The aim of this work was to show possibilities of applied artificial intelligence methodologies and structural causal modelling (“Structural Causal Model”, SCM) with the object of gaining a scientific level contribution to the determination of functional causal dependencies in complex ecological systems. In this work, applied was SCM for the determination of dependencies of chlo rophyll concentration on physical and chemical parameters in the northern Adriatic Sea during the period 1965 to 2015. The experimental data are the outcome of the long-term and extensive investigation as a part of the EU project “LTER Northern Adriatic Sea”, and are freely available within the EU Open Science policy. The data are a “Big Data” base with 108 687 samples and 43 descriptors. Proposed is a mathematical model with Bayes network (BN) as a directed acy - clic graph (DAG). The model structure was determined by the Hamilton-Schmidt conditional independence test with a significance level of α = 0.05. The SCM model shows that the direct causal variables for chlorophyll concentration are: temperature, salinity, pH, and concentrations of nitrogen, phosphor, and silica. The BN model was adjusted according to d-separation with the objective to block confounding and contra-causal back door interference. The functions of causal dependencies were determined as the marginal distributions with Bayes network models with a single interior layer for interpolation. The most important causal effect was due to temperature (−0.07 μg chlorophyll A/°C). The model predicted reversed positive causality between chloro phyll concentration and dissolved oxygen (0.2 mg DO 2 /μg chlorophyll A). Also evaluated was nonparametric comparative analysis of chlorophyll and abiotic parameters between Croatian and northern Adriatic Sea (Slovenia and Italy). The comparison was based on median metrics to avoid the pronounced influence of outliers due to hydrodynamic effects. The median concentration of dissolved oxygen in Croatian Adriatic was 5.8 mg O 2 /l, while in Slovenian and Italian 5.5 mg O 2 /l, and the median temperature was T = 14.6 °C compared to T = 15.1 °C. There is a significant difference in the abundance of dinoflagellates in Croatia 3 cell/l, while in Slovenia and Italian 5 cells/l. The difference is more pronounced by the number and values of “hot spots” outliers. The difference between chlorophyll concentrations is not significant (0.65 and 0.90 μg l −1 ); however, the difference in the distribution of the outliers is significant with more frequent and bigger outliers in Italian and Slovenian Adriatic. Also observed was a significant difference in SiO 4 distribution, with higher concentrations in the western Adriatic. The random forest RF decision tree models are applied for the development of the predictive models of biological parameters based on abiotic data. The RF models are validated by 5-fold cross-validation. The models have out-of-box mean relative errors of 6.5 % for chlor
这项工作的目的是展示应用人工智能方法和结构因果模型（“结构因果模型”，SCM）的可能性，目的是为确定复杂生态系统中的功能因果依赖关系做出科学水平的贡献。在这项工作中，应用SCM来确定1965年至2015年期间亚得里亚海北部叶绿素浓度对物理和化学参数的依赖性。实验数据是作为欧盟项目“LTER北亚得里亚海”的一部分进行的长期广泛调查的结果，在欧盟开放科学政策范围内免费提供。这些数据是一个“大数据”库，包含108687个样本和43个描述符。提出了一种将贝叶斯网络（BN）作为有向算术图（DAG）的数学模型。模型结构通过汉密尔顿·施密特条件独立性检验确定，显著性水平为α=0.05。SCM模型表明，叶绿素浓度的直接因果变量是：温度、盐度、pH以及氮、磷和二氧化硅的浓度。BN模型根据d-separation进行调整，目的是阻断混杂因素和对抗因果后门干扰。因果依赖函数被确定为边际分布，贝叶斯网络模型具有用于插值的单个内层。最重要的因果效应是由于温度（−0.07μg叶绿素A/°C）。该模型预测了叶绿素浓度与溶解氧（0.2 mg DO 2/μg叶绿素A）之间的反向正因果关系。还评估了克罗地亚和亚得里亚海北部（斯洛文尼亚和意大利）叶绿素和非生物参数的非参数比较分析。该比较基于中值指标，以避免由于流体动力学效应而引起的异常值的显著影响。克罗地亚亚得里亚海溶解氧的中位浓度为5.8 mg O2/l，而斯洛文尼亚和意大利为5.5 mg O2/l，中位温度为T=14.6°C，而T=15.1°C。克罗地亚的甲藻丰度为3细胞/l，而斯洛文尼亚和意大利的甲藻数量为5细胞/l。差异在“热点”异常值的数量和值上更为明显。叶绿素浓度之间的差异不显著（0.65和0.90μg l−1）；然而，异常值的分布差异很大，意大利和斯洛文尼亚亚得里亚海的异常值更频繁、更大。还观察到SiO4分布的显著差异，在亚得里亚海西部的浓度更高。随机森林RF决策树模型用于开发基于非生物数据的生物参数预测模型。射频模型通过5倍交叉验证进行验证。该模型对叶绿素和光色素的开箱平均相对误差分别为6.5%和17.4%；硅藻18.8%；甲藻17.4%；球石藻为12.1%。对于每个确定的预测模型，前五个最重要的预测因子占95%的重要性。
