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Article 4(2) TEU as a Protection of the Institutional Diversity of the Member States 第4(2)条TEU作为成员国机构多样性的保护
IF 0.6 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.54648/euro2021026
B. de Witte
The main argument of this article is that the meaning of the national identity clause of Article 4 (2) TEU should be limited to what its text actually states, namely to a guarantee for the constitutional structures of the European Union (EU) Member States. The article rejects the broader meaning often given to this Treaty provision, namely that it offers a kind of generic protection for national diversity and national constitutional values. Such a broader meaning is not needed, since primary EU law contains many other provisions that protect national diversity, all of which have a specific meaning and role in the EU legal order. Giving Article 4(2) the broader meaning is harmful, as it opens the door to abusive and superficial uses of identity as a justification for non-compliance with EU law obligations from the side of the Member States.national constitutions, institutional diversity, cultural diversity, regional autonomy, judicial organization, national languages
本文的主要论点是,TEU第4(2)条的国家认同条款的含义应限于其文本实际陈述的内容,即对欧洲联盟(EU)成员国宪法结构的保障。该条拒绝接受通常赋予这一条约规定的更广泛的含义,即它对国家多样性和国家宪法价值提供一种一般性保护。这种更广泛的含义是不需要的,因为欧盟主要法律包含许多其他保护国家多样性的条款,所有这些条款在欧盟法律秩序中都有特定的含义和作用。赋予第4(2)条更广泛的含义是有害的,因为它为成员国滥用和肤浅地使用身份作为不遵守欧盟法律义务的理由打开了大门。国家宪法、制度多样性、文化多样性、区域自治、司法组织、民族语言
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引用次数: 1
Taming National Identity: A Systematic Understanding of Article 4.2 TEU 驯服民族认同:对第4.2条TEU的系统理解
IF 0.6 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.54648/euro2021021
Giuseppe Martinico
This article explores the parable of national identity under Article 4.2 Treaty on European Union (TEU), a provision which has received great attention by scholars, and which has recently been seen as a ‘troublemaker’ due to its problematic (ab)use by some national courts. This piece also tries to advance some proposals to redeem this concept in EU constitutional law. This is in line with recent suggestions that have been made to revitalise Article 4.2 TEU.national identity, constitutional courts, Court of Justice of the European Union, Article 4.2 TEU
本文探讨了欧盟条约(TEU)第4.2条下的国家认同寓言,这一条款受到了学者们的极大关注,最近由于一些国家法院对其有问题的使用而被视为“麻烦制造者”。本文还试图提出一些在欧盟宪法中挽回这一概念的建议。这与最近提出的振兴第4.2 TEU条的建议是一致的。国家认同,宪法法院,欧盟法院,第4.2条TEU
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引用次数: 2
The Fog of Identity and Judicial Contestation: Preventive and Defensive Constitutional Identity Review in Germany 身份迷雾与司法争议——德国预防性与防御性宪法身份审查
IF 0.6 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.54648/euro2021022
M. Wendel
This article deals with constitutional identity review by the German Federal Constitutional Court (FCC). While identity review is often discussed merely as an instrument of judicial contestation by which the FCC challenges the European Court of Justice and its stance on the primacy of EU law, this article shows that both the aim and the effect of identity review go far beyond judicial conflict. In fact, identity review produces significant preventive and deterrent effects on (national) EU policies, which come into play well before any judicial conflict. By means of preventive identity review, the FCC has created a fog of identity, a dark field of potential unconstitutionality, which considerably limits the scope of policy choices in advance and even irrespective of whether or not these policies would ultimately be judged to be unconstitutional. As for the defensive dimension of identity review, the article addresses the complexity of the (too often simplified) conceptual relationship of identity review to other modes of review such as ultra vires review and the Solange case law. It shows that identity review has gradually become the conceptual heart of the FCC’s defensive triad.Identity review, constitutional identity, fog of identity, German Federal Constitutional Court, preventive and defensive identity review, eternity clause, principle of democracy, NGEU, European Arrest Warrant III, PSPP, Unified Patent Court, Right to be forgotten I and II, Banking Union, Egenberger
