Pub Date : 2023-06-25DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.2.091-102
S. Pyastolov
The author presents the prerequisites and method of forming a mechanism for constructing socio-economic relations in a system that, due to external threats, is in the process of transition to new conditions’ set. The efficiency of the method is approved by examples from science and technology. When the short-term motive comes to the fore, "mobilization" is necessary. It was found however that the corresponding regulation model cannot rely on well-known conventional structures, "worlds-conventions". From the point of view of methodology, this might be explained by the fact that "mobilization" in its pure form is not an object of either market or industrial convention. This category is more consistent with the household convention, but the potential of such a structure cannot be fully disclosed within the framework of the current social contract in Russia: there is a lack of means to legitimize unplanned losses, additional spending. In addition, it is essential to have a way of thinking corresponding to the mobilization mode in the mental structures of production process participants. According to the author's hypothesis, the "mobilization model" is structured by means of a configurator, whose functions provide for the calculation of balances in interactions between elements of various conventions. Balances are regulated according to principles of open science. And they must be preserved, despite the emergence of scientific and imperious "whirlwinds". Science, institutional studies, first of all, should become a necessary element of this regulator’s construction and "state life". Effective mobilizing readjustment of infrastructures and informal institutions, starting with ensuring semantic sovereignty, can be organized only on a fundamental science basis. Goal-setting is consistent with the ethos of pure science. On its basis, the coordination of interactions of the regulator of the sphere of science and technology with the actors of creative, producing and training sectors of this sphere is to be achieved. An extended version of the set of worlds-agreements is proposed.
{"title":"Conventions' Engineering in the Mobilization Context","authors":"S. Pyastolov","doi":"10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.2.091-102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.2.091-102","url":null,"abstract":"The author presents the prerequisites and method of forming a mechanism for constructing socio-economic relations in a system that, due to external threats, is in the process of transition to new conditions’ set. The efficiency of the method is approved by examples from science and technology. When the short-term motive comes to the fore, \"mobilization\" is necessary. It was found however that the corresponding regulation model cannot rely on well-known conventional structures, \"worlds-conventions\". From the point of view of methodology, this might be explained by the fact that \"mobilization\" in its pure form is not an object of either market or industrial convention. This category is more consistent with the household convention, but the potential of such a structure cannot be fully disclosed within the framework of the current social contract in Russia: there is a lack of means to legitimize unplanned losses, additional spending. In addition, it is essential to have a way of thinking corresponding to the mobilization mode in the mental structures of production process participants. According to the author's hypothesis, the \"mobilization model\" is structured by means of a configurator, whose functions provide for the calculation of balances in interactions between elements of various conventions. Balances are regulated according to principles of open science. And they must be preserved, despite the emergence of scientific and imperious \"whirlwinds\". Science, institutional studies, first of all, should become a necessary element of this regulator’s construction and \"state life\". Effective mobilizing readjustment of infrastructures and informal institutions, starting with ensuring semantic sovereignty, can be organized only on a fundamental science basis. Goal-setting is consistent with the ethos of pure science. On its basis, the coordination of interactions of the regulator of the sphere of science and technology with the actors of creative, producing and training sectors of this sphere is to be achieved. An extended version of the set of worlds-agreements is proposed.","PeriodicalId":43842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Studies","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76689976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-25DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.2.006-023
M. Kurbatova, A. Pyzhev
The article considers the process of creating new laws in the sphere of ecological regulation in connection with the climate change to be the means of shaping new institutional structures that can potentially transform the behavior of economic actors and the directions of resource flows. The problem statement and goal setting for the institutional design of the climate-environment agenda are scrutinized in the article. Scientific and political-economic foundations for choosing the direction of the global community's response to the threats of climate change and the corresponding institutional changes are highlighted in this research. The mechanisms of sustainable development priorities transformation towards the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through the transition to renewable energy sources are demonstrated in the paper. The concept of the low-carbon economy associated with the carbon-neutral constraints on economic activity is described in the paper in details. The author offers the project of institutional transformation that implies the creation of new institutions for a global response to climate change threats. The measures for ensuring the mild adaptation of economic actors to the new type of ecological constraints are also elaborated. According to the authors, one of the most significant challenges of climate change lies in the creation and simultaneous existence of overlapping institutional projects at the global and national levels. Given the inevitability of climate change, the measures ensuring the adaptation of the economy and society to the consequences of ecological changes should be prioritized. It is recommended to intensify the formation of the institutional project in line with the national interest of creating a competitive advantage for the Russian economy.