{"title":"Kauzalni ekološki model sjevernog Jadrana temeljem podataka EU projekta “LTER Northern Adriatic Sea”","authors":"Želimir Kurtanjek","doi":"10.15255/kui.2022.033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15255/kui.2022.033","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work was to show possibilities of applied artificial intelligence methodologies and structural causal modelling (“Structural Causal Model”, SCM) with the object of gaining a scientific level contribution to the determination of functional causal dependencies in complex ecological systems. In this work, applied was SCM for the determination of dependencies of chlo rophyll concentration on physical and chemical parameters in the northern Adriatic Sea during the period 1965 to 2015. The experimental data are the outcome of the long-term and extensive investigation as a part of the EU project “LTER Northern Adriatic Sea”, and are freely available within the EU Open Science policy. The data are a “Big Data” base with 108 687 samples and 43 descriptors. Proposed is a mathematical model with Bayes network (BN) as a directed acy - clic graph (DAG). The model structure was determined by the Hamilton-Schmidt conditional independence test with a significance level of α = 0.05. The SCM model shows that the direct causal variables for chlorophyll concentration are: temperature, salinity, pH, and concentrations of nitrogen, phosphor, and silica. The BN model was adjusted according to d-separation with the objective to block confounding and contra-causal back door interference. The functions of causal dependencies were determined as the marginal distributions with Bayes network models with a single interior layer for interpolation. The most important causal effect was due to temperature (−0.07 μg chlorophyll A/°C). The model predicted reversed positive causality between chloro phyll concentration and dissolved oxygen (0.2 mg DO 2 /μg chlorophyll A). Also evaluated was nonparametric comparative analysis of chlorophyll and abiotic parameters between Croatian and northern Adriatic Sea (Slovenia and Italy). The comparison was based on median metrics to avoid the pronounced influence of outliers due to hydrodynamic effects. The median concentration of dissolved oxygen in Croatian Adriatic was 5.8 mg O 2 /l, while in Slovenian and Italian 5.5 mg O 2 /l, and the median temperature was T = 14.6 °C compared to T = 15.1 °C. There is a significant difference in the abundance of dinoflagellates in Croatia 3 cell/l, while in Slovenia and Italian 5 cells/l. The difference is more pronounced by the number and values of “hot spots” outliers. The difference between chlorophyll concentrations is not significant (0.65 and 0.90 μg l −1 ); however, the difference in the distribution of the outliers is significant with more frequent and bigger outliers in Italian and Slovenian Adriatic. Also observed was a significant difference in SiO 4 distribution, with higher concentrations in the western Adriatic. The random forest RF decision tree models are applied for the development of the predictive models of biological parameters based on abiotic data. The RF models are validated by 5-fold cross-validation. The models have out-of-box mean relative errors of 6.5 % for chlor","PeriodicalId":43849,"journal":{"name":"Kemija u Industriji-Journal of Chemists and Chemical Engineers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46896125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maintenance of green urban areas, backyards and gardens, as well as food preparation and con - sumption generate municipal biodegradable waste, i.e., biowaste that must be collected and pro cessed in accordance with environmental protection regulations and waste management objec tives of the Republic of Croatia. By determining the composition and amount of municipal waste, the quantities generated in the assumed area were estimated. From the