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Editor’s introduction 编者简介
IF 0.3 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2019-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/00938157.2019.1665241
M. Harkin
“Heritage landscape” is a slippery concept, consisting of two terms with broad semantic content. Nevertheless, it is this very ambiguity and vagueness that make it workable from a pragmatic standpoint. I well remember hiking a trail with my son, then a teenager, in Huangshan (Yellow Mountain) in Anhui Province, China. Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, it was overrun with tour groups of the sort seen commonly in Asia (and increasingly in places such as Yellowstone National Park), with a tour guide wielding a loudspeaker and flag, herding their groups in nearly military fashion. Compared with the experience of, say, sauntering through Wordsworth’s Lake District, the contrast could not be more dramatic. The serenity of the landscape (used as one of the main locations for the film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon) was, for me, at odds with the sound of the guides, and the presence of large numbers of tourists. To me, that was not a “heritage landscape” moment; in part, because the landscape was not my “own” heritage. I will gladly “own” a landscape in the British Isles or even a Cycladic Island, but to me the landscape of Chinese poets and monks was a bridge too far. Even more, the reverential attitude towards the landscape, which I inherited through the Romantic tradition, as passed on via the Hudson River School, John Muir, Ansel Adams, etc., seemed, to me, utterly lacking in the selfie-taking tourists. Of course, as Michael Wilson argues, “heritage landscape” is an inherently ideological framework that is open to critical challenge by scholars, but which exists largely to bury such considerations. “We,” as world citizens, can all be welcomed under the umbrella of UNESCO’s World Heritage designation. This makes for, as Wilson notes, some awkward moments. How is a White American visitor to relate to an Aboriginal sacred site such as Uluru? I found myself in a similar situation with a good friend who is a hereditary Maori chief, visiting the Moeraki Boulders in New Zealand. Closer to (my) home, indigenous sites such as “buffalo jumps” are repurposed for a broad, North American audience who have no direct ties to the sites, which can, in fact, be used as part of a settler colonial discourse. On the other hand, in Europe, especially the British Isles, “heritage landscape” can be used to underwrite a highly fictional narrative of cultural continuity.
“遗产景观”是一个模糊的概念,由两个具有广泛语义内容的术语组成。然而,正是这种模糊性和模糊性使它从务实的角度来看是可行的。我清楚地记得,当时我儿子十几岁,和他一起在中国安徽省的黄山徒步旅行。它被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产,到处都是在亚洲常见的旅游团(在黄石国家公园等地也越来越多),导游挥舞着扩音器和旗帜,以近乎军队的方式驱赶着他们的旅游团。与漫步在华兹华斯(Wordsworth)的湖区(Lake District)的经历相比,这种反差再明显不过了。对我来说,宁静的风景(曾是电影《卧虎藏龙》的主要拍摄地之一)与导游的声音和大量游客的存在格格不入。对我来说,那不是一个“遗产景观”的时刻;部分原因是,这里的风景不是我“自己的”遗产。我很乐意“拥有”不列颠群岛甚至基克拉迪群岛的风景,但对我来说,中国诗人和僧侣的风景是一座遥远的桥梁。更重要的是,我从哈德逊河学派、约翰·缪尔、安塞尔·亚当斯等人身上继承下来的浪漫主义传统中对风景的崇敬态度,在我看来,在自拍的游客身上完全缺乏。当然,正如迈克尔·威尔逊(Michael Wilson)所言,“遗产景观”是一个内在的意识形态框架,它对学者的批判性挑战是开放的,但它的存在主要是为了掩盖这些考虑。“我们”作为世界公民,都可以在联合国教科文组织指定的世界遗产的保护伞下受到欢迎。正如威尔逊所指出的那样,这导致了一些尴尬的时刻。一个美国白人游客如何与原住民的圣地,如乌鲁鲁联系起来?我发现自己也有类似的情况,我的一个好朋友是毛利世袭酋长,当时我正在新西兰的莫拉基巨石(Moeraki Boulders)游玩。在我家附近,像“水牛跳跃”这样的土著遗址被重新定位为广泛的北美观众,他们与这些遗址没有直接联系,事实上,这些遗址可以被用作定居者殖民话语的一部分。另一方面,在欧洲,尤其是不列颠群岛,“遗产景观”可以用来为文化连续性提供一种高度虚构的叙事。
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引用次数: 0
Lévi-Strauss: Two lives 莱维·斯特劳斯:两条生命
IF 0.3 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2019-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/00938157.2019.1644468
M. Harkin
Abstract Two recent books about the great French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss have recently been published. Coming a decade after his death, they serve as an opportunity to reassess the legacy of Lévi-Strauss, as an anthropologist and a writer.
