EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH LAW最新文献

英文中文

European Court of Justice. 欧洲法院。

IF 0.8 Q2 LAW

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH LAW

Pub Date : 2022-03-18 DOI: 10.1163/15718093-12423547

H. Nys

引用次数: 0

Rabbit Endothelial Progenitor Cells Derived From Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow: An Ultrastructural Comparative Study. 从外周血和骨髓中提取的兔内皮祖细胞：超微结构比较研究

IF 2.8 Q2 LAW

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH LAW

Pub Date : 2022-03-17 DOI: 10.1017/S143192762200037X

Hana Duranova, Veronika Valkova, Lucia Olexikova, Barbora Radochova, Andrej Balazi, Peter Chrenek, Jaromir Vasicek

The present study was designed to compare the ultrastructure of early endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) derived from rabbit peripheral blood (PB-EPCs) and bone marrow (BM-EPCs). After the cells had been isolated and cultivated up to passage 3, microphotographs obtained from transmission electron microscope were evaluated from qualitative and quantitative (unbiased stereological approaches) points of view. Our results revealed that both cell populations displayed almost identical ultrastructural characteristics represented by abundant cellular organelles dispersed in the cytoplasm. Moreover, the presence of very occasionally occurring mature endothelial-specific Weibel–Palade bodies (WPBs) confirmed their endothelial lineage origin. The more advanced stage of their differentiation was also demonstrated by the relatively low nucleus/cytoplasm (N/C) ratios (0.41 ± 0.19 in PB-EPCs; 0.37 ± 0.25 in BM-EPCs). Between PB-EPCs and BM-EPCs, no differences in proportions of cells occupied by nucleus (28.13 ± 8.97 versus 25.10 ± 11.48%), mitochondria (3.71 ± 1.33 versus 4.23 ± 1.00%), and lipid droplets (0.65 ± 1.01 versus 0.36 ± 0.40%), as well as in estimations of the organelles surface densities were found. The data provide the first quantitative evaluation of the organelles of interest in PB-EPCs and BM-EPCs, and they can serve as a research framework for understanding cellular function.

本研究旨在比较来自兔外周血（PB-EPCs）和骨髓（BM-EPCs）的早期内皮祖细胞（EPCs）的超微结构。在细胞分离并培养至第3周期后，从定性和定量（无偏见的立体学方法）角度对透射电子显微镜获得的显微照片进行了评估。我们的结果表明，这两种细胞群的超微结构特征几乎完全相同，都有丰富的细胞器散布在细胞质中。此外，偶尔出现的成熟内皮特异性 Weibel-Palade 体（WPBs）证实了它们的内皮系起源。细胞核/细胞质（N/C）比值相对较低（PB-EPCs 为 0.41 ± 0.19；BM-EPCs 为 0.37 ± 0.25），这也证明它们的分化阶段更晚。在 PB-EPCs 和 BM-EPCs 之间，细胞核（28.13 ± 8.97% 对 25.10 ± 11.48%）、线粒体（3.71 ± 1.33% 对 4.23 ± 1.00%）和脂滴（0.65 ± 1.01% 对 0.36 ± 0.40%）所占细胞比例以及细胞器表面密度的估算均无差异。这些数据首次对 PB-EPCs 和 BM-EPCs 中的相关细胞器进行了定量评估，可作为了解细胞功能的研究框架。

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引用次数: 0

The Multilevel Dimension of Rules-Based Disease Surveillance beyond the State. 超越国家的基于规则的疾病监测的多层次维度。

IF 0.8 Q2 LAW

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH LAW

Pub Date : 2022-03-09 DOI: 10.1163/15718093-bja10070

Pedro A. Villarreal

The timely availability of accurate information on disease outbreaks with a potential for cross-border spread is a global public good, allowing for a more effective preparedness and response. An ensuing question for national public health authorities is how such information is attained when it is gathered in territories beyond their jurisdiction. International and regional law norms emerge as an option for providing such a global public good. Therefore, the current article examines existing legal frameworks for ad hoc disease surveillance beyond the state at the international and regional levels, namely: the World Health Organization's International Health Regulations of 2005; Regulation (EC) No. 851/2004 and Decision No. 1082/2013/EU in the European Union; the Statute of the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention within the African Union; and the Protocol from the Economic Community of West African States, which created the West African Health Organisation. The comparison offers broader insights on the role of rules as a vehicle for securing prompt and reliable information of new and re-emerging communicable diseases, such as Covid-19.

