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Degradation of the internal well equipment steel under continuous service in the corrosive and aggressive environments 井内设备钢在腐蚀性和侵蚀性环境中连续工作的退化问题
IF 1.9 Q2 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.33271/mining17.01.084
Yurii Vynnykov, M. Kharchenko, S. Manhura, A. Aniskin, A. Manhura
Purpose is to analyze steel degradation of the internal well equipment during its continuous service while contacting directly the corrosive environments. Methods. A range of research concerning the damaged metal tubes of the internal equipment for oil and gas wells, in particular regarding continuous service tubing, comprised both standard and specific studies involving different variations of X-ray spectral analysis with the use of scanning electron microscope JSM-35CF (JEOL Company, Japan) and SEM-515 with microanalyzer Link by Philips Company. The studied samples have been made of tubing in the period of the unauthorized and emergency well shutdowns; life of the wells is 0 up to 15 years. To analyze both structure and chemical composition of metal inclusive of such gases as oxygen and hydrogen, chippings were produced mechanically from various parts of tube walls. Findings. X-ray structural studies have made it possible to obtain data confirming cementite decay (Fe3С) in the tube metal during continuous operation of the internal well equipment. X-ray structural analysis methods have helped identify the parameters of crystal lattice of a matrix; and a level of elastic distortions of the lattice (i.e. microstresses of the distortions) has been evaluated as well as carbon distribution within ferrite and cementite. The abovementioned offered the possibility to describe both reason and mechanism of the reduced resistance to corrosion in the context of internal well equipment. Originality. New regularities under cementite decay in tube metal have been identified in addition to changes in the parameters of a crystal a lattice; microstresses of the lattice distortions; and carbon distribution within ferrite and cementite. The aforesaid helps explain in a new way both reason and mechanism of the reduced resistance to corrosion in the context of internal well structures operating continuously in aggressive environments. The basic sources and mechanisms of tube steel degradation, resulting from the metal hydrogenation and oxidation, have been defined which becomes the foundation to develop scientifically the substantiated measures mitigating the negative impact on the condition of the internal well facilities operating continuously in the chemically aggressive environments. Practical implications. Degrading hydrogen effect on the crystal lattice of metal has been proved. The effect creates conditions under which tube structures of oil and gas wells experience their failure.
目的是分析内部钻井设备在直接接触腐蚀性环境的连续使用过程中的钢材退化情况。方法。一系列关于油气井内部设备损坏金属管的研究,特别是关于连续油管的研究,包括使用扫描电子显微镜JSM-35CF(日本JEOL公司)和使用飞利浦公司的SEM-515微量分析仪Link进行X射线光谱分析的不同变化的标准和具体研究。所研究的样品是由未经授权和紧急停井期间的油管制成的;油井的使用寿命为0至15年。为了分析包括氧气和氢气在内的金属的结构和化学成分,从管壁的各个部分机械地制备了碎屑。调查结果。X射线结构研究已使获得数据成为可能,证实在内部井设备的连续操作过程中,管金属中的渗碳体衰变(Fe3С)。X射线结构分析方法有助于识别基体晶格的参数;并且已经评估了晶格的弹性畸变水平(即畸变的微应力)以及铁素体和渗碳体中的碳分布。上述内容提供了在内部井设备的背景下描述耐腐蚀性降低的原因和机制的可能性。独创性除了晶格参数的变化外,还发现了管状金属中渗碳体衰变的新规律;晶格畸变的微应力;以及碳在铁素体和渗碳体中的分布。上述内容有助于以一种新的方式解释在腐蚀性环境中连续运行的内部井结构中耐腐蚀性降低的原因和机制。已经确定了金属加氢和氧化导致的管钢降解的基本来源和机制,这成为科学制定切实可行的措施的基础,以减轻对在化学侵蚀环境中连续运行的内部井设施条件的负面影响。实际意义。氢对金属晶格的降解作用已得到证实。这种效应为油气井的管道结构发生故障创造了条件。
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引用次数: 0
An approach based on Machine Learning Algorithms, Geostatistical Technique, and GIS analysis to estimate phosphate ore grade at the Abu Tartur Mine, Western Desert, Egypt 基于机器学习算法、地质统计学技术和GIS分析的埃及西部沙漠Abu Tartur矿磷矿品位估算方法
IF 1.9 Q2 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.33271/mining17.01.108
A. Embaby, Ashraf Ismael, Faisal A Ali, H. Farag, B. Mousa, S. Gomaa, Mohamed Elwageeh
