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Clinical Study To Evaluate The Efficacy Of Ashwagandadi Leha In Ksheena ShukraWith Special ReferenceTo Oligospermia 评价Ashwagandadi Leha治疗少精子症的临床研究
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.47223/irjay.2021.4912
Malagouda. K. Banappanavar, P. Rawal, Sunita Shiraguppi
: - Male infertility can be defined as an inability to induce conception due to defect in Spermatic functions. It is multifactorial condition in more than 90% of cases , except some physical sperm defects low sperm count and poor sperm quality are the responsible for the male infertility more than 90% of cases. Sperm count less than 20mill/ml is considered as oligospermia. It is one among prime factor in the male infertility. It is defined as a subnormal concentration of spermatozoa in the penile ejaculate. It is correlated with ksheena shukra condition. It is pathological condition of shukra i n which there may be reduced sperm count. In classics many shukra janaka drugs are explained in ksheena shukra condition. property thus helps in increasing the production of spermatozoa which ultimately causes increases in sperm count useful for combating the ksheena shukra . This research work is clinical study with pre-test and post-test design, 30 patients suffering from Ksheena shukra (Oligospermia) were selected randomly for study from OPD of SDM’ Trust Ayurvedic Medical college, Terdal. Selected patients were treated with Ashwagandadi leha for 60 days 10 gms BD with milk. Follow up study was under taken for 30 days after 60 days of treatment. It was found that Ashwagandadi leha showed significant improvement in various parameters like Dorbalya (Weakness), Maithuna ashakti (Loss of interest in Coitus), Shukra Avisraga, Desire, Ejaculation, Erection, Orgasm, Sperm count and Sperm motility. How cite this article Banappanavar M.K, P.K, S. Clinical Study To Evaluate The Efficacy Of Ashwagandadi Leha In Ksheena Shukra With Special Reference To Oligospermia”.
男性不育症可以定义为由于精子功能缺陷而无法受孕。在90%以上的病例中,它是多因素的,除了一些生理上的精子缺陷外,低精子数量和精子质量差是导致90%以上男性不育的原因。精子数量少于2000万/毫升被认为是少精子症。它是男性不育的主要因素之一。它被定义为阴茎射精中精子浓度低于正常水平。它与ksheena shukra条件相关。这是舒克拉病的病理状态,其中可能有精子数量减少。在经典中,许多舒迦药都是在舒迦条件下解释的。因此,财产有助于增加精子的产生,最终导致精子数量的增加,这有助于对抗ksheena shukra。本研究是一项采用前测试和后测试设计的临床研究,随机选择30例少精子症(Ksheena shukra)患者在特达尔市SDM信托阿育吠陀医学院门诊进行研究。选择的患者用Ashwagandadi leha治疗60天,BD 10 gms加牛奶。治疗60天后进行30天的随访研究。发现Ashwagandadi leha在各种参数上都有显着改善,如Dorbalya(虚弱),Maithuna ashakti(对性交失去兴趣),Shukra Avisraga,欲望,射精,勃起,性高潮,精子数量和精子活力。Banappanavar M.K, P.K, S.临床研究评价Ashwagandadi Leha在Ksheena Shukra中的疗效,特别涉及少精子症。
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引用次数: 0
A Comparative Clinical Study on the Efficacy of KalaBastiand KatiBastiAlong with Nirgundighan Vatiin the Management of Gridhrasi (Sciatica) 卡拉巴斯丁与卡提巴斯丁联合尼根地甘治疗坐骨神经痛的临床比较研究
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.47223/irjay.2022.5104
Akanksha Sharma, Anjali V. Makodiya, Hetal Ramani, S. Ruparel
The most common disorder which affects the movement of legs, particularly in the most productive period of life i.e 30 to 50 years is the problem of back ache which turns into Sciatica.The signs and symptoms of Sciatica can be correlated to Ghridhrasi. Analgesics or surgery are the only remedies for this disease, which may sometimes produce systemic side effects.Acharya Charakhas described Bastias the line of treatment in Ghridhrasi. So Kala Basti is selected. As Nirgundiacts as Rujaphaand Vatashleshmaprashmani. So NirgundiGhanVatiis selected for Shamandrug. Kati Bastiis selected to break local Samprapti, as it is a type of Bahirparimarjin Chikitsa.Aim: Tocompare the effect ofKala Basti and Kati Bastialong with NirgundighanaVatiinthe management of Gridhrasi. Material and methods:For present study, 30 Patients ofGridhrasiwere randomly divided into 2 groups from the OPD & IPD of Govt. Akhandanand Ayurved Hospital, Ahmedabad. Result: 13.33% of patients had Complete remission, Marked improvement was found in 13.33% and 40% of the patients had Moderate improvement. 33.33% of the patient showed Mild improvement. Conclusion: Kala Basti withNirgundi taila as Anuvasana and Erandmool Kwath in Niruha Basti followed by Shamana therapy with Nirgundi ghan Vatiprovided better results in Ghridrasi especially Vatakaphaj Ghridrasi.