mentioned input data on the amount of biowaste and input process data that are relevant for the implementation of biological treatment of biowaste in aerobic conditions, the necessary equipment and space were dimensioned, taking into account the dynamics of the process and the necessary technological operations. Thus, the operation of machines for shredding and mixing with a capacity of about 50 m 3 h −1 , aeration and irrigation with a capacity of about 1,000 m 3 h −1 , screening with a capacity of about 23.2 m 3 h −1 , as well as manipulation of biowaste and compost was planned. Four bio reactors with a capacity of about 1 421 t y −1 each, fans and other process-measuring equipment were planned. Waste air flow with biodegradation products were purified before released into the atmosphere using a biofilter of about 9 m 2 and 1.5 m of filled layer of wood chips, bark, mature compost, and other additives. By composting about 3 641 t y −1 of biowaste, which is approximately the minimum amount of biowaste that a presumed area of about 77 000 inhabitants needs to be processed to meet the waste management objectives of the Republic of Croatia, the estimated production of about 2 575 t y −1 of mature compost would be reduced by about 34.1 %, or volume by about 50.5 %. 2 174 000 EUR needs to be invested in facilities and equipment, with total operating costs of about 83 EUR/t of input biowaste.
城市绿地、后院和花园的维护以及食物的制备和消费产生城市生物可降解废物，即必须按照克罗地亚共和国的环境保护条例和废物管理目标收集和处理的生物废物。通过确定城市垃圾的组成和数量，估算了假设区域产生的数量。根据上述关于生物废物数量的输入数据和与在好氧条件下实施生物废物生物处理相关的输入过程数据，考虑到过程的动态和必要的技术操作，确定了必要的设备和空间。因此，计划操作切碎和混合机器，其容量约为50 m 3 h−1，曝气和灌溉机器，其容量约为1,000 m 3 h−1，筛选机器，其容量约为23.2 m 3 h−1，以及生物废物和堆肥的处理。计划建造4个容量约为1 421 t / y - 1的生物反应器、风机和其他过程测量设备。带有生物降解产物的废气流在释放到大气之前，使用约9平方米和1.5米的生物过滤器，填充木屑，树皮，成熟的堆肥和其他添加剂。通过堆肥大约3 641吨/年的生物废物，这大约是为满足克罗地亚共和国废物管理目标而需要处理的最低生物废物量，估计成熟堆肥的产量约为2 575吨/年，将减少约34.1%，或体积减少约50.5%。需要在设施和设备上投资17.4万欧元，每吨投入生物废物的总运营成本约为83欧元。
{"title":"Dimenzioniranje postrojenja malog kapaciteta za aerobnu obradu biootpada iz kućanstava","authors":"Tomislav Domanovac, Marija Vuković Domanovac, Dajana Kučić Grgić, Monika Šabić Runjavec","doi":"10.15255/kui.2022.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15255/kui.2022.024","url":null,"abstract":"Maintenance of green urban areas, backyards and gardens, as well as food preparation and con - sumption generate municipal biodegradable waste, i.e., biowaste that must be collected and pro cessed in accordance with environmental protection regulations and waste management objec tives of the Republic of Croatia. By determining the composition and amount of municipal waste, the quantities generated in the assumed area were estimated. From the mentioned input data on the amount of biowaste and input process data that are relevant for the implementation of biological treatment of biowaste in aerobic conditions, the necessary equipment and space were dimensioned, taking into account the dynamics of the process and the necessary technological operations. Thus, the operation of machines for shredding and mixing with a capacity of about 50 m 3 h −1 , aeration and irrigation with a capacity of about 1,000 m 3 h −1 , screening with a capacity of about 23.2 m 3 h −1 , as well as manipulation of biowaste and compost was planned. Four bio reactors with a capacity of about 1 421 t y −1 each, fans and other process-measuring equipment were planned. Waste air flow with biodegradation products were purified before released into the atmosphere using a biofilter of about 9 m 2 and 1.5 m of filled layer of wood chips, bark, mature compost, and other additives. By composting about 3 641 t y −1 of biowaste, which is approximately the minimum amount of biowaste that a presumed area of about 77 000 inhabitants needs to be processed to meet the waste management objectives of the Republic of Croatia, the estimated production of about 2 575 t y −1 of mature compost would be reduced by about 34.1 %, or volume by about 50.5 %. 2 174 000 EUR needs to be invested in facilities and equipment, with total operating costs of about 83 EUR/t of input biowaste.","PeriodicalId":43849,"journal":{"name":"Kemija u Industriji-Journal of Chemists and Chemical Engineers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42615653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Čulo, F. Grgić, Tamara Jurina, Anita Šalić, M. Benković, D. Valinger, J. G. Gajdoš Kljusurić, Ana Jurinjak Tušek, B. Zelić
