This paper examines the politics of the Catholic American aid delivered in French-controlled Algeria between 1942 and 1947. Using the archives of the White Fathers (Missionnaires d’Afrique [AGMAfr]), the Archives Nationales d’Outre Mer [ANOM] and the archives of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops at the Catholic University of America in Washington this article traces how humanitarian relief funds sent in support of missionaries in Algeria altered their status in the colonial order. The article focuses on the transformative aspects of this American intervention in a complex colonial environment. The paper argues that the American Catholic intervention, with its focus on indigenous patients rather than colonial settlers, renewed older and broader provisions of missionary relief in Algeria. American aid funded missionary work and resourced social work and later aligned Catholic relief with anti-communist activities in France.
{"title":"The politics of Catholic humanitarian Aid: missionaries and American relief in Algeria 1942–47","authors":"B. Taithe","doi":"10.1093/fh/crad013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/crad013","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper examines the politics of the Catholic American aid delivered in French-controlled Algeria between 1942 and 1947. Using the archives of the White Fathers (Missionnaires d’Afrique [AGMAfr]), the Archives Nationales d’Outre Mer [ANOM] and the archives of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops at the Catholic University of America in Washington this article traces how humanitarian relief funds sent in support of missionaries in Algeria altered their status in the colonial order. The article focuses on the transformative aspects of this American intervention in a complex colonial environment. The paper argues that the American Catholic intervention, with its focus on indigenous patients rather than colonial settlers, renewed older and broader provisions of missionary relief in Algeria. American aid funded missionary work and resourced social work and later aligned Catholic relief with anti-communist activities in France.","PeriodicalId":43617,"journal":{"name":"French History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45230516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guerre révolutionnaire doctrine was conceived of as a riposte to the new form of warfare which the French Army encountered and fell victim to in Indochina. Taking inspiration from both the Indochina experience and communist writers, the doctrine inevitably advocated and replicated totalitarian tactics and methods. One of its major tenets was the intrusion of the army into the realm of politics, an incursion which resulted in huge turmoil. Previous studies have centred on a discussion of the doctrine itself, with limited consideration of its impact within political circles. The current article seeks to address this gap in the literature with an exploration of far-right ideological precepts present in guerre révolutionnaire doctrine and to explain why this doctrine struck a chord with l’extrême-droite in France. Given the extent of far-right political action during the Algerian War in defence of l’Algérie française, an examination of this connection is of significant interest.
{"title":"Vanguards of the counter-revolution: the far right and the French Army’s guerre révolutionnaire doctrine","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/fh/crac074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/crac074","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Guerre révolutionnaire doctrine was conceived of as a riposte to the new form of warfare which the French Army encountered and fell victim to in Indochina. Taking inspiration from both the Indochina experience and communist writers, the doctrine inevitably advocated and replicated totalitarian tactics and methods. One of its major tenets was the intrusion of the army into the realm of politics, an incursion which resulted in huge turmoil. Previous studies have centred on a discussion of the doctrine itself, with limited consideration of its impact within political circles. The current article seeks to address this gap in the literature with an exploration of far-right ideological precepts present in guerre révolutionnaire doctrine and to explain why this doctrine struck a chord with l’extrême-droite in France. Given the extent of far-right political action during the Algerian War in defence of l’Algérie française, an examination of this connection is of significant interest.","PeriodicalId":43617,"journal":{"name":"French History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48399045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bordels militaires de campagne (BMCs) were French military brothels in North Africa under colonial occupation. This system was extended to metropolitan France during the First and Second World Wars due to fears of sexual violence or consensual relationships between Moroccan men and French women. Even after brothels were banned in metropolitan France in 1946, French military authorities illegally brought hundreds of Moroccan women to France to work in BMCs because of the Moroccan soldiers still present in the metropole. With poor living conditions, underage labour and a high workload, French military brothels exploited Moroccan women to theoretically ‘protect’ European women against sexual violence from Moroccan men. This was based on a racialized understanding of Moroccan masculinity. This article uses the experiences of these Moroccan women and details of the sex work system in Morocco to understand the systemic cruelty behind the operation of these French military brothels.