Purpose. This paper aims to estimate phosphate ore grade in the Abu Tartur area, Western Desert, Egypt, using four Machine Learning Algorithms (MLA), Geostatistical Techniques (variogram and kriging models), and GIS-analysis. Methods. Four machine-learning techniques include Optimizable Decision Tree (ODT), Optimizable Support Vector Machine (OSVM), Optimizable Gaussian Process Regression (OGPR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are applied in this paper. The constructed variogram and kriging models, as well as GIS-analysis, provide a clear understanding of all the elements distributed in the Abu Tartur phosphate ore and are very useful at the planning and mining stages. Findings. Phosphate content has been estimated with high accuracy based on the results of four machine-learning techniques. The most efficient technique for estimating phosphate content is optimizable (OGPR), which gives correlation coefficients (R) of 0.933 and 0.927 with Mean Absolute Errors (MAE) of 0.983 and 0.933 for the training and validation data, respectively. In addition, geostatistical and GIS methods have shown that percentage of P2O5, thickness, and Fe% are suitable for phosphate mining processes, except for small pockets that require little attention at the mining stage. Originality. This research attempts to develop a quick estimation of phosphate ore grade and to provide a clear understanding about the distribution of different constituents within the ore body using different techniques. Practical implications. Grade estimation is commonly reduced to a function approximation. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, and in particular the chosen type of AI techniques, can provide, a valid methodology for estimating grade, and the proposed models can be applied to any other data in the range used in this research.
目的。本文旨在利用四种机器学习算法(MLA)、地质统计学技术(变异函数和克里格模型)和地理信息系统(gis)分析估算埃及西部沙漠Abu Tartur地区的磷矿品位。方法。本文应用了可优化决策树(ODT)、可优化支持向量机(OSVM)、可优化高斯过程回归(OGPR)和人工神经网络(ANN)四种机器学习技术。所建立的变异函数和克里格模型以及地理信息系统分析可以清楚地了解阿布塔尔图尔磷矿中分布的所有元素,在规划和采矿阶段非常有用。发现。基于四种机器学习技术的结果,磷酸盐含量得到了高精度的估计。最有效的估算方法是优化法(OGPR),训练和验证数据的相关系数(R)分别为0.933和0.927,平均绝对误差(MAE)分别为0.983和0.933。此外,地质统计学和GIS方法表明,除了在开采阶段不需要注意的小袋外,P2O5百分比、厚度和Fe%适合磷矿开采工艺。创意。本研究试图开发一种快速估算磷矿品位的方法,并利用不同的技术对矿体内不同成分的分布提供一个清晰的认识。实际意义。等级估计通常被简化为函数近似。人工智能(AI)技术,特别是所选择的人工智能技术类型,可以为估计等级提供有效的方法,并且所提出的模型可以应用于本研究中使用的范围内的任何其他数据。
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引用次数: 0
Improving a geophysical method to determine the boundaries of ore-bearing rocks considering certain tectonic disturbances 改进地球物理方法,在考虑某些构造扰动的情况下确定含矿岩石边界
IF 1.9 Q2 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.33271/mining17.01.017
Khaini-Kamal Kassymkanova, S. Istekova, K. Rysbekov, B. Amralinova, G. Kyrgizbayeva, S. Soltabayeva, Gulnara Dossetova
Purpose is to improve a geophysical method of determining the boundaries of ore-bearing rocks and tectonic disturbances under complex mining and geological conditions while developing 3D geological models. Methods. 3D geological models of natural objects were developed on the basis of complex structural, geological-geophysical, and lithological facies analysis with the wide use of modern 3D seismic exploration technologies taking into consideration the parameters for prediction and selection of optimal factors for ore deposit development. Findings. The scientifically substantiated result is represented by the increased reliability and efficiency of seismic exploration for singling out the ore horizons and ore bodies as well as tectonic disturbances at different depths by specifying geological structures of the prospective areas and sites under study. Originality. Basing on the carried out studies, methods of the development of 3D geological models to study depth geological inhomogeneities of the ore-bearing complexes under complex mining and geological conditions were improved. Practical implications. The obtained results of 3D modelling of geological media basing on the applied 3D seismic exploration will help increase a confidence factor of scientifically substantiated prediction of ore deposits, provide optimal development of complex ore objects, reduce risks, and increase economic efficiency of solid deposit development under complex mining and geological conditions.