本文论述了德国联邦宪法法院对宪法身份的审查。虽然身份审查通常只是作为一种司法争议工具来讨论,联邦通信委员会通过这种工具来挑战欧洲法院及其对欧盟法律首要地位的立场,但本文表明,身份审查的目的和效果远远超出了司法冲突。事实上,身份审查对(国家)欧盟政策产生了重大的预防和威慑作用,这些政策早在任何司法冲突之前就开始发挥作用。通过预防性身份审查,联邦通信委员会制造了一个身份迷雾,一个潜在违宪的黑暗领域,这大大限制了提前选择政策的范围,甚至无论这些政策最终是否会被判定为违宪。关于身份审查的防御层面,文章论述了身份审查与其他审查模式(如越权审查和索兰奇判例法)的概念关系的复杂性(过于简化)。这表明,身份审查已逐渐成为联邦通信委员会防御三合会的概念核心。身份审查,宪法身份,身份之雾,德国联邦宪法法院,预防性和防御性身份审查,永恒条款,民主原则,NGEU,欧洲逮捕令III,PSPP,联合专利法院,被遗忘权I和II,银行联盟,埃根伯格
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引用次数: 0
National Constitutional Identity Ten Years on: State of Play and Future Perspectives 十年来的国家宪法认同:现状与未来展望
IF 0.6 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.54648/euro2021019
B. de Witte, D. Fromage
This introductory article lays out the background of the inquiry proposed by the contributions of this special issue, while also presenting its main findings and adopting a forward-looking stance. To this end, it first briefly recalls what the origins of the identity clause are, before it discusses what meanings this clause could have. Subsequently, the main conclusions of the various articles are presented. The final part concludes by restating that national identity remains an undefined concept, which can only be defined on a case-by-case basis by means of dialogue between national and European courts.National identity – constitutional identity – constitutional courts – European Court of Justice – judicial dialogue
这篇介绍性文章列出了本期特刊的投稿所提出的调查背景,同时也介绍了其主要调查结果,并采取了前瞻性的立场。为此,本文首先简要回顾了身份子句的起源,然后讨论了该子句可能具有的含义。随后,给出了各篇文章的主要结论。最后一部分最后重申,民族认同仍然是一个不明确的概念,只能通过国家法院和欧洲法院之间的对话在个案的基础上加以界定。国家认同-宪法认同-宪法法院-欧洲法院-司法对话
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引用次数: 2
National Constitutional Identity and Its Regional Dimension Post-Lisbon as Part of aGeneral Trend Towards Multilevel Governance Within the EU 后里斯本时代欧盟内部多层次治理大趋势的国家宪法认同及其区域维度
IF 0.6 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.54648/euro2021023
D. Fromage
The Lisbon Treaty brought about a reform of the ‘identity clause’ now contained in Article 4(2) Treaty on European Union (TEU). Among other things, it introduced a specific reference to the local and regional dimension of Member States’ national identities. This article assesses what this new provision implies and how it was used by courts during the first decade following the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty. This allows conducting a general reflection on the role and standing of regions within the EU under that Treaty. This article claims that, on the one hand, the specific mention of the local and regional dimension was already inherent to Member States’ national identity and that, therefore, it has not resulted in any dramatic change in the standing of sub-national entities, as is also visible in the case law to date. On the other hand, it underlines the EU’s ambivalent attitude towards sub-national entities, and national institutional structures generally, and calls for the implementation of pragmatic solutions to improve the functioning of the EU’s multilevel governance structure.Constitutional identity, European Union, sub-national entities, regions, regional blindness
《里斯本条约》对欧盟条约(TEU)第4(2)条中的“身份条款”进行了改革。除其他事项外,它特别提到了会员国民族特性的地方和区域方面。本文评估了这一新规定的含义,以及法院在《里斯本条约》生效后的第一个十年中是如何使用这一新规定的。这样就可以根据该条约对欧盟内各区域的作用和地位进行总体反思。该条声称,一方面,具体提到地方和区域层面已经是会员国的民族特性所固有的,因此,它并没有导致次国家实体地位的任何重大变化,这一点在迄今为止的判例法中也是可见的。另一方面,它强调了欧盟对次国家实体和国家机构结构的矛盾态度,并呼吁实施务实的解决方案,以改善欧盟多层次治理结构的功能。宪法认同,欧盟,次国家实体,地区,地区盲目性
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引用次数: 0
Successfully Articulating National Constitutional Identity Claims: Strait Is the Gate and Narrow Is the Way 成功阐明国家宪法身份主张:海峡是门,狭窄是路
IF 0.6 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.54648/euro2021027
François-Xavier Millet