及时获得关于可能跨界传播的疾病暴发的准确信息是一项全球公益事业，有助于更有效地做好准备和作出反应。国家公共卫生当局随后面临的一个问题是，在其管辖范围以外的领土上收集这些信息时，如何获得这些信息。国际和区域法律规范成为提供这种全球公益的一种选择。因此，本文审查了在国际和区域一级进行国家以外的特别疾病监测的现有法律框架，即:世界卫生组织的《2005年国际卫生条例》;欧盟第851/2004号法规和第1082/2013/EU号决定;非洲联盟内非洲疾病控制和预防中心规约;以及西非国家经济共同体的议定书，该议定书创建了西非卫生组织。通过比较，可以更广泛地了解规则作为确保新发和再发传染病(如Covid-19)及时和可靠信息的工具的作用。

引用次数: 0

German State Aid for Covid-19 Medicinal Products: A Risk for Solidarity in the European Union. 德国对新冠肺炎医药产品的国家援助：欧盟团结的风险。

IF 0.8 Q2 LAW

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH LAW

Pub Date : 2022-03-09 DOI: 10.1163/15718093-bja10061

Kristine Plank

To respond to the need for a vaccine against and a treatment for Covid-19, the German Federal Government (German government) used various economic incentives to promote pharmaceutical and biotechnological (biotech) research and development (R&D) as well as manufacturing. More specifically, it decided to subsidise several German companies working in this field. Such domestic measures might, however, present a challenge to European state aid law. It is against this backdrop that this article discusses the compatibility of the payments made with the new 'crisis-born' European legal framework for state aid. Furthermore, the article offers some critical comments on the aid's effects on solidarity and cohesion in the European Union (EU) and the proposals put forward for expanding the EU's health policy competencies.

为了应对新冠肺炎疫苗和治疗的需求，德国联邦政府（德国政府）利用各种经济激励措施促进制药和生物技术（生物技术）研发（研发）以及制造业。更具体地说，它决定补贴在这一领域工作的几家德国公司。然而，这种国内措施可能会对欧洲国家援助法构成挑战。正是在这种背景下，本文讨论了支付款项与新的“危机产生”的欧洲国家援助法律框架的兼容性。此外，文章还对援助对欧盟（EU）团结和凝聚力的影响以及为扩大欧盟卫生政策能力提出的建议提出了一些批评意见。

引用次数: 2

The Fragmented Nature of Pandemic Decision-making: A Comparative and Multilevel Legal Analysis. 流行病决策的碎片性：比较和多层面的法律分析。

IF 0.8 Q2 LAW

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH LAW

Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1163/15718093-bja10072

Irene Domenici, Pedro A. Villarreal

引用次数: 0

Symphony or Cacophony? Orchestrating Federal Mechanics toward Covid-19 Response in the United States and Germany. 交响乐还是仙人掌？协调美国和德国应对新冠肺炎的联邦机制。

IF 0.8 Q2 LAW

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH LAW

Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1163/15718093-bja10063

L. Tonti

Governance is a critical upstream tool in public health emergency preparedness, for it provides structure to emergency response. Pandemics, singular public health emergencies, pose challenges to inherently fragmented federal governance systems. Understanding and utilizing the facilitators of response embedded within the system is critical. In its examination of how contemporary federal systems addressed fragmentation in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic, this article uses two mitigation measures, community masking and vaccination administration to compare elements of federal system mechanics in the United States and Germany's respective pursuits of public health goals. With particular focus on federal-state power-sharing, it analyzes the division and application of federal-state authority, therein examining mechanisms of executive expediency, as well as the cooperation of multilevel actors. Comparing the jurisdictions identifies inter-federal coordination, availability of exigency mechanisms, and federal guidance as facilitators of public health goal achievement.

治理是公共卫生应急准备的关键上游工具，因为它为应急响应提供了结构。流行病是一种特殊的公共卫生紧急情况，对本来就支离破碎的联邦治理体系构成了挑战。理解和利用系统内的响应促进者至关重要。在研究当代联邦系统如何应对新冠肺炎大流行时的碎片化时，本文使用社区掩蔽和疫苗接种管理两种缓解措施来比较美国和德国各自追求公共卫生目标的联邦系统机制要素。特别关注联邦-州权力共享，分析了联邦-州当局的划分和应用，其中审查了行政权宜机制以及多层次行为者的合作。比较司法管辖区，确定联邦间的协调、紧急机制的可用性和联邦指导是实现公共卫生目标的促进者。

引用次数: 0

COVID-19 Vaccination and Legal Preparedness: Lessons from Ireland. COVID-19疫苗接种和法律准备:来自爱尔兰的经验教训。

IF 0.8 Q2 LAW

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH LAW

Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1163/15718093-bja10064

M. Tumelty, M. Donnelly, A. Farrell, Clayton Ó Néill

Ireland has been a leader in the COVID-19 vaccine rollout in the EU, with almost 80% of the eligible population (aged over 5 years) fully vaccinated at the time of writing. The success of the vaccine rollout in this jurisdiction notwithstanding, the legal frameworks supporting the rollout had significant lacunas. Two aspects in particular highlighted a lack of legal preparedness: the inadequacy of the legal framework for consent and the absence of a vaccine injury redress scheme. This paper explores these components of the COVID-19 vaccine rollout through the lens of legal preparedness. Whilst most often discussed in the context of command and control measures such as social distancing requirements and regional lockdowns, this paper argues for an expanded understanding of what it means to be legally prepared, highlighting the importance of the preparedness of domestic legal frameworks.

