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A Failed Attempt to Create an International Community of Communist Asian Studies in 1955 1955年建立共产主义亚洲研究国际共同体的失败尝试
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.3167/hrrh.2022.480203
Huaiyu Chen
East German sinologists organized an international conference on East Asian studies in Leipzig in October 1955, bringing together scholars from most communist states and several scholars from Western Europe. This conference served to unite sinologists from both the Communist Bloc and West Germany in the early Cold War era. Since the Chinese delegation was particularly honored, this article suggests that China expanded its political influence in East Europe after the Korean War and the death of Stalin, which prompted a tension within the international communist community, especially between China and the Soviet Union. Moreover, this conference demonstrated a strong “modern turn” in the rising field of Asian studies, sinology in particular, because of the rise of the People’s Republic of China in the 1950s.
1955年10月,东德汉学家在莱比锡组织了一次东亚研究国际会议,来自大多数共产主义国家的学者和来自西欧的几位学者齐聚一堂。这次会议将冷战初期的共产主义集团和西德的汉学家团结在一起。由于中国代表团特别荣幸,这篇文章表明,朝鲜战争和斯大林去世后,中国扩大了其在东欧的政治影响力,这引发了国际共产主义社会内部的紧张局势,特别是中苏之间的紧张局势。此外,由于中华人民共和国在20世纪50年代的崛起,这次会议展示了亚洲研究领域,特别是汉学领域的强大“现代转向”。
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引用次数: 0
Une lutte à trois 三个人的战斗
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.3167/hrrh.2022.480202
M. Lainé
La lecture des chapitres XXVI-XXXIII du livre I du Capital (1865–1867) montre que Marx prenait les vicissitudes ou les contingences de l’histoire anglaise pour d’authentiques nécessités historiques. Mais elle montre aussi que les propriétaires fonciers forment une classe sociale sui generis, qui joue un rôle décisif dans la théorie de la valeur. De fait, la lecture de ces chapitres permet aujourd’hui de répondre avec certitude à la fameuse question oratoire que se posait Marx au chapitre LII du livre III du Capital (1864–1865): “Was macht Lohnarbeiter, Kapitalisten, Grundeigenthümer zu Bildnern der drei großen gesellschaftlichen Klassen?” (“Comment se fait-il que ce soient les ouvriers salariés, les capitalistes et les propriétaires fonciers qui constituent les trois grandes classes de la société?”) et à laquelle il n’aurait supposément jamais répondu.A close reading of chapters XXVI–XXXIII of Capital, vol. I (1865–1867) shows that Marx (mis)took the contingencies of English history for genuine historical necessities. But it also shows that landowners form an actual social class in Capital, one that plays an actual role in Marx’s own theory of value. In fact, reading these chapters allows us to confidently answer that famous rhetorical question Marx first asked himself in chapter LII of Capital, vol. III (1864–1865): “Was macht Lohnarbeiter, Kapitalisten, Grundeigenthümer zu Bildnern der drei großen gesellschaftlichen Klassen?” (“Comment se fait-il que ce soient les ouvriers salariés, les capitalistes et les propriétaires fonciers qui constituent les trois grandes classes de la société?”). Unlike what we are sometimes led to believe, Marx actually answered that question.
