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Public Administration Algorithm Decision- Making and the Rule of Law 公共行政算法、决策与法治
IF 0.6 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.54648/euro2021005
S. Matteucci
This article revolves around the search for statutory recognition of the use of algorithmics (including rule-based systems) to make decisions. Thus, the focus is on whether a powerconferring rule is necessary before an administrative authority may issue a valid automated decision. By claiming that such a power-conferring rule is not only desirable but also a legal requirement, one contends that the shifting to automated decision making in the public sector is simply a by-product of reengineering bureaucratic practice through Information and Communication Technology. The issue is essential because there are several cases throughout Europe and beyond in which the latter is precisely the case. Moreover, values such as efficiency and flexibility to adapt to fast technological change could be considered sound justificatory arguments to purport that automated decision-making in the public sector should not be governed through the traditional arsenal of the rule of law. The primary purpose of the article is to offer a first conceptual skeleton to sow the seeds for further research on a normative claim that automated public administration decision-making should, nonetheless, be implemented in light of the rule of law. Secondly, it offers some recommendations for a legal framework to govern such a practice. The background idea is that focusing on the legal power to make an automated decision constitutes a necessary step to guarantee that the ethical and political principles that should undergird the adoption, development and implementation of any form of algorithmic decisionmaking in the public sector are appropriately and adequately taken into account.public sector, automated decisions, rule of law, algorithms
本文围绕寻求法律承认使用算法(包括基于规则的系统)进行决策展开。因此,重点是在管理机构发布有效的自动决策之前,是否需要授权规则。通过声称这种权力授予规则不仅是可取的,而且是法律要求,有人认为,公共部门向自动化决策的转变只是通过信息和通信技术重新设计官僚实践的副产品。这个问题至关重要,因为在整个欧洲和欧洲以外的地区,有几个案例恰恰是后者的情况。此外,适应快速技术变革的效率和灵活性等价值观可以被视为合理的理由,声称公共部门的自动化决策不应通过传统的法治武器库来管理。本文的主要目的是提供第一个概念框架,为进一步研究一种规范性主张播下种子,即自动公共行政决策应该在法治的基础上实施。其次,它就管理这种做法的法律框架提出了一些建议。其背景思想是,关注作出自动决策的法律权力是确保适当和充分考虑公共部门采用、发展和实施任何形式的算法决策所应遵循的道德和政治原则的必要步骤。公共部门,自动决策,法治,算法
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引用次数: 0
An Empirical Study of the Frequency and Distribution of Judicial Review in Resolving Public Procurement Disputes Within the UK: Proposals for Legal and Policy Reform 英国解决公共采购纠纷中司法审查频率和分布的实证研究:法律和政策改革建议
IF 0.6 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.54648/euro2021006
D. Cahill, Stephen Clear
Unlike other EU Member States, existing studies on public procurement challenges in UK local government lack empirical analysis. The Law Commission has identified this as an area for review. Little is known about the frequency and distribution of such challenges within the UK. Consequently, observations made on the number of procurement disputes actually leading to judicial review applications are speculative. This article, for the first time, generates new empirical data on the subject and makes reform recommendations. Using data elicited from nearly 400 local government bodies, the national and regional frequency and distribution of such challenges is illuminated for the first time. Glaring inability by Local Government bodies to retain and retrieve data pertaining to Local Government procurement was revealed by the study; the frequency and distribution of challenges was seen to vary widely across different UK regions; the number of challenges has risen significantly following 2009 law and policy reforms (rather than reduce); and the insights generated in the article will support the Law Commission’s call for further study of internal administrative review systems within public bodies so the connection between administrative justice and those seeking natural justice in procurement disputes is better understood.judicial review, local government, public procurement, freedom of information, policy reform.