摘要最近出版了两本关于伟大的法国人类学家克劳德·莱维·斯特劳斯的书。在他去世十年后,他们为重新评估人类学家和作家莱维·斯特劳斯的遗产提供了机会。
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引用次数: 5
Hunters and gatherers past and present: Perspectives on diversity, teaching, and information transmission 猎人和采集者的过去和现在:多样性、教学和信息传递的观点
IF 0.3 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2019-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/00938157.2019.1578025
R. Hitchcock
Abstract This article reviews four books on hunters and gatherers. It begins with a discussion of the debates over the concept of hunter-gatherers. Theoretical approaches to hunter-gather studies are examined briefly. The view then assesses the four books and the various subjects which they address. These subjects include the issue of ethnographic analogy, diversity, evolution, and archaeological perspectives as well as understanding contemporary hunter-gatherer societies. Additional topics include land use, the assignment of meaning to landscapes, way finding, territoriality, boundary-marking, and networks. Social learning, teaching, and information dissemination are discussed, with emphasis on some of the things that are learned, such as sharing, fair treatment of others, the importance of compassion, and moral values. Hunter-gatherer studies have evolved to the point where both archaeologists and anthropologists are taking into careful consideration the need to consider both past and present in their investigations and to focus also on the non-hunter-gatherer societies with whom they are interacting. As people who defined themselves as indigenous, hunter-gatherers are well aware of the social, economic, environmental and political challenges that they are facing, and they are seeking to address these challenges along with support organizations and researchers in an attempt to ensure their long-term security and well-being.
摘要本文回顾了四本关于猎人和采集者的书。它首先讨论了关于狩猎采集者概念的争论。简要介绍了猎人采集研究的理论方法。然后,该视图评估了这四本书以及它们所涉及的各种主题。这些主题包括人种学类比、多样性、进化和考古视角的问题,以及对当代狩猎采集社会的理解。其他主题包括土地利用、景观意义的分配、寻路、地域性、边界标记和网络。讨论了社会学习、教学和信息传播,重点是学到的一些东西,如分享、公平对待他人、同情的重要性和道德价值观。狩猎采集者研究已经发展到考古学家和人类学家都在仔细考虑在调查中考虑过去和现在的必要性,并将重点放在与他们互动的非狩猎采集社会上。作为自称土著的人,狩猎采集者深知他们面临的社会、经济、环境和政治挑战,他们正寻求与支持组织和研究人员一起应对这些挑战,以确保他们的长期安全和福祉。
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引用次数: 12
Editor’s introduction 编辑器的介绍
IF 0.3 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2019-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/00938157.2019.1578472
M. Harkin
The history of anthropology in North America is very closely intertwined with Native cultures in the United States and Canada. As Polly Strong observes, the first generation of American anthropologists were in a state of “panic” about culture loss, and thus the mad rush to collect anything and everything: word lists, texts, artifacts and art, even human remains. Through much of the 20th century, anthropology in fact rested on an assumed acculturationist foundation: Native cultures were disappearing, both in North America and elsewhere, and this process could be studied, even ameliorated, but fundamentally, indigenous peoples would increasingly adapt and conform to the modern, globalized world. This assumption was not, of course, shared by Native people themselves, who always believed that they maintained a connection with the ancestors, one that may have been frayed, often through deliberate policies of the settler colonial states (language loss being the most obvious example) but that much had remained, and much could be recovered. Indeed, the Iroquois prophecy of the seventh generation, a belief widely held in Indian Country, states that sovereignty and stewardship of the earth would be returned to the seventh generation (after contact with Europeans) of Native people. In the era of climate change, water protectors, and Trump, it is hard not to see the appeal of that prophecy. Native peoples in North America have sought means to express indigeneity and sovereignty in the face of