Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00794236.2023.2182250
Jéssica Alexandra Martins Teixeira Iglésias
SUMMARY: The aim of this paper is to present and discuss the meaning and use of hair combs in Early Modern Portugal (16th–18th centuries), having as a case study the objects found in the convent of São Francisco located in Castelo de Vide, in Portugal. These artefacts were used as a public demonstration of cultural and personal wealth, taste, and could possess apotropaic characteristics. They mark the desire to communicate social status, accumulated monetary wealth, faith, social beliefs, prophylactic functions, and it is also possible to understand their diachronic significance in their extended use through time. The combs were made using different raw materials, though the ones presented here are tortoiseshell. They exhibited the use of elements of European taste but were manufactured from exogenous materials, courtesy of Portuguese overseas endeavours, and affected by accompanying transformations in tastes and fashion.
{"title":"Hair combs and their social and symbolic significance in Early Modern Portugal","authors":"Jéssica Alexandra Martins Teixeira Iglésias","doi":"10.1080/00794236.2023.2182250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00794236.2023.2182250","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY: The aim of this paper is to present and discuss the meaning and use of hair combs in Early Modern Portugal (16th–18th centuries), having as a case study the objects found in the convent of São Francisco located in Castelo de Vide, in Portugal. These artefacts were used as a public demonstration of cultural and personal wealth, taste, and could possess apotropaic characteristics. They mark the desire to communicate social status, accumulated monetary wealth, faith, social beliefs, prophylactic functions, and it is also possible to understand their diachronic significance in their extended use through time. The combs were made using different raw materials, though the ones presented here are tortoiseshell. They exhibited the use of elements of European taste but were manufactured from exogenous materials, courtesy of Portuguese overseas endeavours, and affected by accompanying transformations in tastes and fashion.","PeriodicalId":43560,"journal":{"name":"Post-Medieval Archaeology","volume":"57 1","pages":"29 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42572413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00794236.2023.2166442
A. Margetts, G. Dawkes, D. Goodburn, L. Allott, Stacey Adams, A. Dowsett
SUMMARY During excavations undertaken for the Dover Western Dock Revival Scheme, Kent, UK, Archaeology South-East (ASE; UCL Institute of Archaeology) encountered substantial remains associated with the development of the port of Dover. Despite natural limitations, especially in the form of silting from the River Dour and longshore drift, Dover has historically been a strategic location in which to maintain a port. The remains presented here comprise a nationally significant waterfront revealed during the revival scheme; that is, the Tudor engineering commonly attributed to Sir Thomas Digges, overseen by the Privy Council and commissioned by Elizabeth I.
在为英国肯特郡多佛西部码头复兴计划进行挖掘期间，东南考古(ASE;伦敦大学学院考古研究所(UCL Institute of Archaeology)发现了大量与多佛港发展有关的遗迹。尽管受到自然条件的限制，特别是受到杜尔河淤积和沿岸漂流的影响，多佛在历史上一直是维持港口的战略要地。这里展示的遗迹包括在复兴计划期间展示的全国重要的海滨;也就是说，都铎王朝的工程通常被认为是托马斯·迪格斯爵士的杰作，由枢密院监督，由伊丽莎白一世委托。
{"title":"What ‘incomparable Jewells Havens, and sure harbours are’: the remains of late 16th century Dover harbour and their wider significance","authors":"A. Margetts, G. Dawkes, D. Goodburn, L. Allott, Stacey Adams, A. Dowsett","doi":"10.1080/00794236.2023.2166442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00794236.2023.2166442","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY During excavations undertaken for the Dover Western Dock Revival Scheme, Kent, UK, Archaeology South-East (ASE; UCL Institute of Archaeology) encountered substantial remains associated with the development of the port of Dover. Despite natural limitations, especially in the form of silting from the River Dour and longshore drift, Dover has historically been a strategic location in which to maintain a port. The remains presented here comprise a nationally significant waterfront revealed during the revival scheme; that is, the Tudor engineering commonly attributed to Sir Thomas Digges, overseen by the Privy Council and commissioned by Elizabeth I.","PeriodicalId":43560,"journal":{"name":"Post-Medieval Archaeology","volume":"57 1","pages":"177 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45667634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00794236.2022.2163736
Emma Maltin, H. Jakobsson
SUMMARY In this paper we describe how and why turkeys were introduced to Sweden during the 16th century, and how the bird spread to different social groups in the 17th century. We present data from unpublished financial records and provide a compilation of all archaeological findings of turkeys from the geographical area of present-day Sweden. The results show that turkeys, first imported by Duke Karl of Sweden in the 1580s, had spread to the Swedish nobility by the 1610s. During the first decades of turkey husbandry in Sweden, turkeys were items of conspicuous consumption, used to show off during elite dinners and as gifts to peers and subsequently also to subordinates. During the 17th century, the bird was adopted by the urban upper middle class. Early modern Swedish turkeys were small, and likely less affected by selective breeding when compared to modern heritage-breed turkeys.