Article 4(2) Treaty of the European Union (TEU) has not played any autonomous role up to now. Cases involving that provision have not been handled differently by the Court than cases involving derogations to free movement. In this article, after an analysis of the existingcase law on Article 4(2) TEU, I make the case for a bolder and exceptional use of Article 4(2) TEU where genuine national constitutional identity claims (NCI claims) directly clash with provisions of EU law. I provide a normative framework of analysis to identify genuine NCI claims and determine how the Court should address them. ‘Strait is the gate and narrow is the way’ is certainly a relevant metaphor to capture the possibility for genuine NCI claims to be successful. In view of its own mission and constraints, the Court is only to accept well motivated, narrow claims that are strictly based on crucial and distinctive features of national law that are embedded in the national Constitution and do not run against the own constitutional identity of the Union.Member State constitutional identity, Article 4(2) TEU, Extraordinary function, Constitutional conflicts, Instructions for use, Constitutional courts, Court of Justice, Balancing between national identity and fundamental rights, European Union constitutional identity, National and European constitutionalism
《欧洲联盟条约》第4条第2款至今未发挥任何自主作用。法院对涉及该条款的案件的处理与涉及减损自由行动的案件并无不同。在这篇文章中,在分析了现有的关于第4(2)条TEU的基本法律后,我提出了在真正的国家宪法身份主张(NCI主张)与欧盟法律条款直接冲突的情况下,更大胆和例外地使用第4(1)条的理由。我提供了一个规范的分析框架,以确定真正的NCI索赔,并确定法院应如何处理这些索赔。”海峡是门,狭窄是路”无疑是一个相关的比喻,以捕捉NCI真正声称成功的可能性。鉴于其自身的使命和限制,法院只能接受动机充分、狭隘的主张,这些主张严格基于国家宪法中嵌入的国家法律的关键和独特特征,不违背联邦自身的宪法身份,使用说明、宪法法院、法院、国家身份和基本权利之间的平衡、欧盟宪法身份、国家和欧洲宪政
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引用次数: 2
Sunday Dinners and Hot Baths in a ‘Wild Wild North’? The Nordic Discussions on Lobbying Regulation and Implications for the EU Transparency Agenda 在“狂野的北方”吃周日晚餐和洗热水澡?北欧关于游说监管的讨论及其对欧盟透明度议程的影响
IF 0.6 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.54648/euro2021016
Emilia Korkea‐aho
The Nordic countries are known as frontrunners of transparency, and the European Union’s transparency regime owes many of its ideals, if not the reality, to Northern influences. Nonetheless, although perceived as a transparency-enhancing measure, none of the Nordic countries has adopted lobbying regulation. Assessing the Nordic parliamentary and governmental debates from the 1980s onwards, this article offers an analysis of a complex relationship between legislative transparency and lobbying regulation in the five countries. The Nordic countries have different ideas of whose transparency lobbying regulation is meant to increase. In Sweden, Denmark and Norway, lobbying regulation is seen as a policy measure to enhance transparency about lawmakers’ activities, while the Icelandic and Finnish debates consider lobbying regulation as a way to increase information about the role lobbyists play in law-making. Although all the Nordic countries exhibit varying degrees of an elitist small country mentality where lobbying regulation would interfere with ‘informal governance’ by way of Sunday dinners and hot baths, the difference in transparency emphases is crucial. It helps to understand the divergent Nordic policy paths and to contextualize both EU and Member State discussions on lobbying regulations and transparency.EU Courts, Right to trial within a reasonable time, Excessive duration of court proceedings, Effective remedies, Damages liability of the EU, Economic harm, Non-material harm, Conditions for liability, Requirements for establishing harm and causation, Significance for EU damages liability law
北欧国家被称为透明度的领跑者,欧盟的透明度制度的许多理想(如果不是现实的话)都归功于北方的影响。尽管如此,尽管被认为是一项提高透明度的措施,但没有一个北欧国家通过游说监管。本文评估了20世纪80年代以来北欧议会和政府的辩论,分析了这五个国家立法透明度和游说监管之间的复杂关系。北欧国家对提高游说监管的透明度有不同的想法。在瑞典、丹麦和挪威,游说监管被视为提高立法者活动透明度的政策措施,而冰岛和芬兰的辩论则认为游说监管是增加游说者在立法中所扮演角色信息的一种方式。尽管所有北欧国家都表现出不同程度的精英小国心态,游说监管会通过周日晚餐和热水澡的方式干扰“非正式治理”,但透明度重点的差异至关重要。它有助于理解北欧不同的政策路径,并将欧盟和成员国关于游说法规和透明度的讨论纳入背景。欧盟法院,在合理时间内进行审判的权利,法院诉讼持续时间过长,有效补救措施,欧盟的损害赔偿责任,经济损害,非物质损害,责任条件,确定损害和因果关系的要求,对欧盟损害赔偿责任法的意义
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引用次数: 0
Damages Liability of the EU for Harm Caused by Excessive Duration of Court Proceedings 欧盟对诉讼时间过长造成损害的损害赔偿责任
