Pub Date : 2023-03-25DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.1.089-099
Maria E. Agamirova
The article discusses the possible negative effects of the implementation of the market motivation methods in the public sector and management systems of state corporations. In particular, we focus on the introduction of performance assessments of civil servants which are based on a number of quantitative indicators. There is a belief that high-powered incentives can make this relationship closer. However, such incentives can lead to the negative contract externalities which had been analyzed for the past few decades in the framework of the contract theory. Applying such motivation practices is not always successful even in the business environment; we assume that such practices are not suitable for the public sector. It is also worth mentioning that the performance indicators, the choice of which is left to officials, have only one positive feature - observability, and thus have a weak connection with the final result of the evaluated process.
{"title":"The Difficulties of Applying Management Systems Based on High-Powered Incentives in State Corporations","authors":"Maria E. Agamirova","doi":"10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.1.089-099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.1.089-099","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the possible negative effects of the implementation of the market motivation methods in the public sector and management systems of state corporations. In particular, we focus on the introduction of performance assessments of civil servants which are based on a number of quantitative indicators. There is a belief that high-powered incentives can make this relationship closer. However, such incentives can lead to the negative contract externalities which had been analyzed for the past few decades in the framework of the contract theory. Applying such motivation practices is not always successful even in the business environment; we assume that such practices are not suitable for the public sector. It is also worth mentioning that the performance indicators, the choice of which is left to officials, have only one positive feature - observability, and thus have a weak connection with the final result of the evaluated process.","PeriodicalId":43842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Studies","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83510639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-25DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.1.006-022
V. Tambovtsev
The purpose of the article is to analyze the grounds for the demand for pluralism in economics put forward by some economists. In this paper we analyze various interpretations of economic pluralism, focusing on ‘paradigmatic’ or ‘strategic’ type of pluralism. This ‘paradigmatic’ or ‘strategic’ pluralism implies such requirement as ensuring equal access for supporters of various heterodox streams of economic thought to various capitals of the prevailing stream – the economics mainstream. The characteristics of competition in science as the basis for the growth of scientific knowledge are considered in the paper, as well as the changes that have occurred in the competition process as a result of the spread of neoliberal science policy. The emergence of a new type of competition – the competition between government departments that finance basic research – is revealed. It is demonstrated that this type of competition among scientists results in opportunistic behavior which is expressed in the concentration of academic workers on indicators rather than on work itself. This tendency hinders the growth of scientific knowledge and creates incentives for unfair competitive actions. Measures of the above mentioned type of scientific policy also create organizational and economic difficulties for representatives of heterodox economics research programs, to overcome which the demands for achieving economic pluralism were launched. From the point of view of competition in science, these requirements are an attempt at unfair competitive actions. Based on this, alternative proposals for the development of heterodox research programs are proposed.
{"title":"The Claim for Pluralism in Economics: What is Behind It?","authors":"V. Tambovtsev","doi":"10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.1.006-022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.1.006-022","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the article is to analyze the grounds for the demand for pluralism in economics put forward by some economists. In this paper we analyze various interpretations of economic pluralism, focusing on ‘paradigmatic’ or ‘strategic’ type of pluralism. This ‘paradigmatic’ or ‘strategic’ pluralism implies such requirement as ensuring equal access for supporters of various heterodox streams of economic thought to various capitals of the prevailing stream – the economics mainstream. The characteristics of competition in science as the basis for the growth of scientific knowledge are considered in the paper, as well as the changes that have occurred in the competition process as a result of the spread of neoliberal science policy. The emergence of a new type of competition – the competition between government departments that finance basic research – is revealed. It is demonstrated that this type of competition among scientists results in opportunistic behavior which is expressed in the concentration of academic workers on indicators rather than on work itself. This tendency hinders the growth of scientific knowledge and creates incentives for unfair competitive actions. Measures of the above mentioned type of scientific policy also create organizational and economic difficulties for representatives of heterodox economics research programs, to overcome which the demands for achieving economic pluralism were launched. From the point of view of competition in science, these requirements are an attempt at unfair competitive actions. Based on this, alternative proposals for the development of heterodox research programs are proposed.","PeriodicalId":43842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Studies","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86723450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-25DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.1.034-042
A. Kavaliou
The article is devoted to the centenary of the publication of books by L. von Mises and B.D. Brutskus dedicated to the criticism of the socialist system. The similarity of the theoretical arguments used by the authors in the analysis of the economic aspects of socialist society makes it possible to call the theorem on the impossibility of socialism the double name of Mises-Bruckus. The authors consider the abolition of the institutions of private property on the means of production, as well as the market as a mechanism for coordination, and entrepreneurship to be the main factor of the rational impossibility of the economic system of socialism. Without these institutions, it is impossible to form a price system as a signaling mechanism about the most efficient directions for the distribution of resources. Without this information, the planning body will not be able to determine the goods that should be produced. Mises' analysis does not focus exclusively on the form of socialism that was realized in Soviet Russia, however it can be applied to any pseudo-socialist system or form of interventionism. Brutskus confirms the theoretical arguments with examples from Soviet practice.