{"title":"The Low-Carbon Economy as an Institutional Project: Challenges and ObjectivesMargarita V. Kurbatova","authors":"M. Kurbatova, A. Pyzhev","doi":"10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.2.006-023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.2.006-023","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers the process of creating new laws in the sphere of ecological regulation in connection with the climate change to be the means of shaping new institutional structures that can potentially transform the behavior of economic actors and the directions of resource flows. The problem statement and goal setting for the institutional design of the climate-environment agenda are scrutinized in the article. Scientific and political-economic foundations for choosing the direction of the global community's response to the threats of climate change and the corresponding institutional changes are highlighted in this research. The mechanisms of sustainable development priorities transformation towards the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through the transition to renewable energy sources are demonstrated in the paper. The concept of the low-carbon economy associated with the carbon-neutral constraints on economic activity is described in the paper in details. The author offers the project of institutional transformation that implies the creation of new institutions for a global response to climate change threats. The measures for ensuring the mild adaptation of economic actors to the new type of ecological constraints are also elaborated. According to the authors, one of the most significant challenges of climate change lies in the creation and simultaneous existence of overlapping institutional projects at the global and national levels. Given the inevitability of climate change, the measures ensuring the adaptation of the economy and society to the consequences of ecological changes should be prioritized. It is recommended to intensify the formation of the institutional project in line with the national interest of creating a competitive advantage for the Russian economy.","PeriodicalId":43842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Studies","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84125100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-25DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.2.045-060
S. Ryumkin, I. Ryumkina
The terms "sustainability" and "sustainable development" are now widely used in various fields of human activity. Such collocations as "sustainable universities", "sustainable companies", etc. are not rarely to be found. The use of this terminology has become particularly popular in the context of tangible climate change. For this reason, the concept of sustainable development has been used in rural development studies for quite a long time. In different countries of the world, using this concept for analyzing rural development has both positive and negative sides. In the Russian Federation, there are regulations ("rules of the game") and institutions ("players") that shape the institutional environment for sustainable rural development. In fact, sustainability and prosperity of rural areas in Russia, and in Siberian Federal District in particular, will depend on how the institutional environment is structured. This article attempts to describe the existing institutional environment for the sustainable development of rural areas. Analyzing existing legal acts and the key actors in the field, we have designed the institutional framework, which allows to determine the vector of development of rural areas. This vector can be used in forecasting the achievement of threshold values established by regulatory legal acts of both Federal and regional significance.
{"title":"The Institutional Environment of Sustainable Rural Development in the Siberian Federal District","authors":"S. Ryumkin, I. Ryumkina","doi":"10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.2.045-060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.2.045-060","url":null,"abstract":"The terms \"sustainability\" and \"sustainable development\" are now widely used in various fields of human activity. Such collocations as \"sustainable universities\", \"sustainable companies\", etc. are not rarely to be found. The use of this terminology has become particularly popular in the context of tangible climate change. For this reason, the concept of sustainable development has been used in rural development studies for quite a long time. In different countries of the world, using this concept for analyzing rural development has both positive and negative sides. In the Russian Federation, there are regulations (\"rules of the game\") and institutions (\"players\") that shape the institutional environment for sustainable rural development. In fact, sustainability and prosperity of rural areas in Russia, and in Siberian Federal District in particular, will depend on how the institutional environment is structured. This article attempts to describe the existing institutional environment for the sustainable development of rural areas. Analyzing existing legal acts and the key actors in the field, we have designed the institutional framework, which allows to determine the vector of development of rural areas. This vector can be used in forecasting the achievement of threshold values established by regulatory legal acts of both Federal and regional significance.","PeriodicalId":43842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Studies","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78331378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-25DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.2.077-090
G. Maslov
The article is devoted to the problems of the regularities of the evolution of economic thought, the relationship between the development of economic reality and science, the nature of the similarity of the positions of seemingly completely unrelated theories. In particular, in the text the relation between Soviet research approaches of the socio-economic consequences of the scientific and technological revolution and the theory of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is focused. As a result of modern technological transformations, the economic reality is changing, which, in turn, sets a new research scope for theory. The appeal to historical experience, research of the correlation between theory and practice contributes to the search for answers to modern challenges. The key features of scientific and technological revolution highlighted by Soviet researchers were automation and chemicalization. These components also related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution in the evolved form. In capitalism, they have a direct impact on a number of elements of the economic system, which was reflected by both Soviet economists and modern researchers. Issues on the adjustment of production goals and the functioning of its system are raised. Issues on the adjustment of production goals, the expansion of quality of life criteria are raised. Potential transformations affect both the level of individual enterprises and national economies as a whole (mainly in developed countries). The prerequisites for expanding the role of the government are highlighted. The article concludes that, despite the need to revise a number of provisions, the legacy of Soviet thought, as well as the theory of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, is becoming more topical currently. It is determined by the course of scientific and technological progress. It is noted that the advantage of Soviet approaches is their belonging to a large theoretical system, Marxism. The theory of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is included in the field of several disciplines, but it is not closely related to any already established research tradition.