与其他欧盟成员国不同,现有的关于英国地方政府公共采购挑战的研究缺乏实证分析。法律委员会已确定这是一个需要审查的领域。在英国,人们对此类挑战的频率和分布知之甚少。因此,关于实际导致司法审查申请的采购争端数目的意见是推测性的。本文首次在这一问题上产生了新的实证数据,并提出了改革建议。利用从近400个地方政府机构获得的数据,首次阐明了此类挑战的国家和地区频率和分布。这项研究表明,地方政府机构在保留和检索有关地方政府采购的数据方面明显无能;挑战的频率和分布在英国不同地区差别很大;2009年法律和政策改革后,挑战的数量显著增加(而不是减少);文章中产生的见解将支持法律委员会的呼吁,即进一步研究公共机构的内部行政审查制度,以便更好地了解行政正义与在采购纠纷中寻求自然正义的人之间的联系。司法审查,地方政府,公共采购,信息自由,政策改革。
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引用次数: 1
Judges Sitting on the Warsaw-Budapest Express Train: The Independence of Polish and Hungarian Judges Before the CJEU 坐在华沙-布达佩斯快车上的法官:波兰和匈牙利法官在欧洲法院面前的独立性
IF 0.6 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.54648/euro2020057
B. Bakó
This article is a contribution to the vital discussions about the rule of law in the EU, focusing on a specific and crucial element of the rule of law: judicial independence. Recently, the CJEU started to use Article 19 (1) of Treaty on European Union and Article 47 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as a basis for enforcing judicial independence in the Member States in cases which do not contain any explicit cross-border elements. This is how some provisions of the heavily criticized reform of the Polish judiciary have already been declared as contrary to EU law by the CJEU. However, it is not only Poland where judges face difficulties. The main subject of this article is a Hungarian case: a preliminary reference issued by a Hungarian judge questioning his own independence. Judicial independence is not primarily threatened by explicit legal provisions but by the fact that the former head of the judiciary administration regularly misused her competence to invalidate judicial applications over several years. This article analyses the Hungarian preliminary reference and its chances in light of the CJEU’s recent, respective case law, especially the preliminary ruling concerning the Polish National Council of the Judiciary, the KRS (Krajowa Rada Sądownictwa) and the Disciplinary Chamber of the Supreme Court (joined cases C 585/18, C 624/18 and C 625/18).Hungary, Poland, European Court of Justice, Article 19 (1) TEU, Article 47 EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, judicial independence, judicial councils, disciplinary chamber, right to an effective remedy, preliminary reference, infringement procedure, rule of law, C-564/19, joined cases C 585/18, C 624/18 and C 625/18
本文对有关欧盟法治的重要讨论做出了贡献,重点关注法治的一个具体而关键的因素:司法独立。最近,欧洲法院开始使用《欧洲联盟条约》第19(1)条和《欧盟基本权利宪章》第47条作为基础,在不包含任何明确跨境因素的案件中,在成员国执行司法独立。这就是为什么受到严厉批评的波兰司法改革的一些条款已经被欧洲法院宣布为违反欧盟法律。然而,法官面临困难的不仅仅是波兰。本文的主题是匈牙利的一个案件:一名匈牙利法官对其独立性提出质疑。司法独立主要不是受到明确的法律规定的威胁,而是受到司法行政部门前负责人几年来经常滥用职权使司法申请无效的事实的威胁。本文根据欧洲法院最近各自的判例法,特别是关于波兰国家司法委员会、波兰最高法院(Krajowa Rada Sądownictwa)和最高法院纪律分庭(合并案例C 585/18、C 624/18和C 625/18)的初步裁决,分析了匈牙利的初步参考及其机会。匈牙利、波兰、欧洲法院、第19(1)条TEU、欧盟基本权利宪章第47条、司法独立、司法委员会、纪律分庭、获得有效补救的权利、初步参考、侵权程序、法治、C-564/19、合并案例C 585/18、C 624/18和C 625/18
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引用次数: 0
Minority Government: A Challenge for Belgian Constitutional Law 少数派政府:对比利时宪法的挑战
IF 0.6 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.54648/euro2020067
K. Lemmens
Belgian Constitutional law, Minority Cabinet, Relation Parliament/Government, (Constructive) Motion of (no) confidence, Formalism
比利时宪法,少数党内阁,议会/政府关系,(建设性)不信任动议,形式主义
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引用次数: 0
Redefining the Concept of Penalty in the Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights 欧洲人权法院判例法中刑罚概念的再界定
IF 0.6 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.54648/euro2020069
Barış Bahçeci
Since the European Court of Human Rights (Court/ECtHR) began to define an autonomous concept of penalty, its case law has been developing on the basis of the Engel criteria. This study aims to reveal the implementation of these criteria by the ECtHR and its consequences under the case law. Although the definition of penalty depends on the application of these criteria, the existence of a problem of consistency among them draws attention. As a matter of fact, one of the criteria, the nature of the sanction has undertaken a function to expand the Court’s ratione materiae through an objective assessment. However, the other Engel criteria, nature of the offence and degree of severity of the sanction are open to criticism in terms of objectivity, as well as narrowing the limits of the concept of penalty and consequently restricting the Court’s ratione materiae.concept of penalty, criminal offence, European Court of Human Rights, Engel criteria, nature of sanction, nature of offence
