Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1215/00138282-8557820
W. Cleaves
Abstract:This essay examines how Indigenous research methodologies can be usefully applied to medieval texts. It does this by recounting and engaging with personal experience and by interrogating how research is deployed for colonial purpose. The use of medieval English texts by early modern and later colonial proponents and apologists, particularly John Dee, emphasize the inherent colonial purpose of traditional research methodologies. These processes are contrasted with Indigenous research methodologies, particularly those proposed by Linda Tuhiwai Smith, and the author’s own personal experience and that of his tribal nation of how Indigenous memory and inquiry can inform research practices that are relational and not exploitive.
{"title":"From Monmouth to Madoc to Māori: The Myth of Medieval Colonization and an Indigenous Alternative","authors":"W. Cleaves","doi":"10.1215/00138282-8557820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00138282-8557820","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay examines how Indigenous research methodologies can be usefully applied to medieval texts. It does this by recounting and engaging with personal experience and by interrogating how research is deployed for colonial purpose. The use of medieval English texts by early modern and later colonial proponents and apologists, particularly John Dee, emphasize the inherent colonial purpose of traditional research methodologies. These processes are contrasted with Indigenous research methodologies, particularly those proposed by Linda Tuhiwai Smith, and the author’s own personal experience and that of his tribal nation of how Indigenous memory and inquiry can inform research practices that are relational and not exploitive.","PeriodicalId":43905,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH LANGUAGE NOTES","volume":"58 1","pages":"21 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42526639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1215/00138282-8557789
Ozhibii’aan Giiwedinoodin
A ncient, old, middle, and modern are relative terms that have taken on specific meanings in medieval, literary, and linguistic studies. Similarly, the terms pagan and civilized have been applied to world literature inways that assume an evolutionary trajectory of humanity and the superiority of the present. This poem attempts to destabilize these assumptions by offering a reading of twopre-Christian heroes whose stories are both related to parts of the Northern Hemisphere where the land and a source of freshwater have inspired ceremony for many centuries. Irish Cu Chulain1 and Ojibwe Wenabozho2 invite a form of Socratic anamnesis that is much more than ethnographic or anthropologic nostalgia. In these stories, humans are reminded of the elemental knowledge contained in certain places and the power of relational narratives to recontextualize life on earth. Both characters trace their narrative origin to oral stories kept by communal retelling that eventually made the transition to texts edited by colonial erasure, religious syncretism, and changing rhetorical style. Using poetry and translation as forms of methodology, I provide a close reading that imagines these two stories as kin in amorphous ways. By retelling these stories in a language that is endangered, I invite others to consider a radically inclusive definition of medieval that can lead to multidimensional, transglobal, i/Indigenous futures.3
{"title":"Ondaadiziwag Cu Cunainn Miinawaa Wenabozho/The Births of Cu Culainn and Wenabozho","authors":"Ozhibii’aan Giiwedinoodin","doi":"10.1215/00138282-8557789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00138282-8557789","url":null,"abstract":"A ncient, old, middle, and modern are relative terms that have taken on specific meanings in medieval, literary, and linguistic studies. Similarly, the terms pagan and civilized have been applied to world literature inways that assume an evolutionary trajectory of humanity and the superiority of the present. This poem attempts to destabilize these assumptions by offering a reading of twopre-Christian heroes whose stories are both related to parts of the Northern Hemisphere where the land and a source of freshwater have inspired ceremony for many centuries. Irish Cu Chulain1 and Ojibwe Wenabozho2 invite a form of Socratic anamnesis that is much more than ethnographic or anthropologic nostalgia. In these stories, humans are reminded of the elemental knowledge contained in certain places and the power of relational narratives to recontextualize life on earth. Both characters trace their narrative origin to oral stories kept by communal retelling that eventually made the transition to texts edited by colonial erasure, religious syncretism, and changing rhetorical style. Using poetry and translation as forms of methodology, I provide a close reading that imagines these two stories as kin in amorphous ways. By retelling these stories in a language that is endangered, I invite others to consider a radically inclusive definition of medieval that can lead to multidimensional, transglobal, i/Indigenous futures.3","PeriodicalId":43905,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH LANGUAGE NOTES","volume":"58 1","pages":"18 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43377815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1215/00138282-8237520
Enrique Bernales Albites
Abstract:In Ciro Guerra's film Embrace of the Serpent (2015), cultural exchanges between the central characters reveal the origin narratives and the curative power of plants valued by Indigenous cultures of the Amazon. This article analyzes how Embrace of the Serpent expresses Indigenous rationality in the origin narratives as the shaman Karamakate confronts Western travelers and scientists. For these Indigenous cultures, knowledge and its reproduction are equivalent to ancestral songs and rituals such as the ceremony of the Ayahuasca. This article supports these ideas not in a filmic analysis but by exploring central aspects and scenes in the film associated with intercultural exchanges and the ritual of Ayahuasca. Finally, Embrace of the Serpent highlights the difficulty of distinguishing between the rationality of orality and writing with which Native cultures of the Americas understand the world that surrounds them.