{"title":"The introduction of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) in early modern Sweden – historical and zooarchaeological evidence of husbandry and consumption","authors":"Emma Maltin, H. Jakobsson","doi":"10.1080/00794236.2022.2163736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00794236.2022.2163736","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY In this paper we describe how and why turkeys were introduced to Sweden during the 16th century, and how the bird spread to different social groups in the 17th century. We present data from unpublished financial records and provide a compilation of all archaeological findings of turkeys from the geographical area of present-day Sweden. The results show that turkeys, first imported by Duke Karl of Sweden in the 1580s, had spread to the Swedish nobility by the 1610s. During the first decades of turkey husbandry in Sweden, turkeys were items of conspicuous consumption, used to show off during elite dinners and as gifts to peers and subsequently also to subordinates. During the 17th century, the bird was adopted by the urban upper middle class. Early modern Swedish turkeys were small, and likely less affected by selective breeding when compared to modern heritage-breed turkeys.","PeriodicalId":43560,"journal":{"name":"Post-Medieval Archaeology","volume":"57 1","pages":"1 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47342929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00794236.2023.2182249
Stephen A. Brighton, Andrew J. Webster
SUMMARY The authors blend archaeological data with ethnographic, archival, and historical accounts to tell the story of a post-Famine stone cabin in County Cork, Ireland that was inhabited between 1860 and 1915. Research reveals the stories of the two families that once lived in the cabin and connects them to broader issues of land ownership, politics, and social dynamics. These issues came to a head in 1915, when one family was evicted from the property and the cabin was set ablaze. Artefacts found in situ speak to the complexities of everyday life and reveal localized expressions of identity and belonging.
{"title":"Of hearth and home: the material biography of an Irish cabin","authors":"Stephen A. Brighton, Andrew J. Webster","doi":"10.1080/00794236.2023.2182249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00794236.2023.2182249","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY The authors blend archaeological data with ethnographic, archival, and historical accounts to tell the story of a post-Famine stone cabin in County Cork, Ireland that was inhabited between 1860 and 1915. Research reveals the stories of the two families that once lived in the cabin and connects them to broader issues of land ownership, politics, and social dynamics. These issues came to a head in 1915, when one family was evicted from the property and the cabin was set ablaze. Artefacts found in situ speak to the complexities of everyday life and reveal localized expressions of identity and belonging.","PeriodicalId":43560,"journal":{"name":"Post-Medieval Archaeology","volume":"57 1","pages":"125 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44911203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00794236.2022.2156835
A. Pearson, Ben Jeffs
SUMMARY This article presents the results of an historical and archaeological survey of Lemon Valley, in the South Atlantic island of St Helena. The valley was periodically used by 16th-century mariners during the early years of the Age of Discovery and permanently settled by the English East India Company from the 1660s. The survey reveals a palimpsest landscape which preserves extensive military and civilian ‘plantation’ remains. Together, these provide a rare insight into the character and evolution of the English settlement of the island from the late 17th century, through to the abandonment of the valley in the mid-20th century.
{"title":"Lemon Valley, St Helena: an East India Company and British Colonial landscape in the South Atlantic","authors":"A. Pearson, Ben Jeffs","doi":"10.1080/00794236.2022.2156835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00794236.2022.2156835","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY This article presents the results of an historical and archaeological survey of Lemon Valley, in the South Atlantic island of St Helena. The valley was periodically used by 16th-century mariners during the early years of the Age of Discovery and permanently settled by the English East India Company from the 1660s. The survey reveals a palimpsest landscape which preserves extensive military and civilian ‘plantation’ remains. Together, these provide a rare insight into the character and evolution of the English settlement of the island from the late 17th century, through to the abandonment of the valley in the mid-20th century.","PeriodicalId":43560,"journal":{"name":"Post-Medieval Archaeology","volume":"57 1","pages":"58 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41550520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-19DOI: 10.1080/00794236.2022.2156314
M. J. Champion
SUMMARY This article examines the post-medieval letter graffiti present at historic sites in the UK, and carries out a statistical analysis of the markings across multiple sites, with a view to determining authorship and intent. The data from the graffiti inscriptions is also examined within the wider social history context of naming traditions within the UK and elsewhere, and concludes that a measurable and distinct gender bias is present amongst the historical graffiti that has wide reaching implications with regard to concepts of gendered space and social norms.