settler colonial society and globalization. The Ho-Chunk (preciously known as Winnebago), a Siouan people traditionally inhabiting much of the upper Midwest, but today confined to Wisconsin, are a good example of the maintenance of cultural practices in the face of settler colonialism. Through warrior societies and other esoteric cultural practices, they have, as Nesper says, been able to maintain cultural and social reproduction. A practice more visible to outsiders is the Powwow, which, as in other Native communities, is the fundamental means not only of maintaining cultural practices, but expressing them to the outside world. Pow-wows are not sacred, and have become commercialized over time: essentially, as a way of including outsiders on their own terms (that
北美人类学的历史与美国和加拿大的本土文化紧密地交织在一起。正如波莉·斯特朗(Polly Strong)所观察到的,第一代美国人类学家对文化的丧失处于一种“恐慌”状态,因此疯狂地收集任何东西:单词列表、文本、人工制品和艺术品,甚至人类遗骸。在20世纪的大部分时间里,人类学实际上是建立在一个假定的文化适应主义基础上的:本土文化正在消失,无论是在北美还是在其他地方,这一过程可以研究,甚至可以改善,但从根本上说,土著人民将越来越多地适应和顺应现代的、全球化的世界。当然,土著人自己并不认同这种假设,他们总是相信他们与祖先保持着联系,这种联系可能已经被削弱了,通常是由于殖民国家的故意政策(语言丧失是最明显的例子),但很多东西被保留了下来,而且很多东西可以恢复。事实上,易洛魁人关于第七代的预言,一种在印第安人国家广泛持有的信仰,声称地球的主权和管理权将归还给第七代土著人(在与欧洲人接触后)。在气候变化、水保护者和特朗普的时代,很难不看到这个预言的吸引力。面对移民、殖民社会和全球化,北美土著人民一直在寻求表达土著和主权的手段。霍-塞克人(又称温尼贝戈人)是一个传统上居住在中西部北部大部分地区的苏族人,但今天仅限于威斯康辛州,他们是面对移民殖民主义仍保持文化习俗的一个很好的例子。正如奈斯珀所说,通过战士社会和其他深奥的文化实践,他们能够维持文化和社会的再生产。外人更容易看到的一种做法是祈祷仪式,与其他土著社区一样,这不仅是维护文化习俗的基本手段,也是向外界表达文化习俗的基本手段。pow -wow并不神圣,随着时间的推移已经变得商业化:本质上,它是一种以自己的方式接纳外来者的方式
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引用次数: 0
Recent methodological approaches in ethnographies of human and non-human Amerindian collectives 人类和非人类美洲印第安人集体民族志的最新方法论方法
IF 0.3 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2019-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/00938157.2019.1602324
Juan Javier Rivera Andía
Abstract I examine recent ethnographic attempts to address alterity among Amerindian worlds—attempts that produce a critique of indigenous relationships with external or foreign agents. While some of them are concerned with describing what there is in those worlds, others illustrate different forms to approach it. The former studies carry out their descriptions through two contrasted types of fieldwork data: abstract indigenous concepts and material things. The latter studies are examined as illustrations of differentiated methodological advances: on the one hand, a writing experiment proposing an avant-garde engaged unruly ethnography; and on the other hand, what seems to be a mere accommodation of academic theoretical trends. The final picture of these current anthropological ethnographies depicts the contrasted contents and forms that are nowadays present in Amerindian studies.
摘要我研究了最近种族志试图解决美洲印第安人世界之间的矛盾——试图对土著人与外部或外国代理人的关系进行批判。虽然他们中的一些人关心描述这些世界中存在的东西,但另一些人则说明了不同的处理方式。以前的研究通过两种对比类型的实地调查数据进行描述:抽象的本土概念和物质。后一种研究被视为不同方法论进步的例证:一方面,一项写作实验提出了一种前卫的、不守规矩的民族志;另一方面,似乎只是对学术理论趋势的适应。这些当前人类学人种学的最后一幅图描绘了当今美洲印第安人研究中对比的内容和形式。
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引用次数: 3
On Kings 在国王
IF 0.3 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/00938157.2018.1531505
L. M. Carucci
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引用次数: 35
In search of Derek Freeman 寻找Derek Freeman
IF 0.3 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/00938157.2018.1507317
P. Shankman
Abstract Truth’s Fool is a sympathetic biography of Derek Freeman, the anthropologist best known for his scathing critique of Margaret Mead’s Coming of Age in Samoa. Hempenstall, a historian, chronicles Freeman’s life and work, including an appraisal of the Mead–Freeman controversy. Hempenstall is interested in Freeman’s ideas, motives, and intentions as well as his personal struggles. He argues that Freeman has been misunderstood, maligned, and vilified in an uncivil “war” among cultural anthropologists. This review examines Hempenstall’s interpretation of Freeman’s personal struggles and his perspective on Freeman’s two books on Mead and Samoa.