目的是在开发三维地质模型的同时,改进在复杂采矿和地质条件下确定含矿岩石和构造扰动边界的地球物理方法。方法。在复杂的结构、地质地球物理和岩性相分析的基础上,广泛应用现代三维地震勘探技术,开发了自然对象的三维地质模型,并考虑了预测参数和矿床开发最佳因素的选择。调查结果。科学证实的结果体现在地震勘探的可靠性和效率提高,通过指定研究中的远景区域和地点的地质结构,可以挑选出矿层和矿体,以及不同深度的构造扰动。独创性在研究的基础上,改进了在复杂的采矿和地质条件下开发三维地质模型来研究含矿杂岩深度地质不均匀性的方法。实际意义。基于应用三维地震勘探的地质介质三维建模结果,将有助于提高矿床科学预测的置信度,提供复杂矿体的优化开发,降低风险,提高复杂采矿和地质条件下固体矿床开发的经济效益。
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引用次数: 2
Geotechnical modeling of the method for mining cobalt deposits at the Bou Azzer Mine, Morocco 摩洛哥Bou Azzer矿钴矿床开采方法的岩土工程建模
IF 1.9 Q2 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.33271/mining17.01.051
Anas Driouch, L. Ouadif, A. Lahmili, Mohammed Amine Belmi, Khalid Benjmel
Purpose. The Bou Azzer Mine encounters difficulties during cobalt mining. In order to select the optimal mining sequence with the least geotechnical stability problems, one possible variant is the cut and backfill mining method used in the Bou Azzer East area at a depth of 540 m. Methods. This paper presents a methodology for selecting a sequence of the cut and backfill mining method using 2D geotechnical numerical modeling, taking into account the morphological characteristics, geomechanical properties of the ore and the surrounding rocks. Findings. The sequences of mining with rock backfill and rock-cemented backfill show that the high principal stress (Sigma 1) is in the range of 10-153 MPa, and the safety factors are in the range of 0.63-1.89. Therefore, mining sequences with cemented backfill and under cemented backfill have a principal stress (Sigma 1) in the range of 10-112 MPa and acceptable safety factors. Originality. In this study, the bottom-up mining sequence with a cemented backfill is proposed for the case of low-quality serpentine footwall. This mining sequence aims to achieve good cobalt mine production and provides a safe environment for miners. Practical implications. In the mining industry, the choice of mining method using 2D or 3D geotechnical numerical mo-deling is important to ensure the safest and most operational mining sequence in the mine lifetime.