IF 0.6 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.54648/euro2021014
K. Havu, Suvi Kurki-Suonio
In January 2017, the European Union was ordered to pay damages to two companies because of excessively long court proceedings before the General Court, the first time such an order had been made. At this point, a number of EU Courts’ judgments that address damages liability for excessively long court proceedings can be found. According to the European Court of Justice, a damages claim is an appropriate and effective remedy in a case of a failure to adjudicate within a reasonable time. This contribution systematizes and analyses recent EU level case law regarding the excessive duration of court proceedings with damages as a remedy. A particular emphasis is placed on examining the relevant case law against the backdrop of existing EU damages liability law. We particularly study how the conditions of harm and causation are interpreted and applied in the EU level ‘excessive duration cases’. We discuss and summarize the theoretical and practical implications of the excessive duration liability case law, as well as highlight particularly interesting details from recent judgments.EU Courts, Right to trial within a reasonable time, Excessive duration of court proceedings, Effective remedies, Damages liability of the EU, Economic harm, Non-material harm, Conditions for liability, Requirements for establishing harm and causation, Significance for EU damages liability law
2017年1月,欧盟被勒令向两家公司支付损害赔偿金,因为在普通法院进行的诉讼时间过长,这是首次下达此类命令。在这一点上,可以找到一些欧盟法院的判决,这些判决涉及过长的法院诉讼的损害赔偿责任。根据欧洲法院的说法,在未能在合理时间内作出裁决的情况下,损害赔偿索赔是一种适当而有效的补救措施。这一贡献系统化并分析了最近欧盟层面的判例法,该判例法涉及以损害赔偿作为补救措施的法院诉讼持续时间过长。特别强调在现有欧盟损害赔偿责任法的背景下审查相关判例法。我们特别研究了伤害和因果关系的条件如何在欧盟层面的“持续时间过长案件”中解释和应用。我们讨论并总结了超长期责任判例法的理论和实践意义,并强调了最近判决中特别有趣的细节。欧盟法院,在合理时间内进行审判的权利,法院诉讼持续时间过长,有效补救措施,欧盟的损害赔偿责任,经济损害,非物质损害,责任条件,确定损害和因果关系的要求,对欧盟损害赔偿责任法的意义
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引用次数: 0
Ambivalence of Obviousness: Remarks on the Decision of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany of 5 May 2021 显而易见的矛盾心理:对德国联邦宪法法院2021年5月5日判决的评论
IF 0.6 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.54648/euro2021013
Philip M. Bender
Inspired by the recent activation of the ultra vires review of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, the article analyses one of its restrictive elements: the concept of obviousness and its concretization through objective arbitrariness. These concepts are used with good intentions insofar as the ultra vires review requires some conceptualization of deference. But they are incapable of fulfilling this purpose: they disregard the expressive function of law, grant either too much or no deference, and are incompatible with each other. Instead, the substantive standards of structural significance and openness, combined with the procedural rule of unanimity, could serve the purpose of deference in a better and less conflictual way.Deference, Ultra Vires Review, Unanimity, Expressive Function of Law, Arbitrariness, Obviousness, Structural Significance, Openness, Control of Integration, Decision of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany of 5 May 2020
本文以德国联邦宪法法院最近激活的越权审查为启发,分析了其制约因素之一:明显性概念及其通过客观任意性的具体化。这些概念的使用是出于良好的意图,因为越权审查需要一些顺从的概念化。但它们无法实现这一目的:它们无视法律的表达功能,要么给予太多的尊重,要么不给予尊重,而且彼此不相容。相反,结构重要性和开放性的实质性标准,加上一致同意的程序规则,可以以更好和更少冲突的方式达到尊重的目的。顺从、越权审查、一致性、法律的表达功能、任意性、明显性、结构意义、开放性、一体化控制,德国联邦宪法法院2020年5月5日判决
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Thomas Bustamante & Thiago Lopes Decat (eds), Philosophy of Law as an Integral Part of Philosophy: Essays on the Jurisprudence of Gerald J Postema, Oxford: Hart Publishing. 2020 书评:Thomas Bustamante和Thiago Lopes Decat(编辑),《作为哲学组成部分的法哲学:Gerald J Postema的法学随笔》,牛津:哈特出版社。2020
IF 0.6 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.54648/euro2021018
Guilherme Pratti
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引用次数: 0
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European Public Law
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