Pub Date : 2019-06-19DOI: 10.1163/9789004401792_007
R. M. Rodríguez Porto
{"title":"Forgotten Witnesses: The Illustrations of Ms Escorial, I.I.3 and the Dispute over the Biblias Romanceadas","authors":"R. M. Rodríguez Porto","doi":"10.1163/9789004401792_007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004401792_007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":436891,"journal":{"name":"Interreligious Encounters in Polemics between Christians, Jews, and Muslims in Iberia and Beyond","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124065642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-19DOI: 10.1163/9789004401792_004
Gad Freudenthal
{"title":"The Brighter Side of Medieval Christian-Jewish Polemical Encounters: Transfer of Medical Knowledge in the Midi (Twelfth–Fourteenth Centuries)","authors":"Gad Freudenthal","doi":"10.1163/9789004401792_004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004401792_004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":436891,"journal":{"name":"Interreligious Encounters in Polemics between Christians, Jews, and Muslims in Iberia and Beyond","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116008943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-29DOI: 10.1163/15700674-12340018
Yonatan Glazer-Eytan
The Hebrew inscription in the Piedat attributed to Bartolomé Bermejo is usually viewed in relation to the possible involvement of conversos in the painting. Offering a broader exploration of the local setting as well as the visual and textual models available to Bermejo, this article goes beyond a narrow converso interpretation and situates the inscription within two different contexts: an environment of growing Christian interest in Hebraic knowledge and an Aragonese artistic experimentation with the iconography of the Man of Sorrows.
{"title":"The Spirit of the Letter: The Hebrew Inscription in Bermejo’s Piedat Revisited","authors":"Yonatan Glazer-Eytan","doi":"10.1163/15700674-12340018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12340018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Hebrew inscription in the Piedat attributed to Bartolomé Bermejo is usually viewed in relation to the possible involvement of conversos in the painting. Offering a broader exploration of the local setting as well as the visual and textual models available to Bermejo, this article goes beyond a narrow converso interpretation and situates the inscription within two different contexts: an environment of growing Christian interest in Hebraic knowledge and an Aragonese artistic experimentation with the iconography of the Man of Sorrows.","PeriodicalId":436891,"journal":{"name":"Interreligious Encounters in Polemics between Christians, Jews, and Muslims in Iberia and Beyond","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124521166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-29DOI: 10.1163/15700674-12340014
Mercedes García-Arenal, G. Wiegers
This book discusses the “long fifteenth century” in Iberian history, between the 1391 pogroms and the forced conversions of Aragonese Muslims in 1526, a period characterized by persecutions, conversions and social violence, on the one hand, and cultural exchange, on the other. It was a historical moment of unstable religious ideas and identities, before the rigid turn taken by Spanish Catholicism by the middle of the sixteenth century; a period in which the physical and symbolic borders separating the three religions were transformed and redefined but still remained extraordinarily porous. The collection argues that the aggressive tone of many polemical texts has until now blinded historiography to the interconnected nature of social and cultural intimacy, above all in dialogue and cultural transfer in later medieval Iberia.
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Pub Date : 2018-05-29DOI: 10.1163/15700674-12340017
A. Echevarría
This article presents the Responsio in quaestione de muliere sarracena transeunte ad statum et ritum iudaicum (1451) by Alonso Fernández de Madrigal, “El Tostado” (1410–55), as a rich source for the study of conversion across minority groups. A trial conducted before the archbishop of Toledo concerning a Muslim woman turned Jew by her lover in Talavera de la Reina (Spain) caused a scandal in Christian society. As one of the most outstanding legal scholars at the University of Salamanca, Madrigal established the right of the archbishop of Toledo to judge an issue involving the two minorities and decided in favor of the woman returning to her faith of origin, instead of imposing the death penalty. While conversion superseded issues of illicit sexual relations, gender acted as a mitigating circumstance. This article will also consider how the three communities contributed to the survival of “cohabitation,” defined by Madrigal as social peace, and the preservation of the status of the different religions living together in Castile.