BMCs (Bordels militaires de campagne)是法国在北非殖民统治时期的军事妓院。在第一次和第二次世界大战期间，由于担心摩洛哥男子和法国妇女之间的性暴力或双方同意的关系，这一制度扩展到法国大都市。即使在1946年法国大城市禁止妓院之后，法国军事当局仍然非法将数百名摩洛哥妇女带到法国的bmc工作，因为摩洛哥士兵仍然存在于大都市。由于恶劣的生活条件，未成年劳工和高工作量，法国军队妓院剥削摩洛哥妇女，理论上“保护”欧洲妇女免受摩洛哥男子的性暴力。这是基于对摩洛哥男子气概的种族化理解。本文以这些摩洛哥妇女的经历和摩洛哥性工作系统的细节，来了解这些法国军队妓院运作背后的系统性残酷。
{"title":"Between metropole and colony: Bordels militaires de campagne in colonial Morocco and France in the twentieth century","authors":"Catherine Phipps","doi":"10.1093/fh/crad016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/crad016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Bordels militaires de campagne (BMCs) were French military brothels in North Africa under colonial occupation. This system was extended to metropolitan France during the First and Second World Wars due to fears of sexual violence or consensual relationships between Moroccan men and French women. Even after brothels were banned in metropolitan France in 1946, French military authorities illegally brought hundreds of Moroccan women to France to work in BMCs because of the Moroccan soldiers still present in the metropole. With poor living conditions, underage labour and a high workload, French military brothels exploited Moroccan women to theoretically ‘protect’ European women against sexual violence from Moroccan men. This was based on a racialized understanding of Moroccan masculinity. This article uses the experiences of these Moroccan women and details of the sex work system in Morocco to understand the systemic cruelty behind the operation of these French military brothels.","PeriodicalId":43617,"journal":{"name":"French History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43349915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1937, Justin Godart was despatched by the Popular Front government to undertake a mission of inquiry in French India and Indochina. This article examines the objectives and repercussions of the Godart mission at a time of burgeoning Vietnamese nationalism and its repression by colonial authorities. It highlights the tensions between the Popular Front’s ‘democratic colonialism’—and the French left’s commitment to democratization more generally —and the demands of colonized subjects who were making claims to civil, social and political rights.
{"title":"‘Democratic colonialism’, citizenship and the 1937 Godart mission to Indochina","authors":"M. Edwards","doi":"10.1093/fh/crad015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/crad015","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In 1937, Justin Godart was despatched by the Popular Front government to undertake a mission of inquiry in French India and Indochina. This article examines the objectives and repercussions of the Godart mission at a time of burgeoning Vietnamese nationalism and its repression by colonial authorities. It highlights the tensions between the Popular Front’s ‘democratic colonialism’—and the French left’s commitment to democratization more generally —and the demands of colonized subjects who were making claims to civil, social and political rights.","PeriodicalId":43617,"journal":{"name":"French History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44469650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Seventh Member State: Algeria, France and the European Community","authors":"L. Brunet","doi":"10.1093/fh/crad003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/crad003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43617,"journal":{"name":"French History","volume":"14 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41310349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction to: Introduction: returning to the massacre of Saint Bartholomew, 1572-2022","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/fh/crad014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/crad014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43617,"journal":{"name":"French History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42208180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Journal Article SSFH Society News Get access Joseph Clarke Joseph Clarke joseph.clarke@tcd.ie Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French History, Volume 37, Issue 1, March 2023, Pages 104–110, https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/crad012 Published: 27 April 2023 Article history Received: 08 February 2023 Accepted: 09 February 2023 Published: 27 April 2023
{"title":"SSFH Society News","authors":"Joseph Clarke","doi":"10.1093/fh/crad012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/crad012","url":null,"abstract":"Journal Article SSFH Society News Get access Joseph Clarke Joseph Clarke joseph.clarke@tcd.ie Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French History, Volume 37, Issue 1, March 2023, Pages 104–110, https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/crad012 Published: 27 April 2023 Article history Received: 08 February 2023 Accepted: 09 February 2023 Published: 27 April 2023","PeriodicalId":43617,"journal":{"name":"French History","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135130126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"History of the Dukes of Normandy and the Kings of England by the Anonymous of Béthune","authors":"D. Power","doi":"10.1093/fh/crad004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/crad004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43617,"journal":{"name":"French History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41381541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article seeks to explain the origins of the Dufoix law of 17 July 1984 which instituted a ten-year residency permit for most foreign residents in France. It aims to clarify a series of debates about the relationship between the law and the March for Equality and Against Racism of 1983 by examining three mutually contradictory theories. The first theory holds that President Mitterrand was persuaded to enact the reform as a direct result of his meeting with the Marchers on 3 December 1983. The second theory holds that the carte de 10 ans was a diversionary tactic, irrelevant to the Marchers and aiming to demobilize their movement. The third theory holds that the origins of the law lay less in the march than in earlier migrant worker movements of the 1970s. The article argues that the law ultimately resulted from a complex set of mutually entangled and ambivalent relationships.
{"title":"A victory for the March for Equality? Immigration, policy, protest and the ten-year residency permit of 1984","authors":"Daniel A. Gordon","doi":"10.1093/fh/crac073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/crac073","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article seeks to explain the origins of the Dufoix law of 17 July 1984 which instituted a ten-year residency permit for most foreign residents in France. It aims to clarify a series of debates about the relationship between the law and the March for Equality and Against Racism of 1983 by examining three mutually contradictory theories. The first theory holds that President Mitterrand was persuaded to enact the reform as a direct result of his meeting with the Marchers on 3 December 1983. The second theory holds that the carte de 10 ans was a diversionary tactic, irrelevant to the Marchers and aiming to demobilize their movement. The third theory holds that the origins of the law lay less in the march than in earlier migrant worker movements of the 1970s. The article argues that the law ultimately resulted from a complex set of mutually entangled and ambivalent relationships.","PeriodicalId":43617,"journal":{"name":"French History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44600930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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