{"title":"When everyone was called John: a statistical analysis of Post-Medieval letter graffiti at historic sites in the UK","authors":"M. J. Champion","doi":"10.1080/00794236.2022.2156314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00794236.2022.2156314","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY This article examines the post-medieval letter graffiti present at historic sites in the UK, and carries out a statistical analysis of the markings across multiple sites, with a view to determining authorship and intent. The data from the graffiti inscriptions is also examined within the wider social history context of naming traditions within the UK and elsewhere, and concludes that a measurable and distinct gender bias is present amongst the historical graffiti that has wide reaching implications with regard to concepts of gendered space and social norms.","PeriodicalId":43560,"journal":{"name":"Post-Medieval Archaeology","volume":"57 1","pages":"82 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44982421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-12DOI: 10.1080/00794236.2022.2120724
Stephanie Ostrich
{"title":"Post-medieval fieldwork in Britain, Ireland and the Channel Isles in 2021","authors":"Stephanie Ostrich","doi":"10.1080/00794236.2022.2120724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00794236.2022.2120724","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43560,"journal":{"name":"Post-Medieval Archaeology","volume":"56 1","pages":"268 - 397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42950662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-13DOI: 10.1080/00794236.2022.2120718
D. Elkin
SUMMARY HMS Swift was a British sloop of war which sank in Patagonia - South Atlantic Ocean - in 1770. The wrecksite was discovered in 1982 by local divers from Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, and this find originated the development of underwater archaeology in the country. The article presents a comprehensive review of the various research strands addressed throughout many years, and it also reflects on the legacy that the site and the project represents for topics other than archaeology, such as heritage management, museology, and cultural industries.
HMS Swift是一艘1770年在南大西洋巴塔哥尼亚沉没的英国单桅帆船。该沉船遗址于1982年由阿根廷圣克鲁斯省德塞多港的当地潜水员发现，这一发现开创了该国水下考古的发展。这篇文章对多年来所涉及的各种研究领域进行了全面的回顾，并反思了该遗址和项目在考古以外的主题上所代表的遗产，如遗产管理、博物馆学和文化产业。
{"title":"Archaeological research and heritage management of a British shipwreck in Argentina - the legacy of HMS Swift (1770)","authors":"D. Elkin","doi":"10.1080/00794236.2022.2120718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00794236.2022.2120718","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY HMS Swift was a British sloop of war which sank in Patagonia - South Atlantic Ocean - in 1770. The wrecksite was discovered in 1982 by local divers from Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, and this find originated the development of underwater archaeology in the country. The article presents a comprehensive review of the various research strands addressed throughout many years, and it also reflects on the legacy that the site and the project represents for topics other than archaeology, such as heritage management, museology, and cultural industries.","PeriodicalId":43560,"journal":{"name":"Post-Medieval Archaeology","volume":"56 1","pages":"225 - 248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49404927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-06DOI: 10.1080/00794236.2022.2120728
Sarah Newstead, E. Tourigny, Odlanyer Hernández de Lara, Paola A. Schiappacasse
SUMMARY Now in its sixth edition, this yearly overview of global post-medieval/historical archaeology takes us to Cuba and Puerto Rico in 2022. This edition provides an interesting case study in how the practice of historical archaeology evolved differently within the Caribbean region and addresses key themes, such as colonialism and the evolution of archaeological practice.
{"title":"Global post-medieval/historical archaeology: Cuba and Puerto Rico","authors":"Sarah Newstead, E. Tourigny, Odlanyer Hernández de Lara, Paola A. Schiappacasse","doi":"10.1080/00794236.2022.2120728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00794236.2022.2120728","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Now in its sixth edition, this yearly overview of global post-medieval/historical archaeology takes us to Cuba and Puerto Rico in 2022. This edition provides an interesting case study in how the practice of historical archaeology evolved differently within the Caribbean region and addresses key themes, such as colonialism and the evolution of archaeological practice.","PeriodicalId":43560,"journal":{"name":"Post-Medieval Archaeology","volume":"56 1","pages":"398 - 407"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44218668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.1080/00794236.2022.2120722