自从欧洲人权法院(法院/欧洲人权法院)开始界定一个自主的刑罚概念以来,其判例法一直在恩格尔标准的基础上发展。本研究旨在揭示欧洲人权法院执行这些标准的情况及其在判例法下的后果。虽然刑罚的定义取决于这些标准的适用,但它们之间存在的一致性问题引起了人们的注意。事实上,其中一项标准,即制裁的性质,通过客观的评价,承担了扩大法院的属事理由的职能。但是,其他恩格尔标准,罪行的性质和制裁的严重程度在客观性方面容易受到批评,并且缩小了惩罚概念的范围,从而限制了法院的属事理由。刑罚概念,刑事犯罪,欧洲人权法院,恩格尔标准,制裁的性质,犯罪的性质
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引用次数: 0
Prisoner Complaints Mechanisms: Assessing Human Rights Requirements and the Role of a General Ombudsman 囚犯申诉机制:评估人权要求和总监察员的作用
IF 0.6 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.54648/euro2020066
Sophie van der Valk, M. Rogan
prison complaints mechanisms, grievance procedures, Mandela Rules, European Prison Rules, Ombuds institutions, prisons, human rights, administrative justice, Ireland, effective remedise
监狱申诉机制、申诉程序、曼德拉规则、欧洲监狱规则、监察机构、监狱、人权、行政司法、爱尔兰、有效补救措施
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引用次数: 1
Between Mimetism and Parasitism: Italian Populism in a Comparative Perspective 在模仿主义与寄生主义之间:比较视角下的意大利民粹主义
IF 0.6 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.54648/euro2020071
Giuseppe Martinico
This article explores the relationship between constitutionalism and populism with particular attention paid to the Italian case. This piece is divided into two parts. In Part I it will be argued that the relationship between populism and constitutionalism should not be seen in terms of mutual exclusion and perfect opposition. Indeed, it is possible to say that populism frequently relies on concepts and categories belonging to the language of constitutionalism (majority, democracy, people), trying to reshape them and offering in this way a sort of constitutional counter-narrative. In this sense, the populist approach to constitutional categories can be described in light of two concepts: mimetism and parasitism. In Part II, I shall focus on the referendum, which is an instrument frequently used by populists and currently object of a problematic constitutional reform proposal advanced by the MoVimento 5 Stelle. As we will see this reform risks affecting the constitutional balance between powers in Italy.Populism, mimetism, parasitism, post – WWII constitutionalism, referendum
本文探讨了宪政与民粹主义之间的关系,并特别关注意大利的情况。这篇文章分为两部分。在第一部分中,民粹主义和宪政之间的关系不应被视为相互排斥和完全对立。事实上,可以说民粹主义经常依赖于属于宪政语言(多数、民主、人民)的概念和类别,试图重塑它们,并以这种方式提供一种宪法反叙事。从这个意义上说,民粹主义对待宪法范畴的方法可以根据两个概念来描述:模仿和寄生。在第二部分中,我将重点讨论公民投票,这是民粹主义者经常使用的工具,目前是Movmento 5 Stelle提出的有问题的宪法改革提案的对象。正如我们将看到的那样,这项改革有可能影响意大利的宪法权力平衡。民粹主义、模仿主义、寄生主义、二战后宪政、公民投票
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引用次数: 1
Data Storage by Public Administrations 公共管理部门的数据存储
IF 0.6 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.54648/euro2020055
G. Carullo, C. Ernst
public administration, databases, digitalization, data storage, outsourcing, internalization, digital sovereignty
公共行政、数据库、数字化、数据存储、外包、内部化、数字主权
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引用次数: 1
The Principle of Proportionality and the European Central Bank 比例原则与欧洲中央银行
IF 0.6 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.54648/euro2020059
M. P. Chiti, M. Macchia, Andrea Magliari
The principle of proportionality is a general principle of EU law which applies to the European Central Bank (ECB) in the fields both of monetary policy and banking supervision. In recent years, the issue of the proportionality of the ECB’s action has been at the centre of extensive debate in European legal doctrine and jurisprudence. This article aims to contribute to this debate by providing a comprehensive analysis of the meaning and implications of the principle of proportionality in the field of banking supervision and monetary policy.The article is divided into four parts. Parts I gives a general overview of the origin of the principle and its subsequent developments in light of the case-law of the European Court of Justice. It also reflects on the different meanings of proportionality as a flexible and multi-faceted principle. Part II investigates the principle of proportionality according to an ex ante perspective, i.e. as a principle capable of governing and orienting legislative and administrative action. Under this perspective, the article analyses the way proportionality impacts banking regulation, banking supervision and monetary policy.Part III deals with the ex post perspective, i.e. the way proportionality is assessed and scrutinized by EU courts. Part IV concludes. Part III and IV will be published in the next issue.National courts, Court of Justice of the European Union, Preliminary reference procedure, national procedural autonomy, Appeals, Appellate courts