这篇文章是为了纪念l·冯·米塞斯(L. von Mises)和b·d·布鲁斯库斯(B.D. Brutskus)专门批评社会主义制度的著作出版一百周年。作者在分析社会主义社会的经济方面所使用的理论论据的相似性，使得社会主义不可能定理有可能被称为米塞斯-布鲁克斯的双重名称。作者认为，生产资料私有财产制度的废除，以及作为协调机制的市场和企业家精神是社会主义经济制度理性不可能的主要因素。没有这些制度，就不可能形成一个价格体系，作为资源分配最有效方向的信号机制。没有这些信息，规划机构将无法确定应该生产的商品。米塞斯的分析并不仅仅关注在苏俄实现的社会主义形式，然而它可以应用于任何伪社会主义制度或干涉主义的形式。布鲁特斯库斯用苏联实践的例子证实了这些理论论点。
{"title":"Theoretical Analysis of Socialism: Mises vs. Brutskus (to the Centenary of thе Publications of Books)","authors":"A. Kavaliou","doi":"10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.1.034-042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2023.15.1.034-042","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the centenary of the publication of books by L. von Mises and B.D. Brutskus dedicated to the criticism of the socialist system. The similarity of the theoretical arguments used by the authors in the analysis of the economic aspects of socialist society makes it possible to call the theorem on the impossibility of socialism the double name of Mises-Bruckus. The authors consider the abolition of the institutions of private property on the means of production, as well as the market as a mechanism for coordination, and entrepreneurship to be the main factor of the rational impossibility of the economic system of socialism. Without these institutions, it is impossible to form a price system as a signaling mechanism about the most efficient directions for the distribution of resources. Without this information, the planning body will not be able to determine the goods that should be produced. Mises' analysis does not focus exclusively on the form of socialism that was realized in Soviet Russia, however it can be applied to any pseudo-socialist system or form of interventionism. Brutskus confirms the theoretical arguments with examples from Soviet practice.","PeriodicalId":43842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Studies","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82863744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-25DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.006-017
S. Levin, K. Sablin
The article addresses behavioral strategies of top Russian entrepreneurs operating in the export and resource sectors in the context of comprehensive sanctions imposed by Western countries. The choice of behavioral strategy is considered in the context of two types of networking that have developed in the post-Soviet period. The first type of networking implies the involvement into the inner economic chains supported by the ruling group. In the second type of networking, the participants are involved into global value chains (GVCs). Two framework strategies of behavior emerged after the first “wave” of sanctions imposed in 2014. The first strategy was adopted by top entrepreneurs who have deep friendly relations with the "ruler". The proponents of this strategy, being supported by the ruling group, transformed into the operators of quasi-public resources with the minimum dependence on GVCs. The second strategy was formed by the owners of Alfa Group who sought to emphasize their political neutrality. The imposition of sanctions in 2022 showed that the first strategy was productive. Meanwhile, the strategy of Alfa Group members turned out to be a failure – the entrepreneurs were not protected from the Western sanctions and devalued their position in the Russian power vertical. Since the amount of resources distributed by the ruling group is limited, the strategy of the Russian top entrepreneurs is based on finding the balance within the two types of networking
{"title":"Russian Big Business Under Sanctions: The Dilemma Between Loyalty and Exit","authors":"S. Levin, K. Sablin","doi":"10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.006-017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.006-017","url":null,"abstract":"The article addresses behavioral strategies of top Russian entrepreneurs operating in the export and resource sectors in the context of comprehensive sanctions imposed by Western countries. The choice of behavioral strategy is considered in the context of two types of networking that have developed in the post-Soviet period. The first type of networking implies the involvement into the inner economic chains supported by the ruling group. In the second type of networking, the participants are involved into global value chains (GVCs). Two framework strategies of behavior emerged after the first “wave” of sanctions imposed in 2014. The first strategy was adopted by top entrepreneurs who have deep friendly relations with the \"ruler\". The proponents of this strategy, being supported by the ruling group, transformed into the operators of quasi-public resources with the minimum dependence on GVCs. The second strategy was formed by the owners of Alfa Group who sought to emphasize their political neutrality. The imposition of sanctions in 2022 showed that the first strategy was productive. Meanwhile, the strategy of Alfa Group members turned out to be a failure – the entrepreneurs were not protected from the Western sanctions and devalued their position in the Russian power vertical. Since the amount of resources distributed by the ruling group is limited, the strategy of the Russian top entrepreneurs is based on finding the balance within the two types of networking","PeriodicalId":43842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Studies","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86746920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-25DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.083-094