{"title":"Indigenous Narratives of Creation and Origin in Embrace of the Serpent, by Ciro Guerra","authors":"Enrique Bernales Albites","doi":"10.1215/00138282-8237520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00138282-8237520","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In Ciro Guerra's film Embrace of the Serpent (2015), cultural exchanges between the central characters reveal the origin narratives and the curative power of plants valued by Indigenous cultures of the Amazon. This article analyzes how Embrace of the Serpent expresses Indigenous rationality in the origin narratives as the shaman Karamakate confronts Western travelers and scientists. For these Indigenous cultures, knowledge and its reproduction are equivalent to ancestral songs and rituals such as the ceremony of the Ayahuasca. This article supports these ideas not in a filmic analysis but by exploring central aspects and scenes in the film associated with intercultural exchanges and the ritual of Ayahuasca. Finally, Embrace of the Serpent highlights the difficulty of distinguishing between the rationality of orality and writing with which Native cultures of the Americas understand the world that surrounds them.","PeriodicalId":43905,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH LANGUAGE NOTES","volume":"58 1","pages":"200 - 213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44406469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1215/00138282-8237377
Craig Santos Perez
Abstract:This essay focuses on the creation story of the Indigenous Chamorro people from the western Pacific Island of Guam. The essay presents and analyzes the deeper meaning of the story of Puntan and Fu'una as they birth the island of Guam and the Chamorro people. Moreover, it maps the history of Catholic missionization that displaced and replaced the Chamorro creation story. The essay covers the related issue of how colonization removed Chamorros from their ancestral lands and appropriated these lands for imperial, military, tourism, and urban development. Then it highlights the decades-long struggle of Chamorro activists to reclaim the land. Lastly, it turns to contemporary Chamorro poetry to illustrate how authors have revitalized and retold the story of Puntan and Fu'una to critique and protest the degradation of Chamorro lands and to advocate for the protection and return of the land.
{"title":"The Chamorro Creation Story, Guam Land Struggles, and Contemporary Poetry","authors":"Craig Santos Perez","doi":"10.1215/00138282-8237377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00138282-8237377","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay focuses on the creation story of the Indigenous Chamorro people from the western Pacific Island of Guam. The essay presents and analyzes the deeper meaning of the story of Puntan and Fu'una as they birth the island of Guam and the Chamorro people. Moreover, it maps the history of Catholic missionization that displaced and replaced the Chamorro creation story. The essay covers the related issue of how colonization removed Chamorros from their ancestral lands and appropriated these lands for imperial, military, tourism, and urban development. Then it highlights the decades-long struggle of Chamorro activists to reclaim the land. Lastly, it turns to contemporary Chamorro poetry to illustrate how authors have revitalized and retold the story of Puntan and Fu'una to critique and protest the degradation of Chamorro lands and to advocate for the protection and return of the land.","PeriodicalId":43905,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH LANGUAGE NOTES","volume":"58 1","pages":"20 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46067842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1215/00138282-8237476
C. Vecsey
This article explores how Native Americans have received the Bible. Over the centuries some Indians have been inspired by the Bible, and some have been repelled by its long-standing place in colonization. The Christian invaders in the New World carried the Bible in their minds. It served as their inspiration, their justification, and their frame of reference as they encountered Indigenous peoples. In effect, the Bible was the template for exploration, conquest, identification of selves and others. The Christian invaders brought along or produced physical Bibles, which served their catechetical purposes, and in time they began to translate the Bible—in whole and in part—into American Indian languages. Therefore this article illustrates that to the present day Native Americans continue to receive the Bible actively and variously, attempting to fit it to their unfolding cultural stories. Ultimately, it has not lost its potency, nor have they lost their power to consider it on their own terms.