{"title":"Soviet Research on the Economic Potential of the Scientific and Technological Revolution and the Theory of the Fourth Industrial Revolution","authors":"G. Maslov","doi":"10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.2.077-090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.2.077-090","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the problems of the regularities of the evolution of economic thought, the relationship between the development of economic reality and science, the nature of the similarity of the positions of seemingly completely unrelated theories. In particular, in the text the relation between Soviet research approaches of the socio-economic consequences of the scientific and technological revolution and the theory of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is focused. As a result of modern technological transformations, the economic reality is changing, which, in turn, sets a new research scope for theory. The appeal to historical experience, research of the correlation between theory and practice contributes to the search for answers to modern challenges. The key features of scientific and technological revolution highlighted by Soviet researchers were automation and chemicalization. These components also related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution in the evolved form. In capitalism, they have a direct impact on a number of elements of the economic system, which was reflected by both Soviet economists and modern researchers. Issues on the adjustment of production goals and the functioning of its system are raised. Issues on the adjustment of production goals, the expansion of quality of life criteria are raised. Potential transformations affect both the level of individual enterprises and national economies as a whole (mainly in developed countries). The prerequisites for expanding the role of the government are highlighted. The article concludes that, despite the need to revise a number of provisions, the legacy of Soviet thought, as well as the theory of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, is becoming more topical currently. It is determined by the course of scientific and technological progress. It is noted that the advantage of Soviet approaches is their belonging to a large theoretical system, Marxism. The theory of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is included in the field of several disciplines, but it is not closely related to any already established research tradition.","PeriodicalId":43842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Studies","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86841563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-25DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.2.061-076
D. Fomin
The article considers the modern statistical system as a historical result of the total mobilization of state and society resources to finance two world wars of the 20th century. It points out that the state income, inventories and help from allied countries are the sources to fund modern (total) wars. The statistics of the national income (goods) and national wealth was developed due to the need to quantify current financial flows and accumulated reserves. The article shows that statistics characterizing the economic, demographic, and resource potential of the state were no longer public during the war years. It became a tool for planning for wartime manufacturing and distributing the most valuable stocks. From a historical perspective, the modern Russian economy combines both the traditional pre-war and war economies. The uncertainty that has persisted over the past decades, including in the public statistics, is one of the reasons for the Russian slow military development and inefficient countermeasures against the Western sanctions. The author proposes a system of measures to improve the complete information secrecy of the Russian state and economy.