意图Bou Azzer矿在钴开采过程中遇到了困难。为了选择岩土稳定性问题最小的最佳开采顺序,一种可能的变体是Bou Azzer东部地区540 m深度的路堑和回填采矿方法。本文提出了一种使用二维岩土工程数值模型选择充填采矿方法序列的方法,该方法考虑了矿石和围岩的形态特征、地质力学特性。调查结果。岩石充填采矿和岩石胶结充填采矿的顺序表明,高主应力(Sigma 1)在10-153MPa范围内,安全系数在0.63-1.89范围内。因此,具有胶结回填和欠胶结回填的采矿序列具有10-112MPa范围内的主应力(Sigma 1)和可接受的安全系数。独创性在本研究中,针对低质量蛇纹下盘的情况,提出了自下而上的胶结充填采矿顺序。该开采顺序旨在实现良好的钴矿生产,并为矿工提供安全的环境。实际意义。在采矿业中,选择使用2D或3D岩土数值建模的采矿方法对于确保矿山寿命中最安全、最具操作性的采矿顺序非常重要。
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引用次数: 0
Determination of the rock mass displacement zone by numerical modeling method when exploiting the longwall at the Nui Beo Coal Mine, Vietnam 越南Nui Beo煤矿开采长壁时用数值模拟方法确定岩体位移带
IF 1.9 Q2 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.33271/mining17.01.059
Tien Trung Vu, Son Anh Do
Purpose. It is important to conduct a study to identify the displacement zone caused by mining operations. By numerical modeling the process of mining the longwall 31104 in Seam 11 at the Nui Beo Coal Mine, Vietnam, the authors have deter-mined the total height of the rock mass displacement zone and the boundary of the affected area on the topographic surface. Methods. In this study, the authors use a numerical modeling method. The models are developed based on the UDEC (Universal Distinct Element Code) software. In addition, field survey methods and statistical analysis methods are used. Findings. Based on the analysis of the numerical modeling results, it has been determined that the total height of the displacement zone, when exploiting the longwall 31104 in Seam 11, is about 63 m. The analysis of the numerical modeling results also shows that the roof collapse angle is 52°, which determines the area of influence on the topographic surface in the range of 160 m. Originality. Based on the UDEC software, the authors have developed a simulation model for the mining process of the longwall 31104 in Seam 11. Analysis of the model results has shown the state of the displacement zone of the surrounding rock mass. In this study, the numerical modeling method is applied to simulate the longwall displacement zone, which is consistent with the actual production of the underground mine. Practical implications. Based on the analysis of the surrounding rock mass displacements zone, when exploiting the longwall 31104 in Seam 11 at the Nui Beo Coal Mine, the affected boundary on the topographic surface has been determined. At the same time, the height of the rock mass displacement zone has also been calculated. Thus, the research results can be used as a basis for implementation in actual production at the Nui Beo Coal Mine.
意图进行研究以确定采矿作业引起的位移带是很重要的。通过对越南Nui Beo煤矿11煤层31104长壁开采过程的数值模拟,作者确定了岩体位移带的总高度和地形表面上受影响区域的边界。方法。在这项研究中,作者使用了一种数值建模方法。这些模型是基于UDEC(通用区别元素代码)软件开发的。此外,还采用了实地调查方法和统计分析方法。调查结果。根据数值模拟结果的分析,确定开采11煤层31104长壁时,位移带的总高度约为63m。数值模拟结果分析还表明,顶板坍塌角为52°,这决定了对地形表面的影响区域在160m范围内。独创性。基于UDEC软件,作者开发了11煤层31104长壁开采过程的模拟模型。对模型结果的分析显示了围岩位移带的状态。本研究采用数值建模方法模拟了长壁位移带,与地下矿山的实际生产相一致。实际意义。通过对围岩位移带的分析,确定了Nui Beo煤矿11煤层31104长壁开采时,受影响的地形面边界。同时,还计算了岩体位移带的高度。因此,研究结果可作为在Nui Beo煤矿实际生产中实施的依据。
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引用次数: 4
The Oumjrane-Boukerzia Mining District (Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco): Constraints of its geological and tectono-magmatic setting 摩洛哥东反阿特拉斯Oumjrane-Boukerzia矿区:地质和构造岩浆环境的制约
IF 1.9 Q2 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.33271/mining17.01.138
Abdel-ali Kharis, S. Ilmen, M. Aissa, L. Baidder, Azizi Moussaid, Hafid Mezougane, Bouchra Baidada, Nouamane El Ouad, Y. Atif, Hicham Houane, L. Maacha
