N. Zaimenko, N. Skrypchenko, B. Ivanytska, T. Venediktova, N. Kovalska, U. Karpiuk, T. Stasiv, D. Liu
Peculiarities of accumulation of nutrients in the leaves of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. and rhizosphere soil under the conditions of its continuous monoculture have been studied. Comparative analysis of the distribution of nutrients in the leaves of plants under different soil and climatic conditions revealed significant differences. It was found that plants grown on podzolic chernozem of Kolomyia State Forest Fund (Otyniia, Ukraine) were characterized by more intensive absorption of such nutrients as Ca, Si, P, Cu, Zn and Mg. The content of P, K, S, Mn was much higher in the foliar tissues of S. chinensis plants cultivated on the territory of the M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden (Kyiv, Ukraine) in the conditions of dark grey forest soil. The high ability of plants to accumulate and release Mg into the rhizosphere soil was revealed, which is fully consistent with the selective ability of plants to release mineral elements into the soil environment in accordance with their ecomorphotypes. At the same time, the amount of Ca in the rhizosphere soil decreased significantly at the end of the vegetative period, which could be explained, on the one hand, by the intensive influx of Ca into plant tissues and, on the other hand, by participation in chemical balancing processes to reduce manganese and nitrogen mobility in the soil. Barrier-free accumulation of Fe, Ca, Mg, Al elements in S. chinensis leaves was revealed, which should be taken into account when developing plant cultivation technology. The studies of allelopathy activity of vegetative and generative organs of plants and rhizosphere soil have shown that phenolic substances accumulate in small amounts in the soil under S. chinensis, which is a prerequisite for successful cultivation of this fruit vine in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine under conditions of continuous long-term cultivation. The largest amount of phenolic substances was in the upper soil horizons, which gradually decreased with depth, which is consistent with the course of redox processes for the studied soil profiles. The pool of free amino acids of S. chinensis plants growing in different soil and climatic conditions was analyzed, the concentration of amino acids in the leaves was the most indicative. Evaluation of the quantitative and qualitative distribution of free amino acids in plant tissues serves as a diagnostic sign of plant sensitivity to soil and climatic conditions.
{"title":"Peculiarities of the distribution of assimilates in the organs of Schisandra chinensis plants under different soil and climatic conditions","authors":"N. Zaimenko, N. Skrypchenko, B. Ivanytska, T. Venediktova, N. Kovalska, U. Karpiuk, T. Stasiv, D. Liu","doi":"10.15421/012241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/012241","url":null,"abstract":"Peculiarities of accumulation of nutrients in the leaves of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. and rhizosphere soil under the conditions of its continuous monoculture have been studied. Comparative analysis of the distribution of nutrients in the leaves of plants under different soil and climatic conditions revealed significant differences. It was found that plants grown on podzolic chernozem of Kolomyia State Forest Fund (Otyniia, Ukraine) were characterized by more intensive absorption of such nutrients as Ca, Si, P, Cu, Zn and Mg. The content of P, K, S, Mn was much higher in the foliar tissues of S. chinensis plants cultivated on the territory of the M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden (Kyiv, Ukraine) in the conditions of dark grey forest soil. The high ability of plants to accumulate and release Mg into the rhizosphere soil was revealed, which is fully consistent with the selective ability of plants to release mineral elements into the soil environment in accordance with their ecomorphotypes. At the same time, the amount of Ca in the rhizosphere soil decreased significantly at the end of the vegetative period, which could be explained, on the one hand, by the intensive influx of Ca into plant tissues and, on the other hand, by participation in chemical balancing processes to reduce manganese and nitrogen mobility in the soil. Barrier-free accumulation of Fe, Ca, Mg, Al elements in S. chinensis leaves was revealed, which should be taken into account when developing plant cultivation technology. The studies of allelopathy activity of vegetative and generative organs of plants and rhizosphere soil have shown that phenolic substances