{"title":"War and Statistics","authors":"D. Fomin","doi":"10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.2.061-076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.2.061-076","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers the modern statistical system as a historical result of the total mobilization of state and society resources to finance two world wars of the 20th century. It points out that the state income, inventories and help from allied countries are the sources to fund modern (total) wars. The statistics of the national income (goods) and national wealth was developed due to the need to quantify current financial flows and accumulated reserves. The article shows that statistics characterizing the economic, demographic, and resource potential of the state were no longer public during the war years. It became a tool for planning for wartime manufacturing and distributing the most valuable stocks. From a historical perspective, the modern Russian economy combines both the traditional pre-war and war economies. The uncertainty that has persisted over the past decades, including in the public statistics, is one of the reasons for the Russian slow military development and inefficient countermeasures against the Western sanctions. The author proposes a system of measures to improve the complete information secrecy of the Russian state and economy.","PeriodicalId":43842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Studies","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78490276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-25DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.1.023-033
D. Litvintsev, G. Litvintseva
In institutional studies, there is still no unified approach to understanding meta-institutions and the criteria for referring to them. The purpose of this work is to establish the methodological legitimacy of using the term "meta-institution" in various sciences (economics, sociology, philosophy, etc.), consider the level of mental models and explore individual examples of meta-institutional concepts. The article presents a critical analysis of the theories of meta-institutions in various foreign and Russian studies, based on an interdisciplinary approach. It is concluded that meta-institutions should not be identified with basic, global, total and macro-institutions. The most adequate interpretation of meta-institutions, which are actually mental models (constructs) in terms of D. North, is the theory of meta-institutional concepts (for example, power, solidarity, exchange, etc.). The habit of thinking and the instinct of idle curiosity, according to T. Veblen, create the basis for the formation and, in fact, are the condition for the possibility of the existence of all institutions and relevant social practices. In conclusion, the authors put forward a hypothesis about the possibility of considering home as a meta-institutional concept. The results and conclusions obtained in the course of this study contribute to the further development of institutional theory and can serve as a basis for the analysis of specific socio-economic institutions and meta-institutional concepts.
{"title":"Under the Cover of Meta-Institutions. Home as a Meta-Institutional Concept","authors":"D. Litvintsev, G. Litvintseva","doi":"10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.1.023-033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.1.023-033","url":null,"abstract":"In institutional studies, there is still no unified approach to understanding meta-institutions and the criteria for referring to them. The purpose of this work is to establish the methodological legitimacy of using the term \"meta-institution\" in various sciences (economics, sociology, philosophy, etc.), consider the level of mental models and explore individual examples of meta-institutional concepts. The article presents a critical analysis of the theories of meta-institutions in various foreign and Russian studies, based on an interdisciplinary approach. It is concluded that meta-institutions should not be identified with basic, global, total and macro-institutions. The most adequate interpretation of meta-institutions, which are actually mental models (constructs) in terms of D. North, is the theory of meta-institutional concepts (for example, power, solidarity, exchange, etc.). The habit of thinking and the instinct of idle curiosity, according to T. Veblen, create the basis for the formation and, in fact, are the condition for the possibility of the existence of all institutions and relevant social practices. In conclusion, the authors put forward a hypothesis about the possibility of considering home as a meta-institutional concept. The results and conclusions obtained in the course of this study contribute to the further development of institutional theory and can serve as a basis for the analysis of specific socio-economic institutions and meta-institutional concepts.","PeriodicalId":43842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Studies","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85237947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-25DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.1.078-088
I. Komarova, E. Ustyuzhanina, Kava Khodzha
The work is devoted to the consideration of two trends in the development of property relations – the trend towards greater specification of individual rights, which is characteristic of the market economy model, and the trend of dilution of rights and incompleteness of obligations that is typical for the network model of relations. For a long time, the prevailing point of view in economic research was that a high certainty of property rights is a necessary condition for the effective development of the economy. The article presents the main arguments of the supporters of this position. At the same time, within the framework of the new institutional theory, the two trends casting doubt on this postulate emerged – the theory of property regimes and the economic theory of contracts. The article justifies that under certain conditions strict certainty of property rights may create some barriers to improving the efficiency of economic interaction. Such ways of organizing economic interaction as cooperation and partnership can be based on a system of implicit expectations, which are a classic example of a fuzzy specification of rights and obligations. The authors note that the dilution of rights is characteristic not only for a stationary state – the determination of rules for accessing resources, the order of its use, and the order of changing both of them. The dynamic perspective of the property problem is no less important – the dilution of obligatory rights associated with contractual relations. In real practice incomplete contracts characterized by a fuzzy specification of mutual rights and obligations are common. Thus, in the modern economy, a fuzzy specification of rights is characteristic of both the static (property rights) and dynamic (obligatory rights) aspects of the distribution of rights and obligations.