Emulsions are traditionally prepared with the application of high shear forces generated by the use of static mixers, homogen - isers, or ultrasound. The resulting emulsions are sensitive to change of process conditions. The application of high forces and temperatures can significantly affect the constituents of the emulsions and their final stability. Microfluidic technology seems to be a very efficient alternative to classic emulsification methods. The dimensions of microdevices in combination with continu ous processes offer a great advantage over classic batch emulsification processes carried out on a larger scale. The small dimen - sions of the microdevices allow easy transport of equipment, better control and safety of the process, and intensified mass and energy transfer. The mixing time in microdevices is reduced to a few milliseconds because the molecules in the microchannels have a short diffusion path. In this paper, an overview of emulsification processes, the advantages of use of microfluidics in emulsification, and future perspectives of microemulsification are presented.
{"title":"Emulsification on a Microscale: Faster, Better, and More Effective","authors":"I. Čulo, F. Grgić, Tamara Jurina, Anita Šalić, M. Benković, D. Valinger, J. G. Gajdoš Kljusurić, Ana Jurinjak Tušek, B. Zelić","doi":"10.15255/kui.2022.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15255/kui.2022.005","url":null,"abstract":"Emulsions are traditionally prepared with the application of high shear forces generated by the use of static mixers, homogen - isers, or ultrasound. The resulting emulsions are sensitive to change of process conditions. The application of high forces and temperatures can significantly affect the constituents of the emulsions and their final stability. Microfluidic technology seems to be a very efficient alternative to classic emulsification methods. The dimensions of microdevices in combination with continu ous processes offer a great advantage over classic batch emulsification processes carried out on a larger scale. The small dimen - sions of the microdevices allow easy transport of equipment, better control and safety of the process, and intensified mass and energy transfer. The mixing time in microdevices is reduced to a few milliseconds because the molecules in the microchannels have a short diffusion path. In this paper, an overview of emulsification processes, the advantages of use of microfluidics in emulsification, and future perspectives of microemulsification are presented.","PeriodicalId":43849,"journal":{"name":"Kemija u Industriji-Journal of Chemists and Chemical Engineers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49310293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana Mornar, Iva Marinac-Anđić, Daniela Amidžić Klarić, J. Kovačić
In last three decades, the solid-phase microextraction technology has brought significant progress in bioanalytical research due to the versatility of this fast and solvent-free approach to biological sample preparation. It has been widely used in combination with various analytical instrumenta - tion, even if most of the work has been done by coupling the extraction technique with liquid or gas chromatography. This review focuses on the new developments and advances in solid-phase microextraction-based techniques. Furthermore, some interesting, new innovations that fail to go beyond academic research are also reported.