最常见的影响腿部运动的疾病,特别是在生命中最富有生产力的时期,即30至50岁,是背部疼痛的问题,它变成了坐骨神经痛。坐骨神经痛的体征和症状可能与格里德拉西有关。止痛剂或手术是治疗这种疾病的唯一方法,但有时会产生全身副作用。Acharya Charakhas描述了Bastias在格里德拉西的治疗路线。所以Kala Basti被选中了。如nirgundias rujaphan和Vatashleshmaprashmani。因此,尼贡地梵被选为萨满药。Kati Bastiis被选中打破当地的Samprapti,因为它是Bahirparimarjin Chikitsa的一种。目的:比较kala bastii、Kati bastii和nirgundighanavatii在治疗甲状腺肿中的效果。材料与方法:本研究选取艾哈迈达巴德Akhandanand Ayurved医院门诊部和IPD部的30例gridhrasi患者随机分为2组。结果:13.33%的患者完全缓解,13.33%的患者明显改善,40%的患者有中度改善。33.33%的患者有轻度好转。结论:小儿坏死性鼻炎加尼古地加尼古地加梵提加沙玛疗法治疗小儿鼻炎疗效较好,尤其是Vatakaphaj鼻炎疗效较好。
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引用次数: 0
A Comparative Analysis of Churnaand Bhavita Churnaof Stem Bark of Asoka –Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde through High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography 用高效薄层色谱法比较分析阿索卡-阿索卡(Roxb.) de Wilde茎皮中的churnaa和Bhavita churnaa
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.47223/irjay.2021.4901
Ardra Ajayakumar, Shincymol, P. Ansary, Sara Moncy Oommen
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引用次数: 0
A Comparative Clinical Study To Evaluate The Efficacy Of Kasisa ChurnaAnd Puga Churna AvachurnanaIn Vrana 评价卡西沙和普加乌尔纳治疗肺水肿疗效的临床比较研究
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.47223/irjay.2021.41002
Babitha Rao A, Harsha Vardhana
Article received on 15th September 2021 Article Accepted 22nd Oct 2021 Article published 31st Oct 2021 ABSTRACT: Healthy healing of Vrana is most important part of surgery it can be Nija (endogenous) and Agantu – (exogenous) or Shastrakrit; it’s not merely deals with good closure of wound but also maintain its anatomical and functional integrity with minimal scar formation without complications . Avachurnana used in superficial/ Deep and foul-smelling ulcers covered with layers of deranged fat. Shodhana (purification) and Ropana (healing) being safer, easy, potent and economic procedure useful to establish even Vaikrutapaham (to restore normalcy to scar). Kasisa is Shothahara (anti inflammatory), Rujahara, (analgesic) Krumihara (wormicidal) , Sankochakaraka etc, ingredient in Vrana Chikitsa kalpa’s vrana Ropana churna, Vrana Shodhana Sutra/Varti, Roma Sanjana yoga etc. Patient belongs to whichever geographical area, the medicine grown in same region is hita; Puga, locally cultivated, available worldwide, economic, ingredient in various vrana yoga’s Ghontaphaladi Varti; Pugadi yoga, Pugadi lepa, mocha-Pugadi ksheera etc; it possesses Kashaya rasa which aids vrana Ropana; Kledahara, Malahara, Rusha – Sankochakaraka, Shotahara, raktasthambana etc. Brinraja Bhavita Kasisa Churna and Puga Churna avachurnana (Topical Medicated Dusting) in Randomized comparative clinical study with Group A overall result is 94.21% and Group B overall result is 91.10% which shows statically significant results in both groups. Comparative analysis of the overall effect of the treatments in both the groups with unpaired t-test shows that the treatment is not significant in Group A. No Incidences of complications like infection, aggravation of Lakshana, recurrence or any other adverse effects were found during the study
摘要:Vrana的健康愈合是手术中最重要的部分,它可以是Nija(内源性)和Agantu -(外源性)或Shastrakrit;它不仅处理良好的伤口闭合,而且保持其解剖和功能的完整性,最小的疤痕形成,无并发症。Avachurnana用于浅层/深层和恶臭的溃疡,溃疡上覆盖着一层疯狂的脂肪。Shodhana(净化)和Ropana(治疗)是更安全、简单、有效和经济的程序,甚至可以建立Vaikrutapaham(恢复疤痕的正常)。Kasisa是Shothahara(抗炎),Rujahara(镇痛),Krumihara(杀虫),Sankochakaraka等,是Vrana Chikitsa kalpa的Vrana Ropana churna, Vrana Shodhana Sutra/Varti,罗马Sanjana瑜伽等的成分。无论患者属于哪个地理区域,同一地区种植的药物都是相同的;Puga,当地种植,全球可用,经济,各种vrana瑜伽Ghontaphaladi Varti的成分;普加迪瑜伽,普加迪勒帕,摩卡-普加迪克希拉等;它拥有帮助vrana Ropana的Kashaya rasa;Kledahara, Malahara, Rusha - Sankochakaraka, Shotahara, raktasthambana等。Brinraja Bhavita Kasisa Churna和Puga Churna avachurnana(局部用药粉尘)随机对照临床研究,A组总有效率为94.21%,B组总有效率为91.10%,两组结果均有统计学意义。对两组治疗总体效果进行非配对t检验比较分析,a组治疗效果不显著。研究过程中未发现感染、Lakshana加重、复发等并发症的发生及其他不良反应
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引用次数: 0
Review On Ayurvedic And Modern Concept Of Mutravridhi 阿育吠陀与现代慕特罗梵概念述评
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.47223/irjay.2021.4616
D. Meena, Rajesh K. Gupta
: Mutravridhi is one of the most common type of Vridhi roga. It is also known as vrishan vridhi . Accumulation of mootra in vrishana is main cause of vrishan vridhi. Vridhi means pathological accumulation of dosh and dhatu, but mutravridhi is mainly due to increase vata dosha .Acharyas mentioned shastra karma for management of mutravriddhi. Mutravridhi can be compared to hydrocele. Swelling in the scrotum is collection of water like fluid between the two layers of tunica vaginalis membrane of testis causing hydrocele. It may be congenital or acquired or associated with certain severe underlying diseases. It is more common in infant but can also occur at any age later in life. Painless scrotal swelling is more commonly seen in hydrocele. In management of mild hydroceles bed rest and scrotal support is generally recommended. In severe condition surgical drainage required. The treatment of choice in hydrocele is surgical intervention.