accumulate in small amounts in the soil under S. chinensis, which is a prerequisite for successful cultivation of this fruit vine in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine under conditions of continuous long-term cultivation. The largest amount of phenolic substances was in the upper soil horizons, which gradually decreased with depth, which is consistent with the course of redox processes for the studied soil profiles. The pool of free amino acids of S. chinensis plants growing in different soil and climatic conditions was analyzed, the concentration of amino acids in the leaves was the most indicative. Evaluation of the quantitative and qualitative distribution of free amino acids in plant tissues serves as a diagnostic sign of plant sensitivity to soil and climatic conditions.","PeriodicalId":44107,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Diversity","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87601292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to their durability, versatility and economy, plastic products are widely used in all spheres of human life. Despite the inertness of polymers, recent studies show the ability of microplastic to overcome natural tissue barriers, accumulate in the animal’s body, affect metabolism and change the intestinal microbiota, negatively affecting it. In a 42-day experiment, changes in the internal organs’ relative mass, blood biochemical and morphological parameters of white mice were established under the influence of different doses of polystyrene foam in their diet. Four groups of white mice consumed crushed polystyrene foam particles (10%, 1% and 0.1% by weight of the feed, control group without the addition of polystyrene foam). At the end of the experiment, the morphofunctional state of the internal organs was determined by the organ mass index and blood biochemical parameters. Adding crushed polystyrene foam to the feed in an amount of 1% causes a significant decrease in the mass index of the heart and stomach, 10% – only the heart, and 0.1% – does not affect this indicator. Polystyrene foam had a significant effect on blood biochemical parameters, regardless of the dose, causing an increase in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase against the background of a decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase. The content of total bilirubin, urea, urea nitrogen and cholesterol decreased, and the concentration of creatinine and total protein increased (due to the albumin fraction). The use of crushed polystyrene foam in mice did not cause significant changes in the blood morphological composition, except for a dose-dependent increase in the number of monocytes. In the future, it is planned to determine histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical changes in the organs of laboratory animals under the influence of plastic in a laboratory experiment.
{"title":"The effect of polystyrene foam in different doses on the blood parameters and relative mass of internal organs of white mice","authors":"M. Bilan, M. Lieshchova, V. Brygadyrenko","doi":"10.15421/012243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/012243","url":null,"abstract":"Due to their durability, versatility and economy, plastic products are widely used in all spheres of human life. Despite the inertness of polymers, recent studies show the ability of microplastic to overcome natural tissue barriers, accumulate in the animal’s body, affect metabolism and change the intestinal microbiota, negatively affecting it. In a 42-day experiment, changes in the internal organs’ relative mass, blood biochemical and morphological parameters of white mice were established under the influence of different doses of polystyrene foam in their diet. Four groups of white mice consumed crushed polystyrene foam particles (10%, 1% and 0.1% by weight of the feed, control group without the addition of polystyrene foam). At the end of the experiment, the morphofunctional state of the internal organs was determined by the organ mass index and blood biochemical parameters. Adding crushed polystyrene foam to the feed in an amount of 1% causes a significant decrease in the mass index of the heart and stomach, 10% – only the heart, and 0.1% – does not affect this indicator. Polystyrene foam had a significant effect on blood biochemical parameters, regardless of the dose, causing an increase in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase against the background of a decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase. The content of total bilirubin, urea, urea nitrogen and cholesterol decreased, and the concentration