{"title":"Mikroekstrakcija čvrstom fazom – inovativni pristup u bioanalitičkim istraživanjima","authors":"Ana Mornar, Iva Marinac-Anđić, Daniela Amidžić Klarić, J. Kovačić","doi":"10.15255/kui.2022.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15255/kui.2022.003","url":null,"abstract":"In last three decades, the solid-phase microextraction technology has brought significant progress in bioanalytical research due to the versatility of this fast and solvent-free approach to biological sample preparation. It has been widely used in combination with various analytical instrumenta - tion, even if most of the work has been done by coupling the extraction technique with liquid or gas chromatography. This review focuses on the new developments and advances in solid-phase microextraction-based techniques. Furthermore, some interesting, new innovations that fail to go beyond academic research are also reported.","PeriodicalId":43849,"journal":{"name":"Kemija u Industriji-Journal of Chemists and Chemical Engineers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44419486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cemre Avşar, Didem Tümük, Abdullah Emre Yüzbaşıoğlu, A. O. Gezerman
Due to greenhouse gas emissions in industrial production, global warming and the resulting climate change pose significant threats to a liveable world. The emission of carbon dioxide, which is released as a result of industrial activities, is the most important component that triggers the global warming process. The use of waste material, which is the result of industrial activity, as raw material within the framework of circular economy is of vital importance in terms of the use of sustainable resources. The problem of phosphogypsum, which is released during the production of phosphoric acid, can be eliminated by the Merseburg process. With such waste minimisation, the destruction caused by emission gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will also be prevented. In this evaluation study, the use of carbon dioxide gas as a raw material is discussed, while reducing the emission values of industries such as cement and thermal power plants that cause large amounts of carbon dioxide emissions from phosphogypsum waste. Although an ammonium sulphate production is foreseen with the evaluation of carbon dioxide and phosphogypsum waste with the Merseburg process, the effect of the impurity content of the waste material used on the recommended ammonium sulphate concentration will be an important research topic. Various protocols are being worked on worldwide in order to minimise the emissions on international scale. The use of the Merseburg process for this and similar processes will provide significant advantages to the manufacturer in reaching the target - ed emission amount.
{"title":"The Role of the Merseburg Process in Industrial Decarbonisation and Waste Evaluation","authors":"Cemre Avşar, Didem Tümük, Abdullah Emre Yüzbaşıoğlu, A. O. Gezerman","doi":"10.15255/kui.2021.088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15255/kui.2021.088","url":null,"abstract":"Due to greenhouse gas emissions in industrial production, global warming and the resulting climate change pose significant threats to a liveable world. The emission of carbon dioxide, which is released as a result of industrial activities, is the most important component that triggers the global warming process. The use of waste material, which is the result of industrial activity, as raw material within the framework of circular economy is of vital importance in terms of the use of sustainable resources. The problem of phosphogypsum, which is released during the production of phosphoric acid, can be eliminated by the Merseburg process. With such waste minimisation, the destruction caused by emission gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will also be prevented. In this evaluation study, the use of carbon dioxide gas as a raw material is discussed, while reducing the emission values of industries such as cement and thermal power plants that cause large amounts of carbon dioxide emissions from phosphogypsum waste. Although an ammonium sulphate production is foreseen with the evaluation of carbon dioxide and phosphogypsum waste with the Merseburg process, the effect of the impurity content of the waste material used on the recommended ammonium sulphate concentration will be an important research topic. Various protocols are being worked on worldwide in order to minimise the emissions on international scale. The use of the Merseburg process for this and similar processes will provide significant advantages to the manufacturer in reaching the target - ed emission amount.","PeriodicalId":43849,"journal":{"name":"Kemija u Industriji-Journal of Chemists and Chemical Engineers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42285207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Kožuh, I. Ivanić, T. Holjevac Grgurić, M. Gojić
The aim in this work was to investigate the change in microstructure, phase transformation temperatures, and thermal proper- ties due to the quenching of the investigated Cu-Al-Mn and Cu-Al-Mn-Ti alloys in ribbon form. This paper presents the results of microstructure analysis and thermal properties of Cu-Al-Mn and Cu-Al-Mn-Ti shape memory alloys produced in ribbon form by melt spinning technique. The microstructural analysis was carried out before and after quenching. After casting of the investigated alloys, annealing at 900 °C for 30 min was performed, followed by water quenching. The microstructural analysis was carried out by optical and scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer and by X-ray diffractometer. Thermodynamic calculation of a ternary Cu-Al-Mn system in equilibrium condition was performed using Ther- mo-Calc 5 software. Phase transformation temperatures were determined by differential scanning calorimetry and electrical resistance measuring. The results of microstructural analysis show the presence of martensite microstructures before and after quenching in the Cu-Al-Mn alloy, while in the Cu-Al-Mn-Ti alloy martensite microstructure exists only after quenching. Phase transformation temperatures decreased after quenching and titanium addition.