Purpose. The purpose of the present research is to provide a new lithological, structural and magmatic features of the Oumjrane-Boukerzia Mining District. The results obtained are used to guide exploration works for identifying the new Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn depositions and Ba-bearing mineralization within the whole Oumjrane-Boukerzia domain. Methods. This research is based on detailed mapping, structural surveys and geochemical studies performed on the magmatic rocks in the studied area. Findings. Structural and microstructural analyses of the studied area have revealed three complex polyphase tectonic events related to the Variscan orogeny: (i) an extensive phase during the Devonian period; (ii) a NW-SE compressional phase of Namuro-Westphalian age; (iii) a NE-SW compressional phase of Stephanian-Autunian age, and (iv) an extensive late phase probably related to the opening of the Central Atlantic ocean during the Late Trias-Jurassic periods. The sedimentary rocks of the district are locally intruded by small undated gabbroic intrusions. Geochemically, these gabbroic bodies are described as olivine-rich gabbros with a continental tholeiitic affinity and suggested to be related to the Central Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP) during the Pangea break-up. Originality. The present study describes the host-rocks and structural events responsible for Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb deposition and Ba-bearing mineralization in the Oumjrane-Boukerzia Mining District (Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco). Practical implications. The geological studies, especially lithostratigraphic, tectonic and magmatism are essential in the mineral exploration. They help exploration geologists identify and define metallotects to discover new minerals.
目的。本研究的目的是提供Oumjrane-Boukerzia矿区新的岩性、构造和岩浆特征。所得结果可用于指导整个Oumjrane-Boukerzia域内新的Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn矿床和含ba矿化的找矿工作。方法。本研究是在对研究区岩浆岩进行详细测绘、构造调查和地球化学研究的基础上进行的。发现。构造和微观构造分析揭示了与瓦里斯坎造山运动有关的三个复杂的多期构造事件:(1)泥盆纪的一个广泛期;(ii)纳莫罗-威斯特伐利亚时代的北西-东南挤压期;(iii) Stephanian-Autunian时代的NE-SW挤压期,以及(iv)晚三叠纪-侏罗纪时期可能与中大西洋张开有关的广泛晚期。该区的沉积岩局部被小型无日期辉长岩侵入。在地球化学上,这些辉长岩被描述为具有大陆拉斑岩亲缘性的富橄榄岩辉长岩,与泛大陆分裂时期的中大西洋岩浆省(CAMP)有关。创意。本文描述了摩洛哥东反阿特拉斯Oumjrane-Boukerzia矿区Cu、Ni、Zn、Pb沉积和ba成矿的主岩和构造事件。实际意义。地质研究,特别是岩石地层学、构造学和岩浆学的研究是找矿的重要内容。它们帮助勘探地质学家识别和确定成矿层,以发现新的矿物。
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引用次数: 2
Blasting efficiency in granite aggregate quarry based on the combined effects of fragmentation and weighted environmental hazards 基于破碎和加权环境危害综合效应的花岗岩骨料采石场爆破效率
IF 1.9 Q2 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.33271/mining17.01.120
Shaib Abdulazeez Shehu, Kudirat Oziohu Yusuf, H. Zabidi, O. A. Jimoh, M. Hashim
Purpose. Mine and quarry operators determine blasting efficiency by the sizes of fragments, while regulatory agencies evaluate the same from the level of environmental discomfort. Thus, a conflict of interest exists. This research distinguishes fragmentation efficiency from blasting efficiency. It proposes a new approach for evaluating blasting efficiency to break the conflict of interests between the quarry operators and the regulatory agencies. Methods. Five blasting events in the FYS granite aggregate quarry have been studied, and design parameters have been obtained. As an indicator of blast-induced environmental discomfort, vibrations and air blasts are measured using a seismograph. The WipFrag desktop and Kuz-Ram model are used to assess the resulting fragmentations. Blasting efficiency is evaluated as a function of fragmentation and environmental constraints. Findings. The powder factor affects the fragment size distribution and the environmental hazards of blasting but in a conflicting manner. Increased powder factor enhances good fragmentation but results in further environmental discomfort. Blast event 4 has the highest fragmentation efficiency of 46.53%, while 3 has the highest environmental control efficiency of 69.47%. Cumulatively, blast event 4 has the highest overall blasting efficiency of 45.43%. Future research is expected to standardise this novel approach and incorporate more blasting effects. Originality. This work is the first attempt to quantify the efficiency of blasting operations in the aggregate quarry by combining the fragmentation produced and the resulting environmental hazards in a single model. Practical implications. The model proposed in this research can be adopted by quarry operators and regulatory agencies for sustainable quarrying and mining to address identified conflicts of interest between them.