{"title":"American Indians Encounter the Bible","authors":"C. Vecsey","doi":"10.1215/00138282-8237476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00138282-8237476","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article explores how Native Americans have received the Bible. Over the centuries some Indians have been inspired by the Bible, and some have been repelled by its long-standing place in colonization. The Christian invaders in the New World carried the Bible in their minds. It served as their inspiration, their justification, and their frame of reference as they encountered Indigenous peoples. In effect, the Bible was the template for exploration, conquest, identification of selves and others. The Christian invaders brought along or produced physical Bibles, which served their catechetical purposes, and in time they began to translate the Bible—in whole and in part—into American Indian languages. Therefore this article illustrates that to the present day Native Americans continue to receive the Bible actively and variously, attempting to fit it to their unfolding cultural stories. Ultimately, it has not lost its potency, nor have they lost their power to consider it on their own terms.","PeriodicalId":43905,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH LANGUAGE NOTES","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46988919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1215/00138282-8237465
Andrew Cowell
This article examines an Indigenous origins narrative from central California. The text is an oral narrative about the theft of the sun by Coyote, recorded in the Central Sierra Miwok language. The article presents a formal analysis of the structure, language, and poetics of the text from the perspective of ethnopoetics, focusing on structural and lexical metaphors developed for describing the pathway of the sun. It then offers reflections on the ethnogeography and worldview presented in the text, linking it to Penutian migrations from the western Great Basin into central California’s Sierra Nevada several thousand years ago. The article also provides a general contextualization of the themes of the text in relation to California and western North American coyote stories and origins stories more generally.
{"title":"A Central Sierra Miwok Origins Story","authors":"Andrew Cowell","doi":"10.1215/00138282-8237465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00138282-8237465","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines an Indigenous origins narrative from central California. The text is an oral narrative about the theft of the sun by Coyote, recorded in the Central Sierra Miwok language. The article presents a formal analysis of the structure, language, and poetics of the text from the perspective of ethnopoetics, focusing on structural and lexical metaphors developed for describing the pathway of the sun. It then offers reflections on the ethnogeography and worldview presented in the text, linking it to Penutian migrations from the western Great Basin into central California’s Sierra Nevada several thousand years ago. The article also provides a general contextualization of the themes of the text in relation to California and western North American coyote stories and origins stories more generally.","PeriodicalId":43905,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH LANGUAGE NOTES","volume":"58 1","pages":"132-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45993698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1215/00138282-8237421
J. Muñoz-Diaz
Abstract:This article discusses the representation of Indigenous-inspired authorial figures in The Fox from Up Above and the Fox from Down Below, by José María Arguedas. In the context of the 1960s Latin American Boom, Arguedas's novel includes a reflection on the professionalization of literary writing, as well as the impact of commodification on Indigenous migrants in Chimbote. This article draws parallels between the diarist Arguedas (who defines himself as a nonprofessional writer attached to Indigenous cultures), the fishing entrepreneur Braschi (a mythical figure and the begetter of Chimbote's industrialization), and the networks of rural-urban migrants (which assimilate the "gringo" Maxwell, performer of Andean folklore). As a model for Indigenous-inspired authorial figures, this article suggests the importance of Arguedas's articles about the mestizo retablista Joaquín Lopez Antay, who defended the artistic integrity of his craftwork against economic demands. On that note, the networks of rural-urban migrants negotiate their standing in the modernizing process with a strong and flexible Indigenous identity.