{"title":"Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Thermal Properties of Cu-based Shape Memory Ribbons","authors":"S. Kožuh, I. Ivanić, T. Holjevac Grgurić, M. Gojić","doi":"10.15255/kui.2022.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15255/kui.2022.011","url":null,"abstract":"The aim in this work was to investigate the change in microstructure, phase transformation temperatures, and thermal proper- ties due to the quenching of the investigated Cu-Al-Mn and Cu-Al-Mn-Ti alloys in ribbon form. This paper presents the results of microstructure analysis and thermal properties of Cu-Al-Mn and Cu-Al-Mn-Ti shape memory alloys produced in ribbon form by melt spinning technique. The microstructural analysis was carried out before and after quenching. After casting of the investigated alloys, annealing at 900 °C for 30 min was performed, followed by water quenching. The microstructural analysis was carried out by optical and scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer and by X-ray diffractometer. Thermodynamic calculation of a ternary Cu-Al-Mn system in equilibrium condition was performed using Ther- mo-Calc 5 software. Phase transformation temperatures were determined by differential scanning calorimetry and electrical resistance measuring. The results of microstructural analysis show the presence of martensite microstructures before and after quenching in the Cu-Al-Mn alloy, while in the Cu-Al-Mn-Ti alloy martensite microstructure exists only after quenching. Phase transformation temperatures decreased after quenching and titanium addition.","PeriodicalId":43849,"journal":{"name":"Kemija u Industriji-Journal of Chemists and Chemical Engineers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44689776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gospodarenje otpadnom plastikom","authors":"Mirko Budiša, Anita Ptiček Siročić","doi":"10.15255/kui.2021.091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15255/kui.2021.091","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43849,"journal":{"name":"Kemija u Industriji-Journal of Chemists and Chemical Engineers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46474291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY Shortly after introduction of commercial automatic chemical detectors, mostly based on ion mo - bility spectrometry technology, at the end of 20 th century field devices using other chemical de tection techniques (FTIR, Raman, GC-MS, surface acoustic wave, photoacoustic, electrochemical, biosensor and others) were developed. Among these techniques, portable GC-MS detectors pro vide very reliable qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis, but high cost of these devices, the complexity of operating with them and the complexity of sample preparation for analysis present a problem. Some chemical detection technologies cannot be used for the development of a reliable hand-held chemical detector, and not a single technique, for the time being, allows the develop ment of a universal chemical detector. A potential solution is the development of a multi-sensor device that compensates negative sides of each of the sensors. This paper provides an overview of commercially available chemical detectors based on new generation detection technologies and an overview of scientific research focused on further development of detection with simpler, more reliable and preferably cheaper solutions is given.
{"title":"Tehnologije koje se primjenjuju za terensku detekciju bojnih otrova: II. dio – Detektori nove generacije","authors":"Ivana Cetina, Dragutin Tušek, Valentina Ključarić","doi":"10.15255/kui.2021.079b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15255/kui.2021.079b","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Shortly after introduction of commercial automatic chemical detectors, mostly based on ion mo - bility spectrometry technology, at the end of 20 th century field devices using other chemical de tection techniques (FTIR, Raman, GC-MS, surface acoustic wave, photoacoustic, electrochemical, biosensor and others) were developed. Among these techniques, portable GC-MS detectors pro vide very reliable qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis, but high cost of these devices, the complexity of operating with them and the complexity of sample preparation for analysis present a problem. Some chemical detection technologies cannot be used for the development of a reliable hand-held chemical detector, and not a single technique, for the time being, allows the develop ment of a universal chemical detector. A potential solution is the development of a multi-sensor device that compensates negative sides of each of the sensors. This paper provides an overview of commercially available chemical detectors based on new generation detection technologies and an overview of scientific research focused on further development of detection with simpler, more reliable and preferably cheaper solutions is given.","PeriodicalId":43849,"journal":{"name":"Kemija u Industriji-Journal of Chemists and Chemical Engineers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47148471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katančić * Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is a conductive polymer used in batteries, superca- pacitors, solar cells, and various biosensors in wearable electronics. Through controlled atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP), it is possible to modify the properties of PEDOT for specific applications by grafting the side branches. In this work, PEDOT-based ATRP macroinitiators, functionalised with reactive bromine allowing the grafting of different polymers as side branches, were synthesised. Characterisation of the ob-tained samples was carried out by NMR, FTIR, GPC, TGA and measurement of electrochemical properties.Results showed that the sample with lower bromine content had better chemical properties; hence it was more suitable for further synthesis and modification of PEDOT.
