loyal and hardworking, but also troublesome and rebellious. Individually and collectively, these slaves have been linked to rebellions "from the Virgin Islands to Suriname, from the seventeenth through the nineteenth century," and especially to acts of resistance and the establishment of maroon communities in Jamaica.' Several general theories in contemporary and modern discourse have been put forward to explain this pattern. Eighteenth century explanations that placed an emphasis on the 'nature' of various African ethnicities have been largely discredited. An alternate argument, focusing on West African regional histories, might point us towards the surfeit of armed conflicts that characterize the rise of the
{"title":"Mechanisms of Slave Acquisition and Exchange in Late Eighteenth Century Anomabu: Reconsidering a Cross-Section of the Atlantic Slave Trade","authors":"Trevor R. Getz","doi":"10.2307/3601947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3601947","url":null,"abstract":"loyal and hardworking, but also troublesome and rebellious. Individually and collectively, these slaves have been linked to rebellions \"from the Virgin Islands to Suriname, from the seventeenth through the nineteenth century,\" and especially to acts of resistance and the establishment of maroon communities in Jamaica.' Several general theories in contemporary and modern discourse have been put forward to explain this pattern. Eighteenth century explanations that placed an emphasis on the 'nature' of various African ethnicities have been largely discredited. An alternate argument, focusing on West African regional histories, might point us towards the surfeit of armed conflicts that characterize the rise of the","PeriodicalId":43935,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3601947","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69234824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to reconstruct the main stages of agrarian history and to understand the genesis of the current landscape, it is necessary to start with the most recent additions and then go back in time. For example, the artificial afforestation (eucalyptus, pines, cypress) that presently covers numerous crests and mountainsides is recent, as are the exotic trees that farmers have planted on their own landholdings (grevillea and eucalyptus in particular). Likewise, the oldest trees on the coffee and tea plantations that are nowadays omnipresent date back to the colonial era, as does the incredibly dense network of rideable roads that lead to them. What would remain of the landscape if one were to ignore the elements that are so present today? The banana groves? After all, how is it possible to imagine Burundi without the banana groves that dominate the current landscape in many areas and represent the pillar of the peasant economy, occupying a privileged place in the Burundian culture (and, one may be tempted to say, traditions)? And yet, with a few rare exceptions (particularly in the warmer regions of the Southeast and the depression of the Tanganyika), Burundian farmers did not cultivate bananas before the twentieth century;' they too are relatively new additions to the countryside. Indeed, to picture pre-colonial Burundian landscape, one must imagine a Burundi without banana trees or the Xanthosoma-type taros (amateke ikisungu) that grow in their shade and hillsides, without cassava or sweet potatoes; in fact, these crops were only truly cultivated under colonial pressure, as we will see below.
{"title":"A Half Century of Agrarian Crisis in Burundi (1890-1945): The Incapacity of the Colonial Administration in Managing the Agrarian Crisis of the Late Eighteen-Hundreds","authors":"H. Cochet","doi":"10.2307/3601945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3601945","url":null,"abstract":"In order to reconstruct the main stages of agrarian history and to understand the genesis of the current landscape, it is necessary to start with the most recent additions and then go back in time. For example, the artificial afforestation (eucalyptus, pines, cypress) that presently covers numerous crests and mountainsides is recent, as are the exotic trees that farmers have planted on their own landholdings (grevillea and eucalyptus in particular). Likewise, the oldest trees on the coffee and tea plantations that are nowadays omnipresent date back to the colonial era, as does the incredibly dense network of rideable roads that lead to them. What would remain of the landscape if one were to ignore the elements that are so present today? The banana groves? After all, how is it possible to imagine Burundi without the banana groves that dominate the current landscape in many areas and represent the pillar of the peasant economy, occupying a privileged place in the Burundian culture (and, one may be tempted to say, traditions)? And yet, with a few rare exceptions (particularly in the warmer regions of the Southeast and the depression of the Tanganyika), Burundian farmers did not cultivate bananas before the twentieth century;' they too are relatively new additions to the countryside. Indeed, to picture pre-colonial Burundian landscape, one must imagine a Burundi without banana trees or the Xanthosoma-type taros (amateke ikisungu) that grow in their shade and hillsides, without cassava or sweet potatoes; in fact, these crops were only truly cultivated under colonial pressure, as we will see below.","PeriodicalId":43935,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3601945","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69235077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Britain and the Hydra in the Bight of Biafra: Towards a History of the Abolition of the Internal Slave Trade in the Oil Rivers and its Hinterland, c.1885-c.1943","authors":"A. Afigbo","doi":"10.2307/3601944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3601944","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43935,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3601944","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69234978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
n 1893, the Compagnie du Sel Agglomtr6 pour Exportation (C.S.A.) was launched under the patronage of the French colonial firm the Compagnie Frangais de l'Afrique Occidentale (C.F.A.O.). Both were headquartered in the port of Marseilles, which in turn was the center of lobbying efforts by both businessmen anxious to expand colonial commerce, and politicians eager to carry the colonial flag in the French parliament.' One of the most outspoken of the latter, Jules Charles-Roux enthusiastically endorsed the interests of the C.S.A., and in the influentialJournal des Debats (September 1894), argued for the ease and importance of penetrating such a lucrative market. "Salt does not exist in the Soudan," he wrote, pointing out that markets were presently being supplied by Saharans bringing "inferior quality salts" (specifically, those from Ijil in modern-day Mauritania), which in turn were selling for exorbitant prices. "Many people have insufficient salt or none at all as a consequence." He calculated this potential market as a population of i8o million Africans needing to consume a minimum of 6kg of salt per year. The French had barely tapped it Marseilles was exporting only 400 tons of sea salt a year when there was clearly room for a million or more. Worse still, he taunted readers in full colonial colours, England and Germany were already ahead of them!' He was therefore especially happy to announce that the physical impediments to transporting and marketing French sea salt that is to say its granular form which left it vulnerable to heat and moisture and liable to loss when its sacs tore, had been removed. Thanks to the newly established C.S.A. under the directorship of one Pierre B.J. Vincente:
