies? In a field heavily dominated by studies of criminal trials, this paper redirects scholarly attention to civil actions used by women in the past to protest male violence and female suffering. This article reveals how the law continued to sanction intimate violence at the very moment when it purportedly sought to restrain it, through the case study of disgraced politician Myles McRae, who in the 1890s was petitioned by his wife Clara McRae for divorce on the grounds of marital cruelty and adultery, and whose mistress Ilma Vaughan then sued him for breach of promise of marriage and assault. The 1890s, much like the present, was a time when public space opened up to allow for discussion of gender violence and legal reform promised women change, yet intimate abuse continued to be legitimated through law. I argue that the law’s sanctioning of violence can best be explained through a more complex understanding of coverture – a doctrine that began not at the marital altar, as is usually claimed, but during courtship and whose effects persisted long after divorce and property reform dissolved the doctrine of marital unity. Thinking of coverture more as a constellation of ideas than as a block legal category allows us to more accurately assess its continuation at the very instance of its supposed dissolution.
如果我们从民事法庭而不是刑事法庭来追溯亲密暴力的历史会是什么样子呢?与民事诉讼相关的法律类别,如承诺、引诱、同意和引诱,是如何相互作用,创造出可侵犯的女性身体的?在一个以刑事审判研究为主的领域,本文将学术注意力转向了过去女性用来抗议男性暴力和女性苦难的民事诉讼。本文通过对声名狼藉的政治家迈尔斯·麦克雷(Myles McRae)的案例研究,揭示了法律是如何在据称试图限制亲密暴力的时刻继续制裁它的。在19世纪90年代,他的妻子克拉拉·麦克雷(Clara McRae)以婚姻虐待和通奸为由向他提出离婚,他的情妇伊尔玛·沃恩(Ilma Vaughan)随后以违反婚姻承诺和人身攻击的罪名起诉他。19世纪90年代,就像现在一样,公共空间开放,允许讨论性别暴力,法律改革承诺改变妇女,但亲密虐待继续通过法律合法化。我认为,法律对暴力的认可可以通过对覆盖物的更复杂的理解来最好地解释——覆盖物不是像通常声称的那样始于婚姻的祭坛,而是在求爱期间,其影响在离婚和财产改革解散婚姻统一的原则后很长时间内仍然存在。将复盖法更多地看作是观念的集合,而不是一个整体的法律范畴,使我们能够更准确地评估它在假定解体的情况下的延续。
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引用次数: 4
Smelling-Out Anachronism: Embodiment and Hegemony in the Medicine Murder Cases of Basutoland 嗅觉的时代错误:巴苏托兰医药杀人案的体现与霸权
IF 0.5 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2019-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13200968.2019.1628631
A. Kettler
Abstract British colonial experiments within southern Africa worked to limit the influence of non-visual evidence used to prosecute witches. Relying on Western sensory legalism that focused primarily on sight, British officials distrusted Indigenous customs that indicted witches through non-visual means. Often, during medicine murder trials in Basutoland of the 1940s and 1950s, southern African legal questions of conjuring and divining therefore focused on rituals of smelling that diverged from Western sensory protocols. These debates on Indigenous legalism and remnants of colonialism remain vital in discussions of the AIDS epidemic, laws against witchcraft, and the application of specific senses and herbal curatives in modern South Africa.
摘要英国在南部非洲进行的殖民实验努力限制了用于起诉女巫的非视觉证据的影响。依靠主要关注视觉的西方感官合法主义,英国官员不信任通过非视觉手段起诉女巫的土著习俗。因此,在20世纪40年代和50年代巴苏托兰的药物谋杀案审判中,南部非洲关于变魔术和占卜的法律问题往往集中在与西方感官协议不同的嗅觉仪式上。这些关于土著法律主义和殖民主义残余的辩论在讨论艾滋病流行、反对巫术的法律以及特定感官和草药在现代南非的应用方面仍然至关重要。
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引用次数: 1
Sexually Dimorphic Bodies: A Production of Birth Certificates 两性二形体:出生证明的制作
IF 0.5 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2019-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/13200968.2019.1649002
Lena Holzer
Abstract Registering a newborn’s gender/sex on the birth certificate is usually seen as a mere formality that reflects a natural state of affairs. This article, however, shows that the registration of gender/sex does something else than record naturally given sex differences in bodies; it actually produces and shapes bodies to develop in a way conformant with understandings of sexual dimorphism. Sexed bodies are therefore not pre-discursive and static objects, but they are constantly in the process of becoming, influenced by socio-legal procedures, including gender/sex registration. By analysing the effects of registering the legal gender/sex on birth certificates and the change of gender markers thereof in various jurisdictions, in particular Australian states and territories, the article aims to show how bodies of intersex as well as endosex cis and trans persons are made into what they are expected to be: sexually dimorphic. It concludes that legally assigning a gender/sex has intrinsically violent effects on bodies, something that could be avoided by eliminating the public registration of gender/sex.