{"title":"The Dilution of Rights as a Stage in the Development of the Institution of Property","authors":"I. Komarova, E. Ustyuzhanina, Kava Khodzha","doi":"10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.1.078-088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.1.078-088","url":null,"abstract":"The work is devoted to the consideration of two trends in the development of property relations – the trend towards greater specification of individual rights, which is characteristic of the market economy model, and the trend of dilution of rights and incompleteness of obligations that is typical for the network model of relations. For a long time, the prevailing point of view in economic research was that a high certainty of property rights is a necessary condition for the effective development of the economy. The article presents the main arguments of the supporters of this position. At the same time, within the framework of the new institutional theory, the two trends casting doubt on this postulate emerged – the theory of property regimes and the economic theory of contracts. The article justifies that under certain conditions strict certainty of property rights may create some barriers to improving the efficiency of economic interaction. Such ways of organizing economic interaction as cooperation and partnership can be based on a system of implicit expectations, which are a classic example of a fuzzy specification of rights and obligations. The authors note that the dilution of rights is characteristic not only for a stationary state – the determination of rules for accessing resources, the order of its use, and the order of changing both of them. The dynamic perspective of the property problem is no less important – the dilution of obligatory rights associated with contractual relations. In real practice incomplete contracts characterized by a fuzzy specification of mutual rights and obligations are common. Thus, in the modern economy, a fuzzy specification of rights is characteristic of both the static (property rights) and dynamic (obligatory rights) aspects of the distribution of rights and obligations.","PeriodicalId":43842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Studies","volume":"337 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77417978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-25DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.1.100-121
N. Tikhonova, A. Karavay
Gaining the technological sovereignty is one of the main goals that the Russian Government is pursuing today. Under these conditions, the importance of professionals, who are “specialists of the highest qualification level” as defined by the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, is growing. The information about dynamics, composition and specific features of the group of professionals in Russia is becoming more significant as well. However, professionals as a group are now poorly identified. Among the data on professionals available for a researcher, only two credible sources of information can be named – the employment statistics published by the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation and scientific publications devoted to them, and the date from The Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey – Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE). Only abovementioned sources provide data in which structure professionals are separately identified. Therefore, we assume that currently available information about professionals is insufficient, contradictory, and partly quite controversial. This is mainly due to methodological and methodical challenges of the definition of the term “professional”. This article analyzes how the term “professional” is defined in Russian science and statistics. The author offers ways to overcome the vagueness associated with the use of the term “professional” by analyzing features of Russian institutional environment. In this article, the main approaches to the interpretation of the concept "professional" in social sciences are determined. The specific features of the classification of the term in the ISCO-08 and All-Russian Classification of Occupations are considered in the article. The solution proposed involves correcting the basic version of ISCO-08 in RLMS-HSE databases. The advantages of an adjusted version of ISCO-08 that can be used in research on socio-professional structure in general and with the focus on professionals are demonstrated in the article. The article also discusses how the share, composition, and characteristic features of the group of professionals change when the approach offered by the author is applied. The multidirectional dynamics in the share of professionals when different versions of ISCO-08 are used is demonstrated on the RLMS-HSE data from 2001–2021, and the conclusion is made about the specifics of the institutional environment in Russia which strongly affects the situation of this professional group.