{"title":"Perfecting the 'Fertile Seed': The 'Compagnie du sel Agglomere and Colonial Capitalism, c. 1890-1905","authors":"E. Mcdougall","doi":"10.2307/3601602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3601602","url":null,"abstract":"n 1893, the Compagnie du Sel Agglomtr6 pour Exportation (C.S.A.) was launched under the patronage of the French colonial firm the Compagnie Frangais de l'Afrique Occidentale (C.F.A.O.). Both were headquartered in the port of Marseilles, which in turn was the center of lobbying efforts by both businessmen anxious to expand colonial commerce, and politicians eager to carry the colonial flag in the French parliament.' One of the most outspoken of the latter, Jules Charles-Roux enthusiastically endorsed the interests of the C.S.A., and in the influentialJournal des Debats (September 1894), argued for the ease and importance of penetrating such a lucrative market. \"Salt does not exist in the Soudan,\" he wrote, pointing out that markets were presently being supplied by Saharans bringing \"inferior quality salts\" (specifically, those from Ijil in modern-day Mauritania), which in turn were selling for exorbitant prices. \"Many people have insufficient salt or none at all as a consequence.\" He calculated this potential market as a population of i8o million Africans needing to consume a minimum of 6kg of salt per year. The French had barely tapped it Marseilles was exporting only 400 tons of sea salt a year when there was clearly room for a million or more. Worse still, he taunted readers in full colonial colours, England and Germany were already ahead of them!' He was therefore especially happy to announce that the physical impediments to transporting and marketing French sea salt that is to say its granular form which left it vulnerable to heat and moisture and liable to loss when its sacs tore, had been removed. Thanks to the newly established C.S.A. under the directorship of one Pierre B.J. Vincente:","PeriodicalId":43935,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3601602","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69226259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nineteenth Century Niger River Trade and the 1844-1862 Aboh Interregnum","authors":"Femi J. Kolapo","doi":"10.2307/3601600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3601600","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43935,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3601600","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69226502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Colonial reports on labor in the early twentieth-century Gold Coast (colonial Ghana) subtly suggest that slavery, pawnship, and forced labor had declined considerably, even reaching the point of demise by the 1920s.2 The colonial reports were written in response to queries from the League of Nations and the Colonial Office. In contrast to the colonial reports, a number of studies have convincingly demonstrated that slavery,3 female pawnship, and male forced labor4 thrived as a result of economic expansion and infrastructural development in the early twentieth century. Available studies have concentrated on the late nineteenth century.' The early twentieth century, a period of rapid economic expansion, was characterized by evanescent colonial abolition policies.6 We need to know more about the nature of the labor recruitment and labor forms
{"title":"'The Loads are Heavier Than Usual': Forced Labor by Women and Children in the Central Province, Gold Coast (Colonial Ghana), ca. 1900-1940","authors":"K. Akurang-Parry","doi":"10.2307/3601601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3601601","url":null,"abstract":"Colonial reports on labor in the early twentieth-century Gold Coast (colonial Ghana) subtly suggest that slavery, pawnship, and forced labor had declined considerably, even reaching the point of demise by the 1920s.2 The colonial reports were written in response to queries from the League of Nations and the Colonial Office. In contrast to the colonial reports, a number of studies have convincingly demonstrated that slavery,3 female pawnship, and male forced labor4 thrived as a result of economic expansion and infrastructural development in the early twentieth century. Available studies have concentrated on the late nineteenth century.' The early twentieth century, a period of rapid economic expansion, was characterized by evanescent colonial abolition policies.6 We need to know more about the nature of the labor recruitment and labor forms","PeriodicalId":43935,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3601601","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69226694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Agricultural Modernization, the Environment and Sustainable Production in Nigeria, 1970 - 1985","authors":"J. Dibua","doi":"10.2307/3601604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3601604","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43935,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3601604","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69226358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ethno-Archaeology in Jenne, Mali: Craft and Status among Smiths, Potters and Masons","authors":"Colleen E. Kriger, Adria La Violette","doi":"10.2307/3601609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3601609","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43935,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3601609","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69226736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tropical forests and West African enterprise: the early history of the Ghana timber trade.","authors":"R. E. Dumett","doi":"10.2307/3601708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3601708","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43935,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3601708","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69229535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Trade Shocks in Developing Countries","authors":"J. Hogendorn, P. Collier, J. Gunning","doi":"10.2307/3601717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3601717","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43935,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3601717","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69229742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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