摘要在出生证明上登记新生儿的性别通常被视为反映自然状况的一种形式。然而,这篇文章表明,性别/性别的登记除了记录身体中自然存在的性别差异之外,还有其他作用;它实际上产生和塑造身体,以符合对两性异形的理解的方式发展。因此,受社会法律程序(包括性别/性别登记)的影响,性身体不是预先讨论和静止的物体,但它们不断地处于形成过程中。通过分析在出生证明上登记法定性别/性别的影响,以及在不同司法管辖区,特别是澳大利亚各州和地区,出生证明性别标记的变化,本文旨在展示双性人以及内生顺式和跨式人的身体是如何被制成预期的:性二型的。它得出的结论是,合法指定性别对身体有本质上的暴力影响,可以通过取消性别/性别的公开登记来避免这种影响。
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引用次数: 6
How to Run a Writing Workshop? On the Cultivation of Scholarly Ethics in ‘Global’ Legal Education 如何举办写作研讨会?论“全球化”法律教育中的学术伦理培养
IF 0.5 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2018-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13200968.2018.1504608
Madelaine Chiam, Sundhya Pahuja, James E K Parker
Abstract This article does two main things. First, it records and shares a methodology for running a writing workshop in the context of transnational doctoral and post-doctoral legal education. Second, it offers a critical reflection on this methodology, and in doing so draws out some more general lessons for thinking about our roles as scholars and teachers in the contemporary university. Our thesis is that the unusually formal, even stylised, structure of the writing workshops we describe not only offers participants an opportunity for detailed feedback on their work, but also helps to foster a certain ethics of scholarly conduct. This ethics emphasises the intimacy of scholarly relations on the one hand, and the importance of listening on the other. Such an ethics may be antithetical to some of the more insidious imperatives of the contemporary university.
摘要这篇文章主要做两件事。首先,它记录并分享了在跨国博士和博士后法律教育背景下举办写作研讨会的方法。其次,它对这种方法进行了批判性反思,并为思考我们作为学者和教师在当代大学中的角色提供了一些更一般的教训。我们的论点是,我们所描述的写作研讨会的结构异常正式,甚至风格化,不仅为参与者提供了对其作品进行详细反馈的机会,而且有助于培养一定的学术行为伦理。这种伦理一方面强调学术关系的亲密性,另一方面强调倾听的重要性。这种伦理可能与当代大学的一些更阴险的要求背道而驰。
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引用次数: 0
Imagined Legal Subjects and the Regulation of Female Genital Surgery 想象中的法律主体与女性生殖器手术的规范
IF 0.5 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2018-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/13200968.2018.1526056
M. Iribarne, Nan Seuffert
In this article we analyse the regulation of female genital surgery in Australia with a focus on New South Wales. We argue that the categorisation of some surgeries as Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) and others as Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery (FGCS) participates in the production of a constellation of gendered legal subjects, produced in language and law, that contribute to maintaining the raced and gendered status quo in Australia. Our analysis demonstrates that there is not one legal subject (or object) position for women produced through these laws; a range of legal subject positions are produced in and through this specific set of legal provisions, and these subject positions may shift over time. We analyse three legal subjects, produced relationally. First, anti-FGM feminists and female parliamentarians, who, through campaigning for and participating in passing these laws, enter into a partnership across gender with male lawmakers, become authors of law and full legal subjects of western liberal democracies in that process. Necessary to the emergence of these women as full legal subjects and authors of the law are those subjected to these legal provisions. The creation and prohibition of the category of FGM, through the definition of a wide range of varying cultural practices of female genital cutting, or female circumcision, as ‘mutilation’, creates the image of the ‘mutilated (brown) female’ as subjected to the law. Finally, a new subject of FGCS also emerges through these laws: the figure of a relatively privileged (white) woman who is saturated with sexuality and defined through the decision to mutilate her body in the pursuit of sexual pleasure. This figure, which we call the ‘new hysteric’, is the third gendered legal subject that we discuss.
在这篇文章中,我们分析了澳大利亚对女性生殖器手术的监管,重点是新南威尔士州。我们认为,将一些手术归类为女性生殖器切割(FGM),将另一些手术归类于女性生殖器美容手术(FGCS),参与了语言和法律中产生的一系列性别法律主题的产生,这些主题有助于维持澳大利亚的种族和性别现状。我们的分析表明,通过这些法律,妇女没有一个法律主体(或客体)地位;一系列的法律主体立场是在这套特定的法律条款中产生的,这些主体立场可能会随着时间的推移而改变。我们分析了三个相关产生的法律主体。首先,反女性生殖器切割的女权主义者和女议员通过竞选和参与通过这些法律,与男性议员建立了跨性别的伙伴关系,在这一过程中成为法律的作者和西方自由民主国家的正式法律主体。为了使这些妇女成为正式的法律主体和法律制定者,必须遵守这些法律规定。通过将切割女性生殖器或女性割礼的一系列不同文化习俗定义为“切割”,创建和禁止女性生殖器切割类别,创造了受法律约束的“被切割(棕色)女性”的形象。最后,FGCS的一个新主题也通过这些法律出现:一个相对享有特权的(白人)女性的形象,她充满了性,并通过决定为了追求性快感而肢解自己的身体来定义。这个数字,我们称之为“新歇斯底里”,是我们讨论的第三个性别法律主题。
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引用次数: 3
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Australian Feminist Law Journal
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