A. Shmakov
Corruption is one of the global problems of humanity, it is the reason for a significant decrease in the efficiency of economic systems. Anti-corruption measures are an important task for any state. However, in practice the anti-corruption policies based on the models of classical law and economics are not effective enough. Using the methodology of behavioral economics, we have made an attempt to improve the classical approach to combating corruption. This article provides an analysis of the factors of corruption, methods of combating corruption, reasons for the low effectiveness of anti-corruption policies on the example of educational organizations. The authors suggest using behavioral economics to improve the classical methods of combating corruption. It is necessary to introduce the concept of hyperbolic discounting and the "present bias" into classical law and economics in order to better understand the impact of anti-corruption policies. We assume that using nudges in practice may enable governments to increase the effectiveness of classical anti-corruption measures.
{"title":"The Low Effectiveness of Anti-Corruption Measures in Educational Organizations: The Behavioral Aspects","authors":"A. Shmakov","doi":"10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.083-094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.083-094","url":null,"abstract":"Corruption is one of the global problems of humanity, it is the reason for a significant decrease in the efficiency of economic systems. Anti-corruption measures are an important task for any state. However, in practice the anti-corruption policies based on the models of classical law and economics are not effective enough. Using the methodology of behavioral economics, we have made an attempt to improve the classical approach to combating corruption. This article provides an analysis of the factors of corruption, methods of combating corruption, reasons for the low effectiveness of anti-corruption policies on the example of educational organizations. The authors suggest using behavioral economics to improve the classical methods of combating corruption. It is necessary to introduce the concept of hyperbolic discounting and the \"present bias\" into classical law and economics in order to better understand the impact of anti-corruption policies. We assume that using nudges in practice may enable governments to increase the effectiveness of classical anti-corruption measures.","PeriodicalId":43842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Studies","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74243897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-25DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.095-109
S. Orekhova, Mikhail A. Safarov
The health care market has special features associated with the production of both private and public goods, it has a special structure of competition and transactions. The business models of medical organizations are based on a two-level value proposition – organizations in the analyzed field work for their clients (the population of a territory) and simultaneously for the state, which plays a role of a customer of the public good. This leads to the mixture of the healthcare and insurance markets and, as a result, the development of specific monetization scheme in the field of medical services. The article focuses on market and institutional coordination mechanisms in the Russian healthcare market transformation in the context of the 2020-2022 pandemic. The research methodology is based on neo-institutional economics, theories of industrial markets and the public sector theory. The paper assesses the market failures of the healthcare system and institutional instruments that are designed to neutralize these failures. We also describe the general institutional context of the health care in Russia. The methods of the empirical part of the study are a survey and a narrative analysis. Our results are based on 584 interviews. The respondents assessed changes in the conditions for the provision of medical services in 2020-2022. It was found that the effectiveness of institutional coordination mechanisms in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic were reduced, this resulted in new failures of the state. We prove that a new model in the Russian Federation healthcare market has been created as a result of the pandemic. This model is characterized by a simultaneous strengthening of the role of the state in some market segments and private players in other segments, as well as a decrease in the efficiency of production of both private and public goods.