意图矿山和采石场运营商根据碎片的大小来确定爆破效率,而监管机构则根据环境不适程度来评估。因此,存在利益冲突。本研究将破碎效率与爆破效率区分开来。它提出了一种评估爆破效率的新方法,以打破采石场运营商和监管机构之间的利益冲突。方法。对FYS花岗岩集料场的五次爆破事件进行了研究,得出了设计参数。作为爆炸引起的环境不适的指标,使用地震仪测量振动和空气爆炸。WipFrag桌面和Kuz-Ram模型用于评估由此产生的碎片。爆破效率是作为碎片和环境约束的函数进行评估的。调查结果。粉末因素影响碎片大小分布和爆破的环境危害,但以一种相互冲突的方式。增加的粉末系数增强了良好的破碎性,但会导致进一步的环境不适。第4次爆破的破片效率最高,为46.53%,而第3次爆破的环境控制效率最高,达69.47%。累积起来,第4次爆炸的总体爆破效率最高,达到45.43%。未来的研究有望将这种新方法标准化,并纳入更多的爆破效果。独创性这项工作首次尝试通过将产生的碎片和由此产生的环境危害结合在一个模型中来量化骨料采石场的爆破作业效率。实际意义。本研究中提出的模型可供采石场运营商和监管机构采用,用于可持续采石和采矿,以解决他们之间已确定的利益冲突。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of Buleleng clay and improvement of its ceramic properties 布列冷粘土的表征及其陶瓷性能的改进
IF 1.9 Q2 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.33271/mining16.04.029
K. Sundari, Subari, B. D. Erlangga
Purpose. The research focuses on the improvement of local clay-based ceramic pottery bodies from Alas Angker in Buleleng Regency in Bali. The main purpose is to utilize the clay which meets the standards of ceramics such as smooth and hard earthenware, especially to reduce its water absorption property. Methods. Firstly, the clay is analyzed for its physical and chemical composition. Two ceramic body formulations are made using the clay with the BWNAA1 and BWNAA2 codes. The specimens are measured in terms of clay ceramics properties including plasticity, dry shrinkage, firing shrinkage and water absorption. The cracked ceramic products are also analyzed for a comparison. Findings. The ceramic properties show similar results, except for the water absorption percentage. The BWNAA2 code formulation has lower water absorption rate by 10.8% and meets the requirements for the type of smooth and hard earthenware body in compliance with the national standard SNI:7275-2018. The water absorption rate is about half of the existing products, which is effective in avoiding the problem of cracks. Originality. Comparison of the existing ceramic products and specimens made in this study shows a significant difference in water absorption and crack growth. Adding a certain amount of kaolin, feldspar, ball clay and quartz sand has significantly reduced the water absorption rate of ceramic bodies. Practical implications. This research can be a potential solution to increase the quality of ceramic pottery products in the vicinity of Buleleng Regency which use the clay of this kind.