《抽象真理的傻瓜》是人类学家德里克·弗里曼的一本富有同情心的传记,他以对玛格丽特·米德的《萨摩亚成年》的严厉批评而闻名。历史学家Hempenstall记录了弗里曼的生活和工作,包括对米德-弗里曼争议的评价。亨彭斯塔尔对弗里曼的思想、动机和意图以及他的个人斗争感兴趣。他认为,在文化人类学家之间的一场不文明的“战争”中,弗里曼被误解、诽谤和丑化了。这篇评论考察了亨彭斯塔尔对弗里曼个人斗争的解读,以及他对弗里曼关于米德和萨摩亚的两本书的看法。
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引用次数: 0
Cora Du Bois, Henrietta Schmerler, and the Role of Women in Mid-Twentieth Century American Anthropology 科拉·杜波依斯,亨丽埃塔·施莫勒,以及女性在20世纪中期美国人类学中的作用
IF 0.3 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-09-21 DOI: 10.1080/00938157.2018.1507506
P. Strong
Abstract Cora Du Bois (1903–1991) achieved distinction in anthropology and the U.S. government—including leadership roles in the Office of Strategic Services and the State Department, a professorship at Harvard, and the presidency of the American Anthropological Association. Her contemporary, Henrietta Schmerler (1908–1931), suffered rape and murder while conducting her first summer of ethnographic fieldwork. Despite these stark differences, when taken together, Schmerler’s and Du Bois’s careers and reputations shed light on sexism and homophobia in and around the discipline, changing approaches to fieldwork and cultural analysis, and the political and public contexts of American anthropology in the mid-20th century.
摘要Cora Du Bois(1903–1991)在人类学和美国政府方面取得了卓越成就,包括在战略服务办公室和国务院担任领导职务,在哈佛大学担任教授,以及担任美国人类学协会主席。她的同时代人Henrietta Schmerler(1908–1931)在进行第一个夏天的民族志田野调查时遭到强奸和谋杀。尽管存在这些明显的差异,但综合起来看,施默勒和杜波依斯的职业生涯和声誉揭示了该学科及其周围的性别歧视和恐同症,改变了实地调查和文化分析的方法,以及20世纪中期美国人类学的政治和公共背景。
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引用次数: 1
The politics of expressive forms, ethnographic practice, and indigenous–state relations 表达形式、民族志实践和土著国家关系的政治
IF 0.3 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/00938157.2018.1466425
Larry Nesper
Abstract This review examines four recently published ethnographies of North American Indian communities in both the United States and Canada, each reflecting the ways in which sovereignty and self-determination are realized and compromised. The evolving indigenous polities discussed in these works each articulate with the nation-state that encompasses them in different ways, in large part by virtue of the kinds of resources the communities are perceived to manage by salient institutions in the dominant society. These works are also insightful concerning the possibilities and limitations of ethnography in highly politicized settings.
摘要:本文考察了最近出版的四本关于美国和加拿大北美印第安人社区的民族志,每一本都反映了主权和自决实现和妥协的方式。这些著作中讨论的不断发展的土著政治,每一个都以不同的方式与包含它们的民族国家联系在一起,这在很大程度上是由于社区被认为是由主流社会中的突出机构管理的资源种类。这些作品对高度政治化背景下民族志的可能性和局限性也有深刻的见解。
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引用次数: 1
Franz Boas and Friends? Not Really 弗朗茨·博厄斯和朋友们?不是真的
IF 0.3 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2018-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/00938157.2018.1504419
H. Lewis
Abstract Blackhawk, Ned, and Isaiah L. Wilner. 2018. Indigenous Visions: Rediscovering the World of Franz Boas. New Haven: Yale University Press. The editors of this volume proclaim their intention to demonstrate the revolutionary influence of Indigenous thinkers on the ideas of Franz Boas, but the work falls far short of their aim. Despite the inclusion of a number of interesting contributions dealing with remarkable individuals, with one exception none of the fourteen papers attempts to make such a case.
摘要黑鹰,内德和以赛亚·L·威尔纳。2018.土著愿景:重新发现弗朗茨·博厄斯的世界。纽黑文:耶鲁大学出版社。本卷的编辑们宣称,他们打算展示土著思想家对弗朗茨·博阿斯思想的革命性影响,但这部作品远未达到他们的目标。尽管包括了许多关于杰出人物的有趣贡献,但除了一个例外,14篇论文中没有一篇试图提出这样的观点。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Reviews in Anthropology
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