This article analyses the political and intellectual debates that took place in the French Empire concerning the admission of neutral commerce to the colonies at the outbreak of the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763). The decision taken by the Minister for the Navy, Machault d’Arnouville, was justified as the only means available to provide the Antilles with essential goods in the face of British naval primacy. Nonetheless, it met with strenuous opposition from the French chambres de commerce, which were reluctant to redistribute power in favour of the colonies. On the other hand, the economist Véron de Forbonnais and the Dominguan planter Pierre-Louis de Saintard strongly supported the minister, albeit for different reasons and goals. Linking questions of colonial dependence and neutrality, their theories disclose new perspectives on the political and intellectual impact of enlightened reform in the French Atlantic empire.
本文分析了在七年战争(1756-1763)爆发时，法兰西帝国关于允许殖民地进行中立贸易的政治和学术辩论。海军部长马绍·达诺维尔所作的决定是合理的，因为面对英国海军的优势地位，这是向安的列斯群岛提供基本物资的唯一手段。尽管如此，它还是遭到了法国商会(French chamber de commerce)的强烈反对，后者不愿重新分配有利于殖民地的权力。另一方面，经济学家弗尔邦奈(vsamuron de Forbonnais)和多明安种植园主皮埃尔-路易·德·圣塔(Pierre-Louis de Saintard)则强烈支持这位部长，尽管原因和目标不同。他们的理论将殖民依赖和中立的问题联系起来，揭示了法国大西洋帝国开明改革的政治和思想影响的新视角。
{"title":"Enlightenment and reform in the French Atlantic empire: Véron de Forbonnais, Pierre-Louis de Saintard, and the 1756 debate over the admission of neutral commerce in the Antillean colonies","authors":"Giulio Talini","doi":"10.1093/fh/crac040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/crac040","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article analyses the political and intellectual debates that took place in the French Empire concerning the admission of neutral commerce to the colonies at the outbreak of the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763). The decision taken by the Minister for the Navy, Machault d’Arnouville, was justified as the only means available to provide the Antilles with essential goods in the face of British naval primacy. Nonetheless, it met with strenuous opposition from the French chambres de commerce, which were reluctant to redistribute power in favour of the colonies. On the other hand, the economist Véron de Forbonnais and the Dominguan planter Pierre-Louis de Saintard strongly supported the minister, albeit for different reasons and goals. Linking questions of colonial dependence and neutrality, their theories disclose new perspectives on the political and intellectual impact of enlightened reform in the French Atlantic empire.","PeriodicalId":43617,"journal":{"name":"French History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47231779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article studies the strategies of mobilization and political communication of craftsmen during a revolt in Saint-Omer in 1305–6. An analysis of a written series of testimonies about the revolt shows that it was not a spontaneous happening, but the outcome of a strategically planned and cunningly carried out mobilization of men, money and means. The well-established practices of gathering, the remarkable culture of assembly and the efficiency of the mobilization of craftsmen of Saint-Omer demonstrate that these corporate associations had developed a sophisticated ‘repertoire of contention’ already around 1300. The repertoire was not new or unheard of, but rather strongly rooted in existing structures, corporate practices and venerable communal ideas of protecting the city.
{"title":"How to organize an urban revolt in medieval Northern France: strategies of mobilization and political communication of craftsmen in Saint-Omer, 1305–1306","authors":"Hannah Serneels, J. Haemers","doi":"10.1093/fh/crac036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/crac036","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article studies the strategies of mobilization and political communication of craftsmen during a revolt in Saint-Omer in 1305–6. An analysis of a written series of testimonies about the revolt shows that it was not a spontaneous happening, but the outcome of a strategically planned and cunningly carried out mobilization of men, money and means. The well-established practices of gathering, the remarkable culture of assembly and the efficiency of the mobilization of craftsmen of Saint-Omer demonstrate that these corporate associations had developed a sophisticated ‘repertoire of contention’ already around 1300. The repertoire was not new or unheard of, but rather strongly rooted in existing structures, corporate practices and venerable communal ideas of protecting the city.","PeriodicalId":43617,"journal":{"name":"French History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43343128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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