意图这项研究的重点是改善巴厘岛布勒朗县的阿拉斯安格尔当地的粘土基陶瓷陶器。主要目的是利用符合陶瓷标准的粘土,如光滑和坚硬的陶器,特别是降低其吸水性。方法。首先,对粘土的物理化学成分进行了分析。使用具有BWNAA1和BWNAA2代码的粘土制备了两种陶瓷体配方。测试了粘土陶瓷的塑性、干缩、烧成收缩和吸水性能。并对开裂的陶瓷制品进行了分析比较。调查结果。陶瓷性能显示出相似的结果,除了吸水率。BWNAA2规范配方吸水率低10.8%,符合国家标准SNI:7275-2018对光滑坚硬陶瓷坯体类型的要求。吸水率约为现有产品的一半,有效避免了裂缝问题。独创性本研究中现有陶瓷产品和试样的比较表明,吸水率和裂纹扩展存在显著差异。加入一定量的高岭土、长石、球粘土和石英砂,可以显著降低陶瓷体的吸水率。实际意义。这项研究可能是一个潜在的解决方案,以提高使用此类粘土的布勒隆县附近陶瓷陶瓷产品的质量。
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引用次数: 0
Probabilistic assessment of slope stability at ore mining with steep layers in deep open pits 深露天矿陡岩层开采边坡稳定性概率评价
IF 1.9 Q2 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.33271/mining16.04.011
O. Sdvyzhkova, S. Moldabayev, A. Bascetin, D. Babets, E. Kuldeyev, Zh Sultanbekova, Maksat Amankulov, Bakhytzhan Issakov
Purpose. A methodology development for predicting the geomechanical situation when mining an ore deposit with steep-dipping layers, taking into account the uncertainty in determining the rock properties, which is a consequence of the rock mass heterogeneity. Methods. The assessment of the open-pit wall stability is based on a combination of numerical simulation of the rock stress-strain state (SSS) and probabilistic analysis. The finite element method is used to determine the changes in the SSS that occur at various stages of mining operations due to design changes in the overall open-pit slope angle. The elastic-plastic model of the medium and the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion are implemented in the codes of the 3D finite element analysis program RS3 (Rocscience). Stochastic simulation is used to assess random risks associated with natural object state variations. Findings. The distribution of maximum shear strains, which localizes the real or potential sliding surfaces in the open-pit wall at various stages of ore mining, has been identified. Based on the Shear Strength Reduction procedure, the open-pit wall Strength Reduction Factor (SRF) has been determined. The probabilities of open-pit wall stability loss, as well as the decrease in the strength reduction factor below the standard level at all stages of the ore body mining, have been revealed. Originality. For the first time, for real mining-geological conditions of a deep ore open pit, the dependence of the strength reduction factor on the overall wall slope angle, which changes during mining of each steep layer, has been determined. For each stage of mining operations, for the first time, the probability of a decrease in the open-pit wall stability below the standard level has been determined based on stochastic simulation. Practical implications. The ratio between the open-pit contour characteristic (overall slope angle) and the probabilistic safety factor is the basis for practical solutions to ensure the efficiency and safety of mining at various stages of friable and hard overburden excavation, ore extraction, as well as for the subsequent optimization of the open-pit design contours.