L. Pomper
Encounters between Europeans and Americans opened a connection with the countries in Asia. Large amounts of silver from South America and Mexico were shipped to China to be exchanged for the porcelain, silk, and lacquer that were desired in Europe. The porcelain sherds found in the city of Panama confirm how global the trade was. This settlement was founded in 1519 on the Pacific side of the isthmus and played an important role in a complex trade route that facilitated the export of silver from the New World to the Old along with an influx of these goods from the Pacific maritime traffic. After an amalgamation process using mercury facilitating the extraction of silver was developed in the 1550’s, it was used at Potosi in present-day Bolivia. Beginning in 1572, New World silver production began to increase dramatically. Chinese mercury was imported into Latin America; demonstrating “clandestine shipping directly from Asia to Peru,” showing that “there was a high level of international connectedness.” Spanish trade in the Pacific began in the sixteenth century, when Ferdinand Magellan claimed the Philippine Islands for the Spanish Empire. The Philippines had a been a market for Chinese ceramics since the Tang dynasty (618-906) but after Spain established the trading post of Manila in the mid1500’s, Spanish traders quickly saw the opportunity to send Chinese porcelain to the Spanish colonies in the Americas. The first Spanish galleon crossed the Pacific from Manila to Acapulco, Mexico, in 1565, but large shipments of porcelain did not begin to arrive until 1573. Colonists from all over Latin America went to Acapulco to buy Asian goods. Porcelain was far superior to tin-glazed earthenware, such as maiolica, because it was hard, and the glaze and the body were fused together so that it would not crack or chip. Even the maiolica of the best quality might look attractive but could not endure frequent use or washing. The glaze and body could separate, leading to crazing or cracking. The advantages of porcelain were obvious, but Europeans could not make true porcelain until the Meissen factory at Dresden was started in the early 18 century. I have been studying the sherds found in Panama from the time I was first contacted by Beatriz Rovira, who was the chief archaeologist there and I have written several articles about the sherds. I also met with Dr. Felipe Gait an Ammann, who wrote a wonderful doctoral dissertation about the Genoese slave traders in Panama, which was then the “hub of the world.” The traders, Ambrosio Lomelin and Domingo Grillo, were given the contract in 1663 by Philip IV (r. 1621-65) of Spain to become the “first exclusive slave-trading concessionaire to operate directly from the Spanish Indies” and to negotiate directly with the English and the Dutch. Panama was one of the main commercial hubs in the Spanish Empire. Silver bullion was plentiful at Potosi, then in Peru, in present-day Bolivia. Panama was “a port of transit for all of
欧洲人和美国人的相遇开启了与亚洲国家的联系。大量来自南美和墨西哥的白银被运往中国，以换取欧洲所需的瓷器、丝绸和漆器。在巴拿马城发现的瓷器碎片证实了这种贸易的全球化程度。该定居点于1519年在地峡的太平洋一侧建立，在一条复杂的贸易路线中发挥了重要作用，这条路线促进了白银从新世界向旧世界的出口，同时也促进了这些货物从太平洋海上运输中的涌入。在1550年代开发出一种使用汞促进银提取的融合工艺后，它被用于今天玻利维亚的波托西。从1572年开始，新世界的白银产量开始急剧增加。中国汞被进口到拉丁美洲；展示了“从亚洲直接到秘鲁的秘密航运”，表明“存在高度的国际联系”。西班牙在太平洋的贸易始于16世纪，当时费迪南德·麦哲伦为西班牙帝国声称拥有菲律宾群岛。自唐朝（618-906）以来，菲律宾一直是中国陶瓷的市场，但在西班牙于1500年代中期建立马尼拉贸易站后，西班牙商人很快看到了将中国瓷器运往西班牙在美洲殖民地的机会。1565年，第一艘西班牙大帆船从马尼拉穿越太平洋到达墨西哥阿卡普尔科，但直到1573年，大批瓷器才开始抵达。来自拉丁美洲各地的殖民者前往阿卡普尔科购买亚洲商品。瓷器远远优于像maiolica这样的锡釉陶器，因为它很硬，釉和坯体融合在一起，不会破裂或碎裂。即使是质量最好的maiolica也可能看起来很有吸引力，但无法忍受频繁使用或清洗。釉料和坯体可能会分离，导致裂纹或破裂。瓷器的优势是显而易见的，但欧洲人直到18世纪初德累斯顿的迈森工厂才能够制造出真正的瓷器。从Beatriz Rovira第一次联系我开始，我就一直在研究在巴拿马发现的碎片，他是那里的首席考古学家，我写了几篇关于碎片的文章。我还会见了Felipe Gait an Ammann博士，他写了一篇关于巴拿马热那亚奴隶贩子的精彩博士论文，当时巴拿马是“世界中心”，1663年，西班牙的菲利普四世（1621-65年在位）授予其合同，成为“第一家直接在西印度群岛经营的独家奴隶贸易特许公司”，并与英国和荷兰直接谈判。巴拿马是西班牙帝国的主要商业中心之一。波托西（Potosi），当时的秘鲁，现在的玻利维亚都有大量的银块。巴拿马是“所有被运送到秘鲁的非洲俘虏的中转港——迄今为止，秘鲁是新世界所有西班牙殖民地中最大的奴隶市场。”非洲俘虏对从秘鲁矿山提取白银至关重要。作为“欧洲殖民项目”的一部分，贩卖被奴役的非洲人的“巨大经济利益”是在这一时期实现的，一旦奴役土著人民被禁止。“波托西的所有银块在运往西班牙的途中都必须经过巴拿马。在我之前的文章中，我讨论过在那里发现的碎片的范围，并将它们与可比较的物体联系起来，但我决定这篇文章会有所不同。我惊讶的是，其中一些碎片可能与其他地方发现的类似碎片有关
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