阅读《资本论》第一卷(1865-1867年)第二十六章至第三十三章表明,马克思将英国历史的变迁或偶然性视为真正的历史必然性。但它也表明,土地所有者形成了一个独特的社会阶层,在价值理论中起着决定性作用。事实上,今天,通过阅读这些章节,我们可以肯定地回答马克思在《资本论》第三卷(1864-1865年)第一章中提出的著名演讲问题:“工资劳动者、资本家和地主是社会的三大阶级吗?”《资本论》第一卷(1865-1867年)第二十六章至第三十三章的近距离阅读表明,马克思(米斯)将英国历史的偶然性视为真正的历史必要性。但它也表明,土地所有者在资本中形成了一个实际的社会阶层,在马克思自己的价值理论中发挥了实际作用。事实上,阅读这些章节允许我们秘密回答马克思在《资本论》第三卷(1864-1865年)第LII章中首次向自己提出的著名修辞问题:“为什么工资劳动者、资本家和地主构成了社会的三大阶级?”。与我们有时被引导相信的不同,马克思实际上回答了这个问题。
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引用次数: 0
La question identitaire dans l’itinéraire de Présence Africaine 非洲存在行程中的身份问题
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.3167/hrrh.2022.480204
Etienne Lock
Cet article est une réfl exion sur la question identitaire telle que portée et exprimée dans l’itinéraire historique du mouvement Présence Africaine. Il met en exergue une dimension fondamentale, voire l’essence même de l’engagement de ce mouvement, jusqu’ici non explorée. Tout en faisant redécouvrir les défi s et de grands événements quiont fait la notoriété de Présence Africaine soutenue par une revue et une maison d’édition, cette réfl exion s’articule aussi autour des débats philosophiques et théologiques au seinde ce mouvement, et se déploie par ailleurs en référence aux indépendances africaines. L’opportunité d’une telle réfl exion s’explique par le fait que la question identitaire reste un enjeu important pour les sociétés contemporaines.This article examines the issue of identity as expressed in the historical journey of the intellectual movement Présence Africaine. It highlights a fundamental dimension of the commitment of that movement not yet explored in academic research. The current study uncovers the challenges and the great events that shaped the reputation of Présence] Africaine as an African intellectual movement with a journal and a publishing house. It also deals with the identity issue through philosophical and theological debates as well as in reference to the independence era in Africa. The relevance of such a study is due to the topicality of the identity issue for contemporary societies.
本文反映了非洲存在运动的历史行程中所涉及和表达的身份问题。它强调了这一运动承诺的一个基本层面,甚至是本质,迄今尚未探索。在重新发现非洲存在的挑战和重大事件的同时,在一家杂志和一家出版社的支持下,这一反思也围绕着这场运动中的哲学和神学辩论,并参考非洲独立展开。这种反思的机会可以解释为身份问题仍然是当代社会的一个重要问题。本文探讨了非洲知识运动存在的历史历程中表达的身份问题。它强调了学术研究尚未探索的这一运动承诺的基本层面。目前的研究揭示了挑战和重大事件,这些挑战和重大事件塑造了非洲作为一场拥有报纸和出版社的非洲知识运动的声誉。它还通过哲学和神学辩论以及非洲独立时代来解决身份问题。这项研究的相关性是由于当代社会身份问题的主题性。
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引用次数: 0
The Leftist “Imagined Community” 左派的“想象共同体”
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.3167/hrrh.2022.480205
Mikuláš Pešta
This article concerns radical leftist subversive organizations in Western Europe in the 1970s and 1980s and their transnational shared imagination. It shows that despite the scarcity of direct contacts, there existed a sense of belonging to the same transnational current, the “imagined community.” On selected criteria (Images – Semantics – Practice), the article provides analysis of the shared tropes in self-perception and in the communication. The patterns were shared among the Western European subversive organizations but also imported from the countries of the Global South. The article further presents the lack of eff ort of the subversive organizations to create their own mark and graphic identity, whether consciously or not, to become a part of the “global anti-imperialist front.” It puts into question the utility of the traditional categorization of subversive organizations and discusses the use of the term “terrorism” regarding its self-perception and global context.
本文关注的是20世纪七八十年代西欧激进左翼颠覆组织及其跨国共同想象。它表明,尽管缺乏直接接触,但存在一种属于同一跨国潮流的归属感,即“想象共同体”。在选择的标准(图像-语义-实践)下,文章分析了自我感知和交流中的共同修辞。这些模式在西欧颠覆组织之间共享,但也从全球南方国家引进。文章进一步指出,无论是有意还是无意,这些颠覆性组织都没有努力创造自己的标志和图形身份,以成为“全球反帝国主义阵线”的一部分。它对颠覆性组织的传统分类的效用提出了疑问,并讨论了“恐怖主义”一词在其自我认识和全球范围内的用法。
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引用次数: 1
Posesión de Tiempo Inmemorial (Possession of Time Immemorial) 拥有远古时间(拥有远古时间)
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3167/hrrh.2022.480103
Víctor Brangier, M. Lorca
This study focuses on disputes between small and medium tenants, who sought to formalize old land rights. The context under study is Rengo Valley, Chile, between 1820 and 1830, where there was increasing pressure to clarify rights over possessions. The analysis of a sample of 31 trials showed the relevance of the judicial use of the figure Posesión de Tiempo Inmemorial (Possession of Time Immemorial). This was a resource derived from the value of possession in the Hispanic American agrarian legal culture, one that the litigants used strategically. This study’s findings provide new data on the use of socially valued legal figures in justice to defend possession, thus contributing to the discussion on the dispossession of peasants in contexts of proprietary formalization.