{"title":"Market and State Failures in The Healthcare Model under The COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"S. Orekhova, Mikhail A. Safarov","doi":"10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.095-109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.095-109","url":null,"abstract":"The health care market has special features associated with the production of both private and public goods, it has a special structure of competition and transactions. The business models of medical organizations are based on a two-level value proposition – organizations in the analyzed field work for their clients (the population of a territory) and simultaneously for the state, which plays a role of a customer of the public good. This leads to the mixture of the healthcare and insurance markets and, as a result, the development of specific monetization scheme in the field of medical services. The article focuses on market and institutional coordination mechanisms in the Russian healthcare market transformation in the context of the 2020-2022 pandemic. The research methodology is based on neo-institutional economics, theories of industrial markets and the public sector theory. The paper assesses the market failures of the healthcare system and institutional instruments that are designed to neutralize these failures. We also describe the general institutional context of the health care in Russia. The methods of the empirical part of the study are a survey and a narrative analysis. Our results are based on 584 interviews. The respondents assessed changes in the conditions for the provision of medical services in 2020-2022. It was found that the effectiveness of institutional coordination mechanisms in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic were reduced, this resulted in new failures of the state. We prove that a new model in the Russian Federation healthcare market has been created as a result of the pandemic. This model is characterized by a simultaneous strengthening of the role of the state in some market segments and private players in other segments, as well as a decrease in the efficiency of production of both private and public goods.","PeriodicalId":43842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Studies","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75288690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-25DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.122-138
D. D. Krivosheeva-Medyantseva
Small business survived hard times during 2020–2022. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in temporary decrease in consumer demand, revenue losses, and bankruptcies. The number of small companies in Russia has dropped dramatically as well as the number of workers engaged in small enterprises. This research aims to reveal major difficulties and institutional barriers small business owners faced during the COVID-19 pandemic. The focus of the research is on patterns of economic behavior Russian entrepreneurs demonstrated adjusting their business processes to the new economic environment. This work is a qualitative research initiative based on a series of in-depth semi-structured interviews with small business owners from the Rostov region, Russia. Interviewing and the following discourses analysis allowed us to understand the meaning and reasoning of small business owners’ behavior. The theoretical framework of the research includes the concepts of institutional economics and the insights from behavioral economics. This “mixed” approach provided us with more opportunities for describing various patterns of economic behavior in the context of fundamental uncertainty. As the pace of institutional change associated with the spread of the virus was very rapid, there was no time for companies to adapt to the new rules. Business owners often resisted changes. The high level of uncertainty became the reason for expectant behavior among small business owners based on the ‘status-quo’ strategy. Even the announcement of high fines did not stop business owners from violating the laws. Explicit opportunism went hand in hand with formal obedience. Despite this, according to official statistics, Russian small business demonstrated high resistance to various economic and social challenges during the pandemic period.