本文介绍了Alonso Fernández de Madrigal的“El Tostado”(1410-55)的《Responsio in questione de muliere sarracena transseunte and statum et ritum iudaicum》(1451)，作为研究少数群体皈依的丰富来源。在西班牙塔拉维拉德拉雷纳(Talavera de la Reina)，一名穆斯林妇女被她的情人变成犹太人，在托莱多大主教面前进行的审判在基督教社会引发了丑闻。作为萨拉曼卡大学最杰出的法律学者之一，马德里加尔确立了托莱多大主教对涉及两个少数民族的问题的审判权，并决定支持该妇女回归其原籍信仰，而不是判处死刑。虽然皈依取代了非法性关系的问题，但性别是一种减轻罪责的情况。本文还将考虑这三个社区如何为“同居”的生存做出贡献，马德里加尔将其定义为社会和平，以及保存不同宗教在卡斯蒂利亚共同生活的地位。
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Pub Date : 2018-05-29DOI: 10.1163/15700674-12340021
E. Gutwirth
The background to this paper is the difference between occasionally atemporal and multinational approaches and local, historical approaches to religious ideas and encounters. The chosen example is that of two authors from one town (Arévalo) and one historical moment (fifteenth-century Castile). The article attempts firstly to identify stylistic, rhetorical, and literary elements in the historiographic traditions about the reputation of the town. Secondly it points to the changes in the status of the town in the late Middle Ages that affected Christians, Muslims, and Jews. Thirdly, after identifying certain tendencies in the writings of the two authors from the town, one Muslim (known as the Mancebo de Arévalo) and the other Jewish, Rabbi Yosef ibn Ṣaddiq de Arévalo, it searches for affinities and common elements in their attitudes.
本文的背景是偶尔非时间的和跨国的方法与当地的，历史的方法对宗教思想和遭遇的区别。所选的例子是来自一个城镇(arsamuvalo)和一个历史时刻(15世纪的卡斯蒂利亚)的两位作者。本文首先试图在史学传统中识别关于小镇声誉的文体、修辞和文学因素。其次，它指出了中世纪晚期城镇地位的变化，这些变化影响了基督徒、穆斯林和犹太人。第三，在确定了来自该镇的两位作者，一位是穆斯林(称为Mancebo de arsamuvalo)，另一位是犹太人拉比Yosef ibn Ṣaddiq de arsamuvalo的某些倾向之后，它在他们的态度中寻找相似之处和共同因素。
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Pub Date : 2018-05-29DOI: 10.1163/15700674-12340020
Yosi Yisraeli
This article presents a new reading of the polemical strategies and arguments embodied in the “anti-Jewish” tractate by the converted bishop of Burgos, Pablo de Santa María (c.1352–1435), the Scrutinium scripturarum (c.1432). It suggests the Scrutinium reflected a unique polemical dynamic that emerged between converts and Jews following the mass conversions of 1391 and the early fifteenth century, regarding the spiritual assimilation of converts to their new faith. Grappling with the new challenges faced by converts, the Scrutinium articulated a Christian approach toward rabbinic traditions and Jewish skepticism that differed dramatically from the scholastic–polemical traditions that were employed at the disputation of Tortosa. Its introduction of rabbinic esotericism provided its Latin-reading audience new historical and theological grounds for the integration of rabbinic authority within Christian scholarship and history. In doing so, it embodied what could be considered a distinct “converso voice,” which challenged the customary religious boundaries between Judaism and Christianity.
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Pub Date : 2018-05-29DOI: 10.1163/15700674-12340023
K. Starczewska
The aim of this article is to present a set of glosses to the Qurʾān written by the sixteenth-century Spanish convert Juan Gabriel and to analyze them in the context of apologetic argumentation. The glosses come from a translation commissioned by Egidio da Viterbo (1518). I present here the index of topics covered by the glosses and argue for their conciliatory character. I also select glosses that focus on the identity of Abraham and compare them with annotations that appear in other Latin translations of the Qurʾān. The conclusion of this study is that, although there was a tradition in Latin Europe of glossing the Qurʾān in particular places, for example in passages where biblical figures are mentioned, Juan Gabriel used this tradition to present Islam as compatible with Christianity rather than a heresy.