比例原则是欧盟法律的一项一般原则,适用于欧洲央行的货币政策和银行监管领域。近年来,欧洲央行行动的相称性问题一直是欧洲法律理论和判例中广泛辩论的核心问题。本文旨在通过全面分析比例原则在银行监管和货币政策领域的意义和影响,为这场辩论做出贡献。本文共分为四个部分。第一部分根据欧洲法院的判例法概述了该原则的起源及其随后的发展。同时也反映了比例原则作为一种灵活的、多方面的原则所具有的不同含义。第二部分从事前视角考察相称性原则,即作为一项能够支配和指导立法和行政行为的原则。在此视角下,本文分析了比例性对银行监管、银行监管和货币政策的影响。第三部分涉及事后视角,即欧盟法院评估和审查比例性的方式。第四部分是结论。第三和第四部分将于下期出版。国家法院,欧盟法院,初步参考程序,国家程序自治,上诉,上诉法院
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引用次数: 0
Judicial Review of the NCA’s Decisions: Some Problematic Aspects of the EU Damages Directive in the Context of Italian Law 对NCA判决的司法审查:意大利法律背景下欧盟损害赔偿指令的一些问题
IF 0.6 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.54648/euro2020073
Donato Vese
In the Italian legal system, the transposition of Directive 2014/104/EU into Legislative Decree No. 3 of 2017, with a view to improving the efficacy of both ‘follow-on’ and ‘stand-alone’ legal actions in private and public antitrust enforcement, has highlighted the problem of the judicial review of National Competition Authority (NCA) decisions. The Directive established its own ‘binding effect’ designed by the European Union order to increase the effectiveness and procedural efficiency of actions for damages in the Member States. According to the logic of the European Union, the binding effect seeks to ensure that an infringement of competition law, established by a final decision of the NCA or a court of judicial review, is deemed to be irrefutably acknowledged for the purpose of bringing an action for damages before the national courts under Article 101 or 102 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) or under national competition law. However, in terms of accomplishing this objective, the prevision introduced into Italian law by Article 9(1) of the Directive becomes problematic when set against the current system of judicial review of NCA decisions in Italy, potentially undermining the effectiveness of the legal protection of the individual. The focus of the article is that the Italian system does not – in its current form – allow adequate judicial review of NCA decisions. Taking the interpretation of Articles 6(1) European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and 24 of the Italian Constitution as fundamental norms establishing the ‘right to a fair trial’ and the ‘right to a defence’ as its starting point, the article seeks to offer a solution to the problem arising in relation to full judicial review of NCA decisions within the Italian legal context based on the thesis that if there is no full revision of the facts and no full revision of the discretionary powers there can be no full judicial review.EU Damages Directive, Private and public antitrust enforcement systems, The binding effect of the NCA’s decisions, Administrative and technical discretion, Judicial review of the NCA’s fact findings and technical assessments; European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case law, Articles 6(1) ECHR and 24 of the Italian Constitution, Intensity of review in Italy, Full jurisdiction of the Italian administrative courts
在意大利法律体系中,2014/104/EU指令转换为2017年第3号法令,旨在提高私人和公共反垄断执法中“后续”和“独立”法律行动的效力,突出了国家竞争管理局(NCA)决定的司法审查问题。该指令建立了自己的“约束力”,由欧盟命令设计,以提高成员国损害赔偿诉讼的有效性和程序效率。根据欧盟的逻辑,约束力旨在确保由NCA或司法审查法院的最终决定确定的违反竞争法的行为被视为无可辩驳地承认,以便根据《欧盟运作条约》(TFEU)第101条或第102条或国家竞争法向国家法院提起损害赔偿诉讼。然而,就实现这一目标而言,该指令第9(1)条引入意大利法律的预见在与意大利NCA决定的现行司法审查制度相抵触时变得有问题,可能会破坏个人法律保护的有效性。这篇文章的重点是,意大利的制度——以其目前的形式——不允许对国家刑事法院的决定进行充分的司法审查。将对《欧洲人权公约》第6(1)条和《意大利宪法》第24条的解释作为确立“公平审判权”和“辩护权”的基本准则,作为其出发点,本文试图提供一种解决办法,以解决在意大利法律背景下对国家刑事法院决定进行全面司法审查所产生的问题,其依据是,如果不全面修订事实,不全面修订自由裁量权,就不可能进行全面司法审查。欧盟损害赔偿指令,私人和公共反垄断执法制度,NCA决定的约束力,行政和技术自由裁量权,NCA事实调查结果和技术评估的司法审查;欧洲人权法院判例法,《欧洲人权公约》第6(1)条和意大利宪法第24条,意大利的审查力度,意大利行政法院的完全管辖权
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引用次数: 0
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European Public Law
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