Mutravridhi是最常见的Vridhi roga类型之一。它也被称为vrishan vridhi。虚身内禅积是虚身虚痛的主要原因。虚力是指多士和陀土的病态积累,而虚力主要是由于虚力的增加。阿查里亚提到了管理虚力的沙业。子宫肌瘤可与鞘膜积液相比较。阴囊肿胀是睾丸两层阴道膜之间水样液体的聚集,引起鞘膜积液。它可能是先天性的,也可能是后天的,也可能与某些严重的潜在疾病有关。它在婴儿中更常见,但也可能发生在生命后期的任何年龄。无痛性阴囊肿胀更常见于鞘膜积液。在轻度鞘膜积液的治疗中,一般建议卧床休息和阴囊支持。严重者需手术引流。鞘膜积液的治疗选择是手术干预。
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引用次数: 0
Ayurveda and Modern Perspective on Rajonivrittiw.s.r. to Menopause: Review Based on Literary Study 阿育吠陀与拉琼尼维提的现代视角。到更年期:基于文学研究的回顾
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.47223/irjay.2021.41117
M. Kumari, M. Dixit, N. Meena
Menopause, a phenomenon unique to women, is the ending of a woman’s monthly menstrual period and ovulation. It, alongside, several other changes in the bodyand mind, brought in due to a decline in the amount of the hormones estrogen and progesterone being produced by the body. Menopause is, occasionally, viewed as an end to youth and sexuality, making it a socially unacceptable occurrence. Menopause, though,one of the important physical and mental milestones in a woman’s life, many women lack information about what is taking place and what are their options. There comes the role of Ayurveda , in Ayurveda literature there is no detailed description of Rajonivrittior menopause except the age of Rajonivrittiis given as 50 years. Ayurveda involves a holistic physiological system based on balance, with its cardinal doctrine of human physiology being constituted by “vata”, “pitta” and “kapha”. In modern medicine the only treatment for these symptoms is Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), which is not a long-term therapy to be given as it has side effects on the overall health of the women. In Ayurveda Dhatu kshaya can be treated with Rasayanatherapy and other symptoms of hypo-estrogenic conditions can be treated with Phytoestrogens. So, Ayurveda gives a non-hormonal and cost-effective treatment for Rajonivrittior Menopause.
更年期是女性特有的现象,是女性每月月经和排卵的结束。它与身体和精神的其他一些变化一起,是由于身体产生的雌激素和黄体酮的数量下降而引起的。更年期有时被视为青春和性欲的终结,这在社会上是不可接受的。虽然更年期是女性生命中重要的生理和心理里程碑之一,但许多女性对正在发生的事情和她们的选择缺乏了解。这就是阿育吠陀的作用,在阿育吠陀文献中,除了拉乔尼维提的年龄为50岁之外,没有详细描述拉乔尼维提或更年期。阿育吠陀涉及一个基于平衡的整体生理系统,其人体生理学的基本教义由“vata”,“pitta”和“kapha”组成。在现代医学中,治疗这些症状的唯一方法是激素替代疗法(HRT),这不是一种长期疗法,因为它对女性的整体健康有副作用。在阿育吠陀,可采用拉萨亚疗法治疗达图病,其他雌激素分泌不足的症状可采用植物雌激素治疗。因此,阿育吠陀为更年期提供了一种非激素且经济有效的治疗方法。
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引用次数: 0
A Nidānātmaka(Epidemiological) Study of Kuṣṭha (Skin diseases) among local community of Jaipur 斋浦尔当地社区Kuṣṭha(皮肤病)的Nidānātmaka(流行病学)研究
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.47223/irjay.2021.4702
Jogender Rao, P. Godatwar, Preeti Gavali
: Āyurveda is an oldest system of medicine practiced ini various parts of India and Indian sub continents. In today’s era due to lack of physical activity, altered food habits, pollution, chemical exposure, number of skin disease has increased. In Āyurveda classics skin diseases are described under ones broad term called kuṣṭha , which is further categorized into two major groups i.e. Mahākuṣṭha and Kṣudrakuṣṭha. The study aimed to find out the prevalence and nidāna of Kuṣṭha (Skin diseases) in the local community. A survey study was conducted at NIA O.P.D, I.P.D., Bombaywala hospital, Satellite hospital, and various camps in Jaipur. For this survey total 200 skin disease patients were taken and diagnosed as per Āyurvedika perspective and Psoriasis criteria. Observations of the study are presented in graph 1 to 12 according to various profile. Kuṣṭha mainly affects in middle age group as the busy schedule and faulty dietary habits might contribute in the pathogenesis of disease. The disease is chronic in nature and bear strong family history and is affected by mental stress. Vāta-Kapha Prakṛti is more prone to be affected by the disease and intake of excessive amount of lavaṇa ras may contribute in the disease formation or aggravation.