{"title":"The Status of a Professional in Russian Institutional Conditions: Definition Methodology Group Specifics","authors":"N. Tikhonova, A. Karavay","doi":"10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.1.100-121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.1.100-121","url":null,"abstract":"Gaining the technological sovereignty is one of the main goals that the Russian Government is pursuing today. Under these conditions, the importance of professionals, who are “specialists of the highest qualification level” as defined by the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, is growing. The information about dynamics, composition and specific features of the group of professionals in Russia is becoming more significant as well. However, professionals as a group are now poorly identified. Among the data on professionals available for a researcher, only two credible sources of information can be named – the employment statistics published by the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation and scientific publications devoted to them, and the date from The Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey – Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE). Only abovementioned sources provide data in which structure professionals are separately identified. Therefore, we assume that currently available information about professionals is insufficient, contradictory, and partly quite controversial. This is mainly due to methodological and methodical challenges of the definition of the term “professional”. This article analyzes how the term “professional” is defined in Russian science and statistics. The author offers ways to overcome the vagueness associated with the use of the term “professional” by analyzing features of Russian institutional environment. In this article, the main approaches to the interpretation of the concept \"professional\" in social sciences are determined. The specific features of the classification of the term in the ISCO-08 and All-Russian Classification of Occupations are considered in the article. The solution proposed involves correcting the basic version of ISCO-08 in RLMS-HSE databases. The advantages of an adjusted version of ISCO-08 that can be used in research on socio-professional structure in general and with the focus on professionals are demonstrated in the article. The article also discusses how the share, composition, and characteristic features of the group of professionals change when the approach offered by the author is applied. The multidirectional dynamics in the share of professionals when different versions of ISCO-08 are used is demonstrated on the RLMS-HSE data from 2001–2021, and the conclusion is made about the specifics of the institutional environment in Russia which strongly affects the situation of this professional group.","PeriodicalId":43842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Studies","volume":"251 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74916794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-25DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.1.060-077
G. Popov
The article examines the path of capitalism in Russia during the period of serfdom through the prism of modern demographic concepts. The problems of labor intensity in agriculture are also analyzed in this paper. The author highlights the main features that distinguished Russian capitalism of the feudal period from the Western model of capitalism that dominated in England. The author argues that the high labor intensity of agriculture associated with the consequences of the population explosion of the first half of the XVIII century hindered Russia's transition from feudal to capitalist model of economy. The article emphasizes that serfdom had negative effects especially in the black earth provinces of the Russian Empire. The author considers the Upper Volga path of transition to capitalism, which main characteristic is extreme agriculture conditions, to be the evolutionary path typical for Russia of that period. The fact that the European model of the family was not accepted in Russia in the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Times also impeded the development of Russian capitalism. The author proves that institutionally Russian capitalism did not deviate so much from the Western model of capitalism, however Russian economy of that time lagged far behind in quantitative indicators. In particular, the author shows that factor and commodity prices were free or poorly regulated in the Russian Empire. The paper proposes to consider the discussion on the nature of Russian capitalism in Modern times with the use of quantitative analysis. The author considers the reasons for the slowdown in the development of Russian capitalism to be the consequence of the evolution of the agrarian population of Russia. Meanwhile, according to the author, Russia of Modern times played a role of an arbiter rather than an actor in the format of the conservative social system that had developed even before the reforms of Peter the Great.
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Pub Date : 2023-03-25DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.1.043-059
P. Orekhovsky
The change of discourse among Soviet economists preceded the change in the social structure of the USSR. Due to these changes, there appeared a number of socio-economic phenomena that could not be described in terms previously known to economists of the time. This led to a painful disorder of the collective cognitive structure shared by Russian economists – aphasia. The changes that took place in the economy of the country could not be described in Marxist terms of progress: the latter did not allow the «restoration of capitalism» after many years of «mature socialism» domination. At the same time, barter, non-payments, and the financial pyramid built by the state did not fit into the liberal discourse either. The main force behind the delegitimization and destruction of the Soviet social order was the Marxists. They defined the phenomena they observed as «non-socialist», which led them to the conclusion that the bureaucracy and the nomenklatura dominated the USSR. From the ugly pseudo-socialist state, they suggested moving towards «true socialism». But the democratic transformations they proposed largely coincided with those that figured in the official authoritative Marxist discourse. Against this background the gradual transition to the dominance of the liberal economic discourse is quite natural. However, at the first stage of the political confrontation the calls for economic liberalization were accompanied by the sympathy of domestic liberals for authoritarianism A. Pinochet, which could not but cause their subsequent discredit. Nevertheless, after 1998 there was a rapid period of «normalization» of the discussion. Liberal discourse becomes the main one and acquires respectability, both in politicians’ discussions (including the communists) and in the academic environment. The discourse of Yu.V. Yaremenko made it possible to see the structural imbalance of the Soviet economy. Under these conditions, the transition to the market «cut off» most of the non-competitive industries leading to the fact that Russia was among the poor countries. The decisions to release prices and launch a decentralized mechanism for bank lending to investments were necessary to eliminate the main structural imbalances. This approach has been relegated to the periphery of economic discussions. The interpretation of the transition of speech practices from Marxism to the modern economic mainstream as a scientific revolution is a retrospective rationalization of the catastrophe that occurred. The period during which most of the judgments of Russian economists were poorly correlated with the observed phenomena. Most works of that time are now forgotten. The author characterizes now forgotten ways of discussing economic phenomena as aphasia.
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