of creatinine and total protein increased (due to the albumin fraction). The use of crushed polystyrene foam in mice did not cause significant changes in the blood morphological composition, except for a dose-dependent increase in the number of monocytes. In the future, it is planned to determine histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical changes in the organs of laboratory animals under the influence of plastic in a laboratory experiment.","PeriodicalId":44107,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Diversity","volume":"18 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76832627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Snigirova, O. Uzun, O. Bondarenko, I. A. Kapshyna, I. A. Synegub, V. V. Portianko, S. Kudrenko, O. A. Rybalko, L. Vorobyova, O. K. Vynogradov
Despite long-term research on marine litter there is still insufficient knowledge about benthic organisms associated with these substrates, especially experimental studies and methodology of sampling for complex biofouling assemblages. To predict the fate of plastic in the marine environment it is necessary to know how long the macrolitter can stay in different sea matrices and what are the steps of colonisation by marine organisms. The experiments were carried out during various seasons in situ in the north-western Black Sea coastal area. Three new types of the experimental constructions intended for different durations of exposure (1–10 months) were designed. This article is the first to present the methodology and the results of complex experiments investigating marine fouling (from microalgae to meio- and macrofauna) on plastic surfaces. Overall, 28 genera of microalgae, 13 major groups of meiobenthos and 36 species of macrofauna were found on plastic during the experiments. The microalgae fouling was mainly formed by representatives of genus Cocconeis. The species composition of microalgae was common for the research area. The average density and biomass of meiobenthos were the greatest on I construction type after 8 months of exposure. In the total macrozoobenthos biomass and density of Bivalvia and Crustacea dominated, respectively. The obtained results on the interaction between fouling organisms and plastic materials in the marine environment form an important contribution to the understanding of the "good ecological status" of the sea. Additional studies based on the tested methodology could be used as a component of ecological monitoring during development and implementation of the approaches of the Marine Strategy (descriptor 10).
{"title":"Biofouling growth on plastic substrates: Experimental studies in the Black Sea","authors":"A. Snigirova, O. Uzun, O. Bondarenko, I. A. Kapshyna, I. A. Synegub, V. V. Portianko, S. Kudrenko, O. A. Rybalko, L. Vorobyova, O. K. Vynogradov","doi":"10.15421/012239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/012239","url":null,"abstract":"Despite long-term research on marine litter there is still insufficient knowledge about benthic organisms associated with these substrates, especially experimental studies and methodology of sampling for complex biofouling assemblages. To predict the fate of plastic in the marine environment it is necessary to know how long the macrolitter can stay in different sea matrices and what are the steps of colonisation by marine organisms. The experiments were carried out during various seasons in situ in the north-western Black Sea coastal area. Three new types of the experimental constructions intended for different durations of exposure (1–10 months) were designed. This article is the first to present the methodology and the results of complex experiments investigating marine fouling (from microalgae to meio- and macrofauna) on plastic surfaces. Overall, 28 genera of microalgae, 13 major groups of meiobenthos and 36 species of macrofauna were found on plastic during the experiments. The microalgae fouling was mainly formed by representatives of genus Cocconeis. The species composition of microalgae was common for the research area. The average density and biomass of meiobenthos were the greatest on I construction type after 8 months of exposure. In the total macrozoobenthos biomass and density of Bivalvia and Crustacea dominated, respectively. The obtained results on the interaction between fouling organisms and plastic materials in the marine environment form an important contribution to the understanding of the \"good ecological status\" of the sea. Additional studies based on the tested methodology could be used as a component of ecological monitoring during development and implementation of the approaches of the Marine Strategy (descriptor 10).","PeriodicalId":44107,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Diversity","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82777267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Liashenko, K. Zorina-Sakharova, M. Pohorielova, T. M. Sereda, І. І. Abramyuk, V. Trylis