: Āyurveda是印度和印度次大陆各个地区最古老的医学体系。在当今时代,由于缺乏身体活动、改变饮食习惯、污染、接触化学物质,皮肤病的数量有所增加。在Āyurveda经典中,皮肤病被描述为一个广义的术语kuṣṭha,它进一步分为两大类,即Mahākuṣṭha和Kṣudrakuṣṭha。该研究旨在了解当地社区Kuṣṭha(皮肤病)的患病率和nidāna。一项调查研究在NIA o.p.d., i.p.d., Bombaywala医院,卫星医院和斋浦尔的各个营地进行。本次调查共选取200例皮肤病患者,并根据Āyurvedika视角和牛皮癣标准进行诊断。该研究的观察结果显示在图1至12中,根据不同的概况。Kuṣṭha主要影响中年人,因为繁忙的日程和不良的饮食习惯可能有助于疾病的发病。本病为慢性疾病,具有较强的家族史,易受精神压力影响。Vāta-Kapha Prakṛti更容易受到疾病的影响,摄入过量的lavaṇa ras可能有助于疾病的形成或加重。
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引用次数: 0
Clinical Indications Of Navaka Guggulu An Experiential And Scientific View 古古鲁的临床适应症:经验与科学的观点
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.47223/irjay.2021.4725
Shripathi Acharya G, Rajeshwari S Acharya
: Guggulu (Commiphora wightii Arn. Bhandari) is the major constituent in Navaka Guggulu , a well-known polyherbal preparation. Medoroga (hyperlipidemia), Sthaulya (obesity), and other Kaphaja rogas benefit from it. Fresh (Naveena) Guggulu is said to have a Brimhana (body mass growing) impact, whereas aged (Purana) Guggulu is said to have an Atilekhana (body mass decreasing) effect (scrapping). The current research discusses the clinical indications of Navaka guggulu from a scientific and practical standpoint. The pungent flavor, light and dry qualities, and dominant medications Ushna Veerya and KatuVipaka in Navaka Guggulu have all the properties to break down the etiology of hyperlipidemia. These qualities are beneficial in lowering the lipid profile. The present paper highlights about the clinical indications of Navaka guggulu in a scientific and experiential view.
:古古鲁(comiphora wightii Arn)bandari)是Navaka Guggulu(一种著名的多草药制剂)的主要成分。Medoroga(高脂血症)、Sthaulya(肥胖)和其他Kaphaja rogas都受益于它。新鲜的(Naveena) Guggulu据说有Brimhana(体重增长)的影响,而年老的(Purana) Guggulu据说有Atilekhana(体重减少)的影响(报废)。本研究从科学和实用的角度探讨了古古鲁的临床适应症。辛辣的味道,清淡干燥的品质,以及Navaka Guggulu的主要药物Ushna Veerya和KatuVipaka具有分解高脂血症病因的所有特性。这些品质有利于降低血脂。本文从科学的角度和经验的角度探讨了古古鲁的临床适应症。
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引用次数: 0
A ClinicalComparative Study onthe Efficacy ofNirgundi Patra Pinda Swedawith and withoutMatra Bastiin the Management of Janu Sandhigat Vataw.s.r. to Osteoarthritis of Knee 加加与不加加复方甘地霉素治疗肾结石性肾结石疗效的临床比较研究[j]。治疗膝关节骨关节炎
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.47223/irjay.2022.5101
Alpa R. Nakum, Akanksha Sharma, S. Ruparel, R. Shukla
In Vridhdhavastha, Vata Doshais in a dominant state and Rasadi Dhatusare in a deprived state. This potent combination is responsible for the aged being vulnerable to many diseases. Among them, Sandhigata Vata, which is equated to Osteoarthritis, stands top in the list of geriatric diseases.In current study efforts have been made to evaluate & compare the effect of Nirgundi Patra Pinda Swedawith and without Matra Basti on Janu Sandhigata Vata.Aims and objectives:T o e v a l u a t e & c o m p a r e t h e e f f e c t o f Nirgundi Patra Pinda sweda w i t h a n d w i t h o u t Matra Basti i n t h e m a n a g e m e n t o f J a n u S a n d h i g a t V a t a w . s . rt o O s t e o-a r t h r i t i s .Materials and Methods:30 Patients of JanuSandhigata Vata were selected according to the classical signs and symptoms of Sandhigata Vata according to Ayurvedaas well as Modernscience, were randomly divided into 2 groups from the Govt. Akhandanand Ayurved Hospital, Ahmedabad. In group A 15 patients were treated with Nirgundi Patra Pinda Sweda AndMatra Basti with Ashwagandhadi Taila and in group B 15 patients were treated with only Nirgundi Patra Pinda Sweda.Result 20.00% patients got marked improvement and 80.00% got moderate improvementin group A and in group B 33.33% patients got moderate improvement and 66.67% showed mild improvement.Nirgundi Patra Pinda Sweda andMatraBasti with Ashwagandhadi Tailprovided better result as compare to only Nirgundi Patra Pinda Sweda on management of Janu Sandhigata Vata.