{"title":"Adaptive Behavior of Small Business Owners in The Context of The COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"D. D. Krivosheeva-Medyantseva","doi":"10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.122-138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.122-138","url":null,"abstract":"Small business survived hard times during 2020–2022. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in temporary decrease in consumer demand, revenue losses, and bankruptcies. The number of small companies in Russia has dropped dramatically as well as the number of workers engaged in small enterprises. This research aims to reveal major difficulties and institutional barriers small business owners faced during the COVID-19 pandemic. The focus of the research is on patterns of economic behavior Russian entrepreneurs demonstrated adjusting their business processes to the new economic environment. This work is a qualitative research initiative based on a series of in-depth semi-structured interviews with small business owners from the Rostov region, Russia. Interviewing and the following discourses analysis allowed us to understand the meaning and reasoning of small business owners’ behavior. The theoretical framework of the research includes the concepts of institutional economics and the insights from behavioral economics. This “mixed” approach provided us with more opportunities for describing various patterns of economic behavior in the context of fundamental uncertainty. As the pace of institutional change associated with the spread of the virus was very rapid, there was no time for companies to adapt to the new rules. Business owners often resisted changes. The high level of uncertainty became the reason for expectant behavior among small business owners based on the ‘status-quo’ strategy. Even the announcement of high fines did not stop business owners from violating the laws. Explicit opportunism went hand in hand with formal obedience. Despite this, according to official statistics, Russian small business demonstrated high resistance to various economic and social challenges during the pandemic period.","PeriodicalId":43842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Studies","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80516665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-25DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.042-055
Alevtina V. Starsinova, E. Arkhipova, O. Borodkina
The article analyzes the institutional transformation of the sphere of social services in the context of the development of the non-profit sector. The institutional transformation in the field covers the issues of changing public attitudes, the level of public trust and prevailing stereotypes. Besides, online interactions that are spreading while providing and receiving services influence the processes of the individual choice under constantly changing market conditions. The results are based on two sociological surveys devoted to studying the attitude of citizens towards the non-profit sector of social services. The surveys were conducted in Russian regions in 2019(n=1204) and 2020 (n=2047). Among the factors influencing public attitudes towards NGOs are citizens' understanding of the meaning of social services, awareness of non-state service providers and the opportunities of NGO social service sector. During the COVID-19 pandemic, people tended to resort to online services more often, we assume that this hastened the transition to the online format of interaction in the analyzed field. The revealed relationship of attitudes towards state and non-state type providers has demonstrated that the attitude of citizens towards one type of social service provider has an impact on the formation of attitudes towards another type of provider confirming that public trust is systemic. We have identified the key stereotypes that determine the choice of the type of provider by the recipients of services. It has also been found that the personal experience of interaction with social services organizations plays an important role for establishing trust in state and non-state social services organizations. The dynamics of the public trust in the non-profit sector of social services has been analyzed based on the identification of age subgroups.
{"title":"The Patterns of Interaction Between Russian Citizens and NGOs in The Context of Institutional Change","authors":"Alevtina V. Starsinova, E. Arkhipova, O. Borodkina","doi":"10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.042-055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.042-055","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the institutional transformation of the sphere of social services in the context of the development of the non-profit sector. The institutional transformation in the field covers the issues of changing public attitudes, the level of public trust and prevailing stereotypes. Besides, online interactions that are spreading while providing and receiving services influence the processes of the individual choice under constantly changing market conditions. The results are based on two sociological surveys devoted to studying the attitude of citizens towards the non-profit sector of social services. The surveys were conducted in Russian regions in 2019(n=1204) and 2020 (n=2047). Among the factors influencing public attitudes towards NGOs are citizens' understanding of the meaning of social services, awareness of non-state service providers and the opportunities of NGO social service sector. During the COVID-19 pandemic, people tended to resort to online services more often, we assume that this hastened the transition to the online format of interaction in the analyzed field. The revealed relationship of attitudes towards state and non-state type providers has demonstrated that the attitude of citizens towards one type of social service provider has an impact on the formation of attitudes towards another type of provider confirming that public trust is systemic. We have identified the key stereotypes that determine the choice of the type of provider by the recipients of services. It has also been found that the personal experience of interaction with social services organizations plays an important role for establishing trust in state and non-state social services organizations. The dynamics of the public trust in the non-profit sector of social services has been analyzed based on the identification of age subgroups.","PeriodicalId":43842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Studies","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81598045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-25DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.070-082
M. Golovchin
The article examines the consequences of the evolution of the national education system as a result and source of ideology, which is formed by two parallel paradigms of the development of modern society and the state – traditional and liberal. In Russian education, these paradigms are constantly changing: from state-bureaucratic socialism in the USSR (1917–1990) and liberal reforms in post-Soviet Russia (1990–2000) to educational counter-reforms of the first twenty years of the 21st century. In modern education, a number of solutions still appear, in which a certain ideological structure is laid. An example of this is the expert report of the Center for Strategic Research and the National Research University Higher School of Economics "Twelve Solutions for a New Education", the main messages of which boil down to reforming the national educational system according to the liberal model. We pay special attention to the controversy of the ideas of the report on the support of "elite" schools instead of solving the current issues of the development of the educational network and infrastructure; on the concentration of methods for solving the problems of teachers in terms of creating conditions for improving their qualifications (ignoring the financial difficulties characteristic of this professional group). Author comes to the conclusion that ideology is important for solving the problems of the education system and its agents, from the standpoint of which the national educational policy is formed. From our point of view, responses to modern challenges to education should provide for the interests and opinions of the scientific and educational community within the framework of “institutional bricolage” (the creation of institutions “from below”, at the expense of the resources of the educational community).