{"title":"Sinteza ATRP makroinicijatora na bazi poli(3,4-etilendioksitiofena)","authors":"Patricia Žagar, Marin Božičević, Lucija Fiket, Roko Blažic, Denis Sačer, Zvonimir Katančić","doi":"10.15255/kui.2021.087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15255/kui.2021.087","url":null,"abstract":"Katančić * Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is a conductive polymer used in batteries, superca- pacitors, solar cells, and various biosensors in wearable electronics. Through controlled atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP), it is possible to modify the properties of PEDOT for specific applications by grafting the side branches. In this work, PEDOT-based ATRP macroinitiators, functionalised with reactive bromine allowing the grafting of different polymers as side branches, were synthesised. Characterisation of the ob-tained samples was carried out by NMR, FTIR, GPC, TGA and measurement of electrochemical properties.Results showed that the sample with lower bromine content had better chemical properties; hence it was more suitable for further synthesis and modification of PEDOT.","PeriodicalId":43849,"journal":{"name":"Kemija u Industriji-Journal of Chemists and Chemical Engineers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45919940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ash is a by-product of wood biomass combustion that must be removed daily from stoves or fireplaces. Therefore, operators or owners are exposed to the potential impact of ash. The goal of this study was to determine whether heavy metal present in wood pellet ash posed a health concern to stove operators/owners. The risk assessment procedure was carried out in several steps, including exposure evaluation, toxicity evaluation, and risk categorisation. The hazard coefficient (HQ) and non-carcino genic hazard index (HI) were calculated for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. HQ had the highest value for the ingestion pathway (3.62 ∙ 10 −6 ), and the value for non-carcinogenic HI was 3.70 ∙ 10 −6 . The value HI < 1 suggests that there is no risk to operator health related to heavy metals in analysed wood pellets ash. The carcinogenic risk (CR) was calculated for Ni, Pb, Cr, and Cd, and the values were within the permitted limits. The risk assessment based on HI and CR indicators proved that there was no significant health concern regarding exposure to the analysed ashes.
{"title":"Operator Exposure to Heavy Metals from Wood Pellet Ash – Risk Assessment","authors":"M. Pazalja, M. Salihović, Alisa Smajović","doi":"10.15255/kui.2021.092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15255/kui.2021.092","url":null,"abstract":"Ash is a by-product of wood biomass combustion that must be removed daily from stoves or fireplaces. Therefore, operators or owners are exposed to the potential impact of ash. The goal of this study was to determine whether heavy metal present in wood pellet ash posed a health concern to stove operators/owners. The risk assessment procedure was carried out in several steps, including exposure evaluation, toxicity evaluation, and risk categorisation. The hazard coefficient (HQ) and non-carcino genic hazard index (HI) were calculated for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. HQ had the highest value for the ingestion pathway (3.62 ∙ 10 −6 ), and the value for non-carcinogenic HI was 3.70 ∙ 10 −6 . The value HI < 1 suggests that there is no risk to operator health related to heavy metals in analysed wood pellets ash. The carcinogenic risk (CR) was calculated for Ni, Pb, Cr, and Cd, and the values were within the permitted limits. The risk assessment based on HI and CR indicators proved that there was no significant health concern regarding exposure to the analysed ashes.","PeriodicalId":43849,"journal":{"name":"Kemija u Industriji-Journal of Chemists and Chemical Engineers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41947289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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