这项研究的重点是中小型租户之间的纠纷,他们试图将旧土地权利正式化。研究的背景是1820年至1830年间的智利伦戈山谷,在那里,澄清财产权利的压力越来越大。对31起审判样本的分析表明,司法使用Posesión de Tiempo Inmemorial(拥有永恒的时间)这一数字具有相关性。这是一种来源于西班牙裔美国农业法律文化中占有价值的资源,诉讼当事人战略性地使用了这种价值。这项研究的发现提供了关于在司法中使用具有社会价值的法律人物来捍卫所有权的新数据,从而有助于讨论所有权形式化背景下对农民的剥夺。
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引用次数: 0
Senses and Gender in Modern and Ancient Greek Healing Rituals 现代和古希腊治疗仪式中的感官和性别
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3167/hrrh.2022.480105
E. J. Håland
This article presents ethnographic fieldwork combined with studies of historical sources to explore modern and ancient healing rituals in Greece. It focuses on the importance of the senses, especially smell, taste, and sight, in relation to gendered practices and beliefs about healing. In Greece, healing rituals are generally connected with the domestic sphere where women are the dominant agents of power. Based upon the author’s fieldwork, the article presents the “female sphere” from the perspectives of female informants. It seeks to deconstruct male perceptions of women and their magic healing rituals that appear in ancient sources produced by men, by a comparison with the modern material.
本文将人种学田野调查与历史渊源研究相结合,探索希腊现代和古代的治疗仪式。它关注感官的重要性,尤其是嗅觉、味觉和视觉,与性别化的实践和关于治愈的信念有关。在希腊,治疗仪式通常与家庭领域有关,在家庭领域,女性是权力的主导者。本文以作者的田野调查为基础,从女性线人的视角来呈现“女性领域”。它试图通过与现代材料的比较,解构男性对女性的看法及其神奇的治疗仪式,这些仪式出现在男性制作的古代资料中。
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引用次数: 0
Pays des brumes 雾之国
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3167/hrrh.2022.480104
Barry Nevin
Whereas the aesthetics and politics of poetic realism in French prewar cinema have been analyzed in depth, the extent to which poetic realism persisted in French cinema of the Occupation and the textual space that it created for spectators within this cultural context remain comparatively neglected. Responding to this critical oversight, this article analyzes Christian-Jaque’s Voyage sans espoir (1943) and Jean Grémillon’s Lumiére d’été from three perspectives: first, it evinces iconography in each that was central to the 1930s poetic realist films directed by figures such as Marcel Carné, Jean Renoir, and Jacques Feyder; second, it illustrates how poetic realism’s characteristic focus on gender was reconfigured during the Occupation; third, it determines how these aesthetic and social aspects spoke to French society under occupation. This article ultimately argues that poetic realist praxis persisted during the war years and constituted a major vector of resistance against German rule and the Vichy government.