意图在开采具有陡峭倾斜层的矿床时,预测地质力学状况的方法开发,考虑到确定岩石性质的不确定性,这是岩体非均质性的结果。方法。露天矿井壁稳定性评估是基于岩石应力-应变状态(SSS)的数值模拟和概率分析相结合。有限元法用于确定由于整个露天矿边坡角度的设计变化而在采矿作业的各个阶段发生的SSS变化。介质的弹塑性模型和莫尔-库仑破坏准则在三维有限元分析程序RS3(Rocscience)的代码中实现。随机模拟用于评估与自然物体状态变化相关的随机风险。调查结果。已经确定了最大剪切应变的分布,它定位了露天矿开采各个阶段的实际或潜在滑动面。根据剪切强度折减程序,确定了露天矿壁强度折减系数(SRF)。揭示了在矿体开采的各个阶段,露天矿壁稳定性损失的可能性,以及强度折减系数低于标准水平的可能性。独创性首次针对深部露天矿的实际开采地质条件,确定了强度折减系数对各陡层开采过程中整体壁倾角变化的依赖性。对于采矿作业的每个阶段,首次基于随机模拟确定了露天矿壁稳定性降低到标准水平以下的概率。实际意义。露天矿轮廓特征(总体边坡角)与概率安全系数之间的比率是确保易碎和坚硬覆盖层开挖、矿石开采各个阶段采矿效率和安全的实际解决方案的基础,也是后续露天矿设计轮廓优化的基础。
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引用次数: 3
Experimental study of the radial multi-scale dynamic diffusion model for gas-bearing coal 含气煤径向多尺度动态扩散模型的实验研究
IF 1.9 Q2 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.33271/mining16.04.080
Yanpeng Xu, Xiao Chen, J. Yu
Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to solve the scientific problem that the classical diffusion model in columnar coal cores cannot accurately describe the whole process of gas diffusion. Methods. The diffusion-percolation experiments were carried out using the laboratory’s homemade experimental equipment with standard ϕ 50mm×100 mm columnar raw coal cores under different air pressures. Findings. The classical diffusion model was used to fit the experimental data. The experiment has found that the classical diffusion model of the columnar coal core can only partially describe the gas diffusion process. The longer the experimental time, the larger the error between the model and the experiment, and the analysis has found that the apparent diffusion coefficient shows decay changes with time. The dynamic diffusion coefficient concept is then proposed in order to con-struct a radial multi-scale dynamic prominent diffusion-percolation model for columnar coal cores. The theoretical curve of the new model nearly coincides with the experimental curve, and the new model can describe the gas diffusion-percolation process of columnar coal cores more accurately. The multi-scale dynamic diffusion-percolation model covers the classical diffusion model. It explains the mechanism of gas diffusion-percolation in multi-scale pores, i.e., at the beginning of the flow, gas flows out from the large external pores first, from the surface inwards. Over time, the pore size through which gas flows gradually becomes smaller, the diffusion resistance gradually increases, and the apparent diffusion coefficient slowly decreases. Originality. This paper proposes a new multi-scale dynamic diffusion-percolation model to compare the old and new model analysis, as well as carefully studying the mechanism of gas flow in coal. Practical implications. This research has important engineering significance for the accuracy of measuring the gas content of coal seams, as well as predicting coal and gas content.
目的。本文旨在解决柱状煤岩心中经典扩散模型不能准确描述气体扩散全过程的科学问题。方法。扩散-渗流实验采用实验室自制实验设备,采用标准φ 50mm×100 mm柱状原煤岩心进行不同气压下的扩散-渗流实验。发现。采用经典扩散模型拟合实验数据。实验发现,煤柱状岩心的经典扩散模型只能部分描述气体的扩散过程。实验时间越长,模型与实验误差越大,分析发现表观扩散系数随时间呈衰减变化。为了构建柱状煤岩心径向多尺度动态显著扩散-渗流模型,提出了动态扩散系数的概念。新模型的理论曲线与实验曲线基本吻合,能更准确地描述柱状煤岩心的气体扩散-渗流过程。多尺度动态扩散-渗流模型覆盖了经典扩散模型。它解释了气体在多尺度孔隙中的扩散渗透机理,即在流动开始时,气体首先从外部的大孔隙流出,从表面向内流动。随着时间的推移,气体流过的孔径逐渐变小,扩散阻力逐渐增大,表观扩散系数缓慢减小。创意。本文提出了一种新的多尺度动态扩散-渗流模型,对新旧模型分析进行了比较,并对煤中瓦斯流动机理进行了细致的研究。实际意义。该研究对提高煤层含气量测定的准确性,预测煤层含煤和含气具有重要的工程意义。
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引用次数: 1
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Mining of Mineral Deposits
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