{"title":"Indigenous-Inspired Authorial Figures and Networks of Rural-Urban Migrants in The Fox from Up Above and the Fox from Down Below (1971), by José María Arguedas","authors":"J. Muñoz-Diaz","doi":"10.1215/00138282-8237421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00138282-8237421","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article discusses the representation of Indigenous-inspired authorial figures in The Fox from Up Above and the Fox from Down Below, by José María Arguedas. In the context of the 1960s Latin American Boom, Arguedas's novel includes a reflection on the professionalization of literary writing, as well as the impact of commodification on Indigenous migrants in Chimbote. This article draws parallels between the diarist Arguedas (who defines himself as a nonprofessional writer attached to Indigenous cultures), the fishing entrepreneur Braschi (a mythical figure and the begetter of Chimbote's industrialization), and the networks of rural-urban migrants (which assimilate the \"gringo\" Maxwell, performer of Andean folklore). As a model for Indigenous-inspired authorial figures, this article suggests the importance of Arguedas's articles about the mestizo retablista Joaquín Lopez Antay, who defended the artistic integrity of his craftwork against economic demands. On that note, the networks of rural-urban migrants negotiate their standing in the modernizing process with a strong and flexible Indigenous identity.","PeriodicalId":43905,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH LANGUAGE NOTES","volume":"58 1","pages":"75 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44874282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1215/00138282-8237531
P. Kelsey
Abstract :This essay brings Zayin Cabot's concept of "ecologies of participation" into conversation with contemporary Mohawk- and Seneca-language films and language revitalization movements. For Indigenous peoples, these participatory events are often interactive storying of worlds, whether told in film, social media, or oral tradition. As a particularly salient example, the essay considers Mohawk director Karahkwenhawi Zoe Hopkins's adaptation of Star Wars: A New Hope in Star Wars Tsyorì:wat IV—Yonhská:neks (2013) in a comparative analysis with both the Navajo-language Star Wars: Episode IV and the Seneca-language films Kohgeh and Tših to highlight critical choices Karahkwenhawi makes in translation, both linguistic and visual, vis-à-vis settler colonial consumer culture. The essay concludes that her adaptation foregrounds supposed "advances" of Western technocratic capitalism; highlights the constructed, fallible, and ephemeral nature of these technologies; and potentiates other technologies and ecologies based in Mohawk ontologies.
{"title":"World(build)ing in Mohawk- and Seneca-Language Films","authors":"P. Kelsey","doi":"10.1215/00138282-8237531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00138282-8237531","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract :This essay brings Zayin Cabot's concept of \"ecologies of participation\" into conversation with contemporary Mohawk- and Seneca-language films and language revitalization movements. For Indigenous peoples, these participatory events are often interactive storying of worlds, whether told in film, social media, or oral tradition. As a particularly salient example, the essay considers Mohawk director Karahkwenhawi Zoe Hopkins's adaptation of Star Wars: A New Hope in Star Wars Tsyorì:wat IV—Yonhská:neks (2013) in a comparative analysis with both the Navajo-language Star Wars: Episode IV and the Seneca-language films Kohgeh and Tših to highlight critical choices Karahkwenhawi makes in translation, both linguistic and visual, vis-à-vis settler colonial consumer culture. The essay concludes that her adaptation foregrounds supposed \"advances\" of Western technocratic capitalism; highlights the constructed, fallible, and ephemeral nature of these technologies; and potentiates other technologies and ecologies based in Mohawk ontologies.","PeriodicalId":43905,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH LANGUAGE NOTES","volume":"58 1","pages":"214 - 225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49298262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1215/00138282-8237432
Alexandre Belmonte
The Andean experience of the everyday is affected markedly by respect and reverence for tradition, for teachings of the past, and for myths that explain and simplify reality. This article reflects on the uses of ancient rituals in Bolivia today, in the context that Xavier Albó named “the return of the Indian.”
{"title":"The Past Embedded in Everyday Life","authors":"Alexandre Belmonte","doi":"10.1215/00138282-8237432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00138282-8237432","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Andean experience of the everyday is affected markedly by respect and reverence for tradition, for teachings of the past, and for myths that explain and simplify reality. This article reflects on the uses of ancient rituals in Bolivia today, in the context that Xavier Albó named “the return of the Indian.”","PeriodicalId":43905,"journal":{"name":"ENGLISH LANGUAGE NOTES","volume":"58 1","pages":"92-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45632996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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