爱尔兰一直是欧盟COVID-19疫苗推广的领导者，在撰写本文时，近80%的符合条件的人口(5岁以上)完全接种了疫苗。尽管在该司法管辖区成功推出了疫苗，但支持推出的法律框架存在重大漏洞。有两个方面特别突出了缺乏法律准备:同意的法律框架不足和缺乏疫苗伤害补救计划。本文从法律准备的角度探讨了COVID-19疫苗推出的这些组成部分。虽然这一问题最常在诸如保持社会距离要求和区域封锁等指挥和控制措施的背景下讨论，但本文主张扩大对法律准备的含义的理解，强调了国内法律框架准备的重要性。

引用次数: 2

Expansion of Smoke-Free Policies: Stepping Up FCTC's Game. 扩大无烟政策：加强《烟草控制框架公约》的游戏。

IF 0.6 Q2 LAW

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH LAW

Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1163/15718093-bja10062

Aikaterini Tsampi, Jasper V Been, Michelle Bruijn, Brigit Toebes

The Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (FCTC) is undoubtedly the most efficient international instrument for tobacco control. Article 8 FCTC shapes many smoke-free policies worldwide and in doing so it is usually associated with smoke-free regulation in enclosed public spaces. Our paper highlights that the FCTC contains a sound foundation for smoke-free policies that stretch beyond enclosed public places, such as open public spaces and (quasi-)private spaces. We demonstrate, in particular, that such wide smoke-free regulation, which is gaining momentum around the globe, is versatile and compatible with human rights standards. As such, these expanded smoke-free policies contribute to a wider culture of smoking denormalisation that scales up FCTC's aspiration for tobacco control and subsequently to a smoke-free global society.

《烟草控制框架公约》无疑是最有效的烟草控制国际文书。《烟草控制框架公约》第8条在世界范围内制定了许多无烟政策，在这样做的过程中，它通常与封闭公共场所的无烟监管有关。我们的论文强调，《烟草控制框架公约》为超越封闭公共场所（如开放公共空间和（准）私人空间）的无烟政策奠定了坚实的基础。我们特别证明，这种在全球范围内势头越来越大的广泛无烟监管是多方面的，符合人权标准。因此，这些扩大的无烟政策有助于形成更广泛的吸烟非标准化文化，从而扩大《烟草控制框架公约》对烟草控制的渴望，进而建立一个无烟的全球社会。

引用次数: 0

The Conditional Marketing Authorisation of Covid-19 Vaccines: A Critical Assessment under EU Law. Covid-19疫苗的有条件上市许可:欧盟法律下的关键评估

IF 0.8 Q2 LAW

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH LAW

Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1163/15718093-bja10065

A. Donati

The decision of the EU Commission, based on positive advice from the European Medicines Agency, to grant conditional marketing authorisation to Covid-19 vaccines should be qualified as a precautionary measure. Under the established case law of the CJEU, the conditions for the application of this principle are met. Such conditions are the existence of a risk to the environment and public health and uncertainty. Given this qualification as a precautionary measure, whether the Commission had complied with the procedural obligations that surround the implementation of this principle under EU law was assessed. Some shortcomings are identified concerning the risk assessment conducted by the European Medicines Agency and the risk management carried out by the Commission.

欧盟委员会根据欧洲药品管理局的积极建议，决定对新冠肺炎疫苗授予有条件上市许可，这应被视为一项预防措施。根据欧盟法院的既定判例法，符合适用这一原则的条件。这种情况是对环境和公众健康的风险和不确定性的存在。鉴于这一资格是一项预防措施，评估了委员会是否遵守了欧盟法律规定的执行这一原则的程序义务。在欧洲药品管理局进行的风险评估和委员会进行的风险管理方面，发现了一些不足之处。

引用次数: 0

The Institutional Tragedy of Pandemic Triage Regulation in Italy and Germany. 意大利和德国流行病分类监管的制度悲剧。

IF 0.8 Q2 LAW

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH LAW

Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1163/15718093-bja10069

Irene Domenici, Franciska Engeser

This article adopts a comparative approach exploring the reactions to the scarcity of resources resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic in Italy and Germany. Both countries showed a fragmented structure including individual hospitals, medical associations and recommendatory interdisciplinary bodies, such as ethics councils. Against this background, the authors use the different constitutional frameworks in which the healthcare systems are embedded to assess the legitimacy of the intervention by non-legislative bodies. It is demonstrated that, in both jurisdictions, a certain level of parliamentary involvement in establishing triage criteria or procedures is constitutionally required, as in situations of extreme scarcity the prioritisation decision cannot be determined by a mere clinical analysis but rather demands a normative choice.

本文采用比较方法探讨了意大利和德国对新冠肺炎大流行造成的资源短缺的反应。这两个国家都呈现出分散的结构，包括各个医院、医学协会和道德委员会等推荐性跨学科机构。在这种背景下，作者使用不同的宪法框架来评估非立法机构干预的合法性。事实证明，在这两个司法管辖区，宪法都要求议会在制定分诊标准或程序方面有一定程度的参与，因为在极度稀缺的情况下，优先顺序决定不能仅仅通过临床分析来确定，而是需要规范性的选择。

引用次数: 1

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