尽管人们对法国战前电影中诗意现实主义的美学和政治进行了深入的分析,但相对而言,人们却忽视了诗意现实主义在占领时期法国电影中持续存在的程度,以及它在这种文化背景下为观众创造的文本空间。为了回应这种批评的疏忽,本文从三个角度分析了克里斯蒂安·雅克的《无灵魂之旅》(1943)和让·格莱姆伦的《光辉岁月》:首先,它证明了在20世纪30年代由马塞尔·卡尔内斯、让·雷诺阿和雅克·费德等人物执导的诗意现实主义电影中,这两部电影中的图像学是核心;其次,它说明了诗歌现实主义对性别特征的关注如何在占领期间被重新配置;第三,它决定了这些审美和社会方面如何与占领下的法国社会对话。本文最终认为,诗歌现实主义实践在战争年代持续存在,并构成了抵抗德国统治和维希政府的主要载体。
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引用次数: 1
Ordinary Violence, Emotion, Information, and Anxiety 普通暴力、情绪、信息和焦虑
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3167/hrrh.2022.030822
W. Palmer
The study of violence has emerged as an important analytical category for historical analysis, especially in the areas where Europeans attempted to establish either dominance or colonies, such as Ireland, North America, Asia, and the Middle East. This article surveys some recent work on colonial violence, in which historians have tried to distinguish between different types of violence and have pointed to the importance of intelligence gathering, fear, and emotion as analytical tools for understanding the nature of colonial violence.
对暴力的研究已经成为历史分析的一个重要分析范畴,特别是在欧洲人试图建立统治或殖民地的地区,如爱尔兰、北美、亚洲和中东。本文综述了最近一些关于殖民暴力的研究,在这些研究中,历史学家试图区分不同类型的暴力,并指出情报收集、恐惧和情感作为理解殖民暴力本质的分析工具的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
How Should Historians Talk about Spatial Agency? 历史学家应该如何谈论空间代理?
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3167/hrrh.2022.480101
Paul Stock
In recent years, it has become commonplace to argue that space is an important topic in the humanities and social sciences. But what does space do? Can we speak of space as having agency? Historians’ responses to these questions are strikingly varied. Some propose an almost deterministic role for spatial characteristics, while others deny that space can have any causal function at all. This article seeks to navigate a path between these unsatisfactory extremes. It uses insights from material culture studies and actor-network theory to discuss ways of re-framing agency as an assemblage of human and non-human affects. Agency can thus be defined not in terms of first causes and definitive outcomes, but instead as a coincidence of occurrences. This allows historians to speak of “spatial agency” as the emplacement of affective elements, the gathering of agencies at a particular site and moment.
近年来,人们普遍认为空间是人文社会科学的一个重要话题。但是太空能做什么呢?我们能说空间有能动性吗?历史学家对这些问题的回答大相径庭。一些人提出空间特征具有几乎决定性的作用,而另一些人则否认空间具有任何因果作用。本文试图在这两个令人不满意的极端之间找到一条道路。它利用物质文化研究和行动者网络理论的见解来讨论将代理重新定义为人类和非人类情感的集合的方法。因此,能动性不是根据最初的原因和确定的结果来定义的,而是根据事件的巧合来定义的。这允许历史学家将“空间代理”称为情感元素的安置,代理在特定地点和时刻的聚集。
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引用次数: 0
Illyria Remembered 伊利里亚记忆
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3167/hrrh.2022.480102
D. McCallam
This article examines how four French memorialists recall and represent the former imperial territories of the Illyrian Provinces (1809–1813) on the eastern Adriatic seaboard. It explores how their memoirs deploy Enlightenment ethnography and Romantic exoticism in distinct ways while problematizing these approaches in light of lived experiences in the region. The article thus sheds light on the evolving character of tropes about the western Balkans in early nineteenth-century France, highlighting the influence the landscapes, cultures, and peoples of the territories had on the French officials posted there, including on their later self-presentation as memorialists.
本文考察了四位法国纪念学家如何回忆和再现亚得里亚海东部沿海伊利里亚省(1809-1813)的前帝国领土。它探讨了他们的回忆录如何以独特的方式运用启蒙民族志和浪漫异国情调,同时根据该地区的生活经历对这些方法提出了问题。因此,这篇文章揭示了19世纪早期法国关于西巴尔干地区的比喻的演变特征,强调了该地区的景观、文化和人民对派驻那里的法国官员的影响,包括他们后来作为纪念者的自我表现。
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引用次数: 0
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HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS-REFLEXIONS HISTORIQUES
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