{"title":"The New Education: Controversies and Solutions","authors":"M. Golovchin","doi":"10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.070-082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.070-082","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the consequences of the evolution of the national education system as a result and source of ideology, which is formed by two parallel paradigms of the development of modern society and the state – traditional and liberal. In Russian education, these paradigms are constantly changing: from state-bureaucratic socialism in the USSR (1917–1990) and liberal reforms in post-Soviet Russia (1990–2000) to educational counter-reforms of the first twenty years of the 21st century. In modern education, a number of solutions still appear, in which a certain ideological structure is laid. An example of this is the expert report of the Center for Strategic Research and the National Research University Higher School of Economics \"Twelve Solutions for a New Education\", the main messages of which boil down to reforming the national educational system according to the liberal model. We pay special attention to the controversy of the ideas of the report on the support of \"elite\" schools instead of solving the current issues of the development of the educational network and infrastructure; on the concentration of methods for solving the problems of teachers in terms of creating conditions for improving their qualifications (ignoring the financial difficulties characteristic of this professional group). Author comes to the conclusion that ideology is important for solving the problems of the education system and its agents, from the standpoint of which the national educational policy is formed. From our point of view, responses to modern challenges to education should provide for the interests and opinions of the scientific and educational community within the framework of “institutional bricolage” (the creation of institutions “from below”, at the expense of the resources of the educational community).","PeriodicalId":43842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Studies","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86166891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-25DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.110-121
V. Islamutdinov
The article analyzes the sources and manifestations of opportunism, as well as the measures against opportunism in banking. A deep literature review on the problem of opportunism has been carried out. The sources and forms of manifestation of opportunism in Islamic banking have been identified in the paper. The measures against opportunism have been divided into measures to prevent adverse selection and measures to reduce moral hazard. The measures against opportunism specific to Islamic banking have also been described in the article. It is shown that not all common measures to reduce moral hazard have analogues in Islamic banking. Suggestions are made as to which of the Islamic banking-specific measures against opportunism can be borrowed to be exploited in traditional banking. The prospects for the use of smart contracts in Islamic banking as a fundamentally new measure to limit opportunism have been considered. The technical and legal problems of implementing smart contracts as well as the specific problems of implementing smart contracts in Islamic banking are shown. We argue that the widespread introduction of smart contracts is very unlikely in Islamic banking as the principles of smart contracts contradict the principles and spirit of Shariah.
{"title":"Measures for Limiting Opportunism in The Islamic Banking","authors":"V. Islamutdinov","doi":"10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.110-121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2022.14.4.110-121","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the sources and manifestations of opportunism, as well as the measures against opportunism in banking. A deep literature review on the problem of opportunism has been carried out. The sources and forms of manifestation of opportunism in Islamic banking have been identified in the paper. The measures against opportunism have been divided into measures to prevent adverse selection and measures to reduce moral hazard. The measures against opportunism specific to Islamic banking have also been described in the article. It is shown that not all common measures to reduce moral hazard have analogues in Islamic banking. Suggestions are made as to which of the Islamic banking-specific measures against opportunism can be borrowed to be exploited in traditional banking. The prospects for the use of smart contracts in Islamic banking as a fundamentally new measure to limit opportunism have been considered. The technical and legal problems of implementing smart contracts as well as the specific problems of implementing smart contracts in Islamic banking are shown. We argue that the widespread introduction of smart contracts is very unlikely in Islamic banking as the principles of smart contracts contradict the principles and spirit of Shariah.","PeriodicalId":43842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Institutional Studies","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84526152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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