在Vridhdhavastha, Vata Doshais处于统治状态,Rasadi Dhatusare处于被剥夺状态。这种强有力的结合是老年人易患许多疾病的原因。其中,相当于骨关节炎的Sandhigata Vata高居老年病之首。在目前的研究中,已经进行了评估和比较Nirgundi Patra Pinda Swedawith和without Matra Basti对Janu Sandhigata Vata的影响。目标和目的:T o e v T l u e & c o m p r e T h e e f f e c T o f Nirgundi智利的花生米sweda w i T h n d w i T h o T u马特拉Basti我n T h e m n g e m e n T o f J n u S n d h i g T v T w。年代。材料与方法:选取艾哈迈达巴德Akhandanand Ayurved Hospital,根据阿育吠陀(ayurveda)和现代科学的经典体征和症状,选择30例JanuSandhigata Vata患者,随机分为2组。A组15例患者使用Nirgundi Patra Pinda Sweda和matra Basti联合Ashwagandhadi Taila治疗,B组15例患者仅使用Nirgundi Patra Pinda Sweda治疗。结果A组明显改善20.00%,中度改善80.00%;B组中度改善33.33%,轻度改善66.67%。Nirgundi Patra Pinda Sweda和matrabasti与Ashwagandhadi taili相比,在Janu Sandhigata Vata的管理上,Nirgundi Patra Pinda Sweda提供了更好的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative Effect Of Mulakadi Lepa & Guduchyadi Kwatha On The Symptoms Of Dadru Kushtha W.S.R. To Fungal Dermatophytes: A Randomized Clinical Trial” Mulakadi Lepa和Guduchyadi Kwatha对真菌性皮肤真菌症状的比较疗效:一项随机临床试验
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.47223/irjay.2021.4623
Ravi B. P. Verma, B. Sevatkar
: -Background: Dadru is one type of Kushtha, all skin illnesses are categorised under the broad title of ‘ Kushtha′ in Ayurveda. It involves clinical features like Kandu , Deergha Pratana , Utsanna Mandala , Raga , Pidaka, which exhibit the involvement of Kapha and Pitta . Dadru correlated with 'Fungal dermatophytes through a modern perspective based on presenting symptomatology. Globally, up to 20% of the population may be infected by ringworm at any given time. Mithya Ahara-Vihar , unhygienic condition and many environmental factors lead to increase cases of Dadru . Aim: To evaluates and compares the efficacy of Guduchyadi Kwatha and Mulakadi Lepa in the management of Dadru Kushtha. Methodology: Randomized Clinical Trial on 100 patients was conducted at NIA Jaipur for the duration of 1 month equal divided in 2 Groups. Result: Statically significant improvements were showed in subjective parameters. Conclusion: it was found that average percentage of relief was higher in “Group A ( Mulakadi Lepa )” (45.03%) followed by Group B Guduchyadi Kwatha (19.77%) without any serious adverse drug reaction .
-背景:达德鲁是库什塔的一种类型,所有皮肤疾病都被归类为阿育吠陀的“库什塔”。它涉及临床特征,如Kandu, Deergha Pratana, Utsanna Mandala, Raga, Pidaka,这些都表现出Kapha和Pitta的参与。从现代症状学的角度来看,大儒与真菌性皮肤癣菌相关。在全球范围内,高达20%的人口在任何时候都可能感染癣。不卫生的条件和许多环境因素导致达德鲁病例的增加。目的:评价和比较古杜恰迪·克瓦达和穆拉卡迪·勒帕治疗大痛性库什塔的疗效。方法:将100例患者随机分为两组,为期1个月。结果:主观参数有统计学意义的改善。结论:A组(Mulakadi Lepa)平均缓解率最高(45.03%),其次为B组(19.77%),未见严重药物不良反应。
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