本文的目的是为16世纪西班牙皈依者胡安·加布里埃尔(Juan Gabriel)撰写的古兰经ān提供一套注释，并在护教论证的背景下分析它们。这些注释来自Egidio da Viterbo(1518)委托翻译的。我在这里列出了这些注释所涵盖的主题索引，并论证了它们的调和性。我还选择了关注亚伯拉罕身份的注释，并将它们与出现在古兰经ān的其他拉丁翻译中的注释进行比较。这项研究的结论是，尽管在拉丁欧洲有在特定地方粉饰古兰经ān的传统，例如在提到圣经人物的段落中，胡安·加布里埃尔利用这一传统将伊斯兰教呈现为与基督教兼容，而不是异端。
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Pub Date : 2018-05-29DOI: 10.1163/15700674-12340022
Mara Giordano
This paper analyzes a little-studied aspect of Bishop Alonso de Cartagena (1485–56): that of a theologian embroiled in a polemic dispute with Pero Sarmiento and Marcos García de Mora, organizers of the Toledan anti-converso riots of 1449. In this dispute, Cartagena demonstrates a formidable dialectic force, which he develops in his treatise Defensorium Unitatis Christianae. His theological discourse would become a battleground in which, Bible in hand, he revealed the belligerent, irrational and, at the same time, ideological and heretical nature of his adversaries’ arguments. Cartagena represents the critical conscience of the conversos of his time and epitomizes an ambitious and valiant Christian humanism in his attempt to save the unity of Christian society from the cultural and social rift the Toledan crisis clearly embodied. His originality lies in having understood the importance of language as a medium and, therefore, the need to neutralize the “virus” inside it: the preconceived and artificial conceptions that the Toledo rebels had of conversos. Furthermore, his assertion that the papacy should maintain full control of the punishment of heretics led him to suggest repeatedly to John II of Castile that matters of faith did not concern the civil authorities. His role as a theologian reveals itself in his decisive contribution to the expression of a new religious identity: that of the conversos, who thanks to him, began to familiarize themselves with theological concepts such as justification by faith and works such as the Beneficium Christi, which would later play a role in the Spanish and European religious crisis of the sixteenth century.
{"title":"The Virus in the Language: Alonso De Cartagena’s Deconstruction of the “Limpieza De Sangre” in Defensorium Unitatis Christianae (1450)","authors":"Mara Giordano","doi":"10.1163/15700674-12340022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12340022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper analyzes a little-studied aspect of Bishop Alonso de Cartagena (1485–56): that of a theologian embroiled in a polemic dispute with Pero Sarmiento and Marcos García de Mora, organizers of the Toledan anti-converso riots of 1449. In this dispute, Cartagena demonstrates a formidable dialectic force, which he develops in his treatise Defensorium Unitatis Christianae. His theological discourse would become a battleground in which, Bible in hand, he revealed the belligerent, irrational and, at the same time, ideological and heretical nature of his adversaries’ arguments.\u0000Cartagena represents the critical conscience of the conversos of his time and epitomizes an ambitious and valiant Christian humanism in his attempt to save the unity of Christian society from the cultural and social rift the Toledan crisis clearly embodied. His originality lies in having understood the importance of language as a medium and, therefore, the need to neutralize the “virus” inside it: the preconceived and artificial conceptions that the Toledo rebels had of conversos.\u0000Furthermore, his assertion that the papacy should maintain full control of the punishment of heretics led him to suggest repeatedly to John II of Castile that matters of faith did not concern the civil authorities.\u0000His role as a theologian reveals itself in his decisive contribution to the expression of a new religious identity: that of the conversos, who thanks to him, began to familiarize themselves with theological concepts such as justification by faith and works such as the Beneficium Christi, which would later play a role in the Spanish and European religious crisis of the sixteenth century.","PeriodicalId":436891,"journal":{"name":"Interreligious Encounters in Polemics between Christians, Jews, and Muslims in Iberia and Beyond","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129642997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-29DOI: 10.1163/15700674-12340015
J. Tolan
On March 4th, 1233, in his bull Sufficere debuerat perfidie Iudeorum, Pope Gregory IX complains to the bishops and archbishops of Germany of the many “perfidies” of the German Jews, including their “blasphemies” against the Christian religion, which, he fears, may have an ill effect on Christians, particularly converts from Judaism. He orders the bishops to prohibit Jews from presuming to dispute with Christians and to prevent Christians from participating in such disputations through ecclesiastical censure. Gregory clearly thought that it was dangerous to allow informal discussions or debates about religion between Jews and Christian laymen. At the same time, he was instrumental in the promotion of the two new mendicant orders and in the encouragement of their missionary efforts towards Jews (and to a lesser extent Muslims). Over the course of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Dominicans in particular became specialists of religious disputation. Laymen were increasingly discouraged or prohibited from engaging in such disputation by both ecclesiastical and royal legislation. This article will examine several key texts involving the dangers of interreligious debate and discussion in the Middle Ages from the perspective of Christian authorities (ecclesiastical, royal or other). Various authors, from Tertullian to Joinville, expressed misgiving about the effects such debate could have on Christian participants and bystanders, and various medieval legal texts, civil and canon, sought to limit or prohibit such debate.
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