Resumption of shipping in the Bystryi branch in the Ukrainian part of the Danube Delta, one of the largest aquatic-wetland areas of Europe and the world, has made it necessary to control the anthropogenic impact on the neighboring water areas of the Danube Biosphere Reserve. The objective of the study was comparing the compositions and structure of phytoplankton, microphytobenthos, macrophytes, benthic invertebrates and ichthyofauna of the mouth area of the Bystryi branch with such communities of the mouths of the branches Vostochnyi, Tsyhanka and Starostambulskyi, which are situated in the protected zone and characterized by limited anthropogenic activity. We also determined the correspondence of the descriptors of biotic groups to the categories of the ecological status according to the Water Framework Directive of the EU. The studies were performed in the autumn and summer periods in 2020–2021. We recorded 367 species of animals and plants, the richest biodiversity was seen for the biota of the Bystryi branch – 250 species, and 180–231 species of hydrobionts were found in the undisturbed mouths. We determined 25.3% of shared species for the water areas, and therefore high values of similarity of the species compositions according to Bray-Curtis (47.5% to 81.5%). We determined no significant differences between the groups of the mouths of the examined branches according to most indicators of taxonomic and ecological structure. As the descriptors of ecological status, we chose assemblage indices of phytoplankton and microphytobenthos, which are based on ratios of biomass of functional groups of algae, and also the Macrophyte Biological Index for Rivers, saprobic index of Zelinka & Marvan and Biological Monitoring Working Party Index of Benthic Invertebrates and Representation of Species of Ichthyfauna according to vulnerability to actions of environmental factors. We determined that the range of descriptors of phytoplankton and microphytobenthos corresponded to the “high” ecological status category, such of macrophytes and benthic invertebrates to “good”, and such of ichthyofauna varied “high” to “good”. In general, all the mouth areas were characterized by “good” ecological status. Similarities of the species composition and the structure of biotic communities of the mouths of the studied branches of the delta indicate the absence of negative impact of the deepwater shipping on adjacent ecosystems, which may be related to the peculiarities of reactions of groups in the water areas with natural stress, as well as local impact of the hydrotechnical construction.
{"title":"Impact of hydrotechnical construction on aquatic ecosystems of the Kiliia branch of the Danube Delta","authors":"A. Liashenko, K. Zorina-Sakharova, M. Pohorielova, T. M. Sereda, І. І. Abramyuk, V. Trylis","doi":"10.15421/012235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/012235","url":null,"abstract":"Resumption of shipping in the Bystryi branch in the Ukrainian part of the Danube Delta, one of the largest aquatic-wetland areas of Europe and the world, has made it necessary to control the anthropogenic impact on the neighboring water areas of the Danube Biosphere Reserve. The objective of the study was comparing the compositions and structure of phytoplankton, microphytobenthos, macrophytes, benthic invertebrates and ichthyofauna of the mouth area of the Bystryi branch with such communities of the mouths of the branches Vostochnyi, Tsyhanka and Starostambulskyi, which are situated in the protected zone and characterized by limited anthropogenic activity. We also determined the correspondence of the descriptors of biotic groups to the categories of the ecological status according to the Water Framework Directive of the EU. The studies were performed in the autumn and summer periods in 2020–2021. We recorded 367 species of animals and plants, the richest biodiversity was seen for the biota of the Bystryi branch – 250 species, and 180–231 species of hydrobionts were found in the undisturbed mouths. We determined 25.3% of shared species for the water areas, and therefore high values of similarity of the species compositions according to Bray-Curtis (47.5% to 81.5%). We determined no significant differences between the groups of the mouths of the examined branches according to most indicators of taxonomic and ecological structure. As the descriptors of ecological status, we chose assemblage indices of phytoplankton and microphytobenthos, which are based on ratios of biomass of functional groups of algae, and also the Macrophyte Biological Index for Rivers, saprobic index of Zelinka & Marvan and Biological Monitoring Working Party Index of Benthic Invertebrates and Representation of Species of Ichthyfauna according to vulnerability to actions of environmental factors. We determined that the range of descriptors of phytoplankton and microphytobenthos corresponded to the “high” ecological status category, such of macrophytes and benthic invertebrates to “good”, and such of ichthyofauna varied “high” to “good”. In general, all the mouth areas were characterized by “good” ecological status. Similarities of the species composition and the structure of biotic communities of the mouths of the studied branches of the delta indicate the absence of negative impact of the deepwater shipping on adjacent ecosystems, which may be related to the peculiarities of reactions of groups in the water areas with natural stress, as well as local impact of the hydrotechnical construction.","PeriodicalId":44107,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Diversity","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79728625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present work deals with the spatial distribution of the sciarid species (black fungus gnats) recorded from Morocco throughout the major biogeographical regions: Rif, Eastern Morocco, Atlantic Plain, Middle Atlas, High Atlas, and Anti-Atlas, providing for the first time an atlas of the distribution of Moroccan sciarid fauna. The analysis of the species distribution showed differences between the regions, revealing that the High Atlas and the Rif hosted the greatest specific richness. Of the surveyed sites, forests, crop fields, and aquatic habitats seem to be the most favourable for supporting many sciarid species. Ecological preferences for each species are discussed, indicating a clear preference for medium altitudes ranging from 500 to 1000 m. Alongside the study on the distribution of species, a review of the species recorded in Morocco and gathered from the literature has enabled us to update the checklist of sciarid species, which comprises 65 so far in Morocco. Particular emphasis focused on black fungus gnats considered potentially harmful, with the aim of assessing their distribution in the country, has revealed that Bradysia transitata, B. trivittata, B. xenoreflexa, Lycoriella sativae, Scatopsciara subarmata were collected from strawberry greenhouses (Rosaceae: strawberries), Bradysia placida, B. santorina, B. scabricornis, B. tilicola, B. trivittata and Camptochaeta jeskei were collected from fruit trees (Rosaceae: almond trees), Bradysia santorina, Corynoptera saccata and C. semipedestris were found on palms (Arecaceae: date palms), Scatopsciara atomaria and S. curvilinea were captured in crop fields (Poaceae, Fabaceae), Bradysia scabricornis, Bradysiopsis vittata were collected from Liliaceae, Scatopsciara atomaria was also found on Asteraceae and Solanaceae, and Corynoptera praeparvula was exclusively reported from Solanaceae.
目前的工作涉及摩洛哥在主要生物地理区域(Rif、摩洛哥东部、大西洋平原、中阿特拉斯、高阿特拉斯和反阿特拉斯)记录的坐骨昆虫物种(黑木耳蚊蚋)的空间分布，首次提供了摩洛哥坐骨昆虫动物群分布的地图集。物种分布分析显示了不同区域间的差异，表明高地图集和裂谷具有最大的特定丰富度。在被调查的地点中，森林、农田和水生栖息地似乎最有利于支持许多干旱物种。讨论了每种物种的生态偏好，表明它们对500至1000米的中等海拔有明显的偏好。除了对物种分布的研究之外，对在摩洛哥记录的物种和从文献中收集的物种进行了审查，使我们能够更新在摩洛哥迄今已有65种的坐骨植物物种清单。特别着重于被认为有潜在危害的黑木耳蚊蚋，目的是评估它们在该国的分布情况，结果表明，从草莓温室(蔷薇科:草莓)收集到的是transitsia、trivittata B. xenoreflexa、Lycoriella sativa、Scatopsciara subarmata，从果树(蔷薇科:草莓)收集到的是placysia、santorina B. scabricornis、tilicola B. trivittata和Camptochaeta jeskei;棕榈(槟榔科:枣椰树)上发现有山蛾、长尾蛾、半行蛾，农作物田(豆科、豆科)上发现有长尾蛾和曲线蛾，百合科中发现有长尾蛾、vittata，菊科和茄科中也发现有长尾蛾，茄科中只发现有长尾蛾。
{"title":"Distribution of black fungus gnats (Diptera, Sciaridae) in Morocco, with an updated list of species and an emphasis on Moroccan crop pest species","authors":"N. Ouazzani, K. Kettani","doi":"10.15421/012234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/012234","url":null,"abstract":"The present work deals with the spatial distribution of the sciarid species (black fungus gnats) recorded from Morocco throughout the major biogeographical regions: Rif, Eastern Morocco, Atlantic Plain, Middle Atlas, High Atlas, and Anti-Atlas, providing for the first time an atlas of the distribution of Moroccan sciarid fauna. The analysis of the species distribution showed differences between the regions, revealing that the High Atlas and the Rif hosted the greatest specific richness. Of the surveyed sites, forests, crop fields, and aquatic habitats seem to be the most favourable for supporting many sciarid species. Ecological preferences for each species are discussed, indicating a clear preference for medium altitudes ranging from 500 to 1000 m. Alongside the study on the distribution of species, a review of the species recorded in Morocco and gathered from the literature has enabled us to update the checklist of sciarid species, which comprises 65 so far in Morocco. Particular emphasis focused on black fungus gnats considered potentially harmful, with the aim of assessing their distribution in the country, has revealed that Bradysia transitata, B. trivittata, B. xenoreflexa, Lycoriella sativae, Scatopsciara subarmata were collected from strawberry greenhouses (Rosaceae: strawberries), Bradysia placida, B. santorina, B. scabricornis, B. tilicola, B. trivittata and Camptochaeta jeskei were collected from fruit trees (Rosaceae: almond trees), Bradysia santorina, Corynoptera saccata and C. semipedestris were found on palms (Arecaceae: date palms), Scatopsciara atomaria and S. curvilinea were captured in crop fields (Poaceae, Fabaceae), Bradysia scabricornis, Bradysiopsis vittata were collected from Liliaceae, Scatopsciara atomaria was also found on Asteraceae and Solanaceae, and Corynoptera praeparvula was exclusively reported from Solanaceae.","PeriodicalId":44107,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Diversity","volume":"189 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73534875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Shakirov, К. S. Mamanazarova, A. G. Sherembetov, N. Azimova
On earth, pathogenic fungal infections are considered one of the most common crop problems, accounting for more than 80% of all plant diseases. The production of biologics and the fight against pathogens are highly relevant priorities. In this article, rhizosphere cultures isolated from wheat root tubers have been studied in detail for the development of pathogenic fungi. In the course of research, the inhibitory properties of rhizobacteria against common pathogenic fungi were studied. The main mechanism of antagonism is that bacteria directly affect phytopathogens or increase plant resistance to diseases by enhancing immunity. The antagonistic activity of rhizospheric microorganisms was studied and the level of their action was determined. It has been established that wheat rhizospheric bacteria Escherichia hermannii, Enterobacter cloacae and Rahnella aquatilis affect the development of pathogens that cause Alternaria and Fusarium wilt. In the experiments, 46 strains of rhizobacteria of the genus Enterobacter (strain E. cloacae CCIM1022), Rahnella (R. aquatilis CCIM1023), Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Escherichia were isolated and the effectiveness of their antifungal properties on the reproduction of pathogenic fungi was tested. Pathogenic fungi Alternaria, Fusarium, causing diseases of vegetable and melon crops, were isolated from host plants. It is noted that rhizobacteria have a negative impact and block the development of pure cultures of fungi isolated from tomatoes, zucchini, figs, melons, causing fungal diseases on cups. The 46 isolated and tested strains of rhizobacteria effectively inhibited the development of pathogenic fungi. Of these, Rahnella is the first bacterium studied for this purpose, and has been given great importance in experiments to block the development of Alternaria (A. alternata CCIM 1021). The causative agents of alternariosis are widely open. However, large-scale analysis of their presence and control of pathogens has always been difficult. In experiments to combat the pathogen in the laboratory, a new agent was used to spread nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
{"title":"Antifungal properties of rhizobacterial strains in relation to fungi of agricultural crops","authors":"Z. Shakirov, К. S. Mamanazarova, A. G. Sherembetov, N. Azimova","doi":"10.15421/012242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/012242","url":null,"abstract":"On earth, pathogenic fungal infections are considered one of the most common crop problems, accounting for more than 80% of all plant diseases. The production of biologics and the fight against pathogens are highly relevant priorities. In this article, rhizosphere cultures isolated from wheat root tubers have been studied in detail for the development of pathogenic fungi. In the course of research, the inhibitory properties of rhizobacteria against common pathogenic fungi were studied. The main mechanism of antagonism is that bacteria directly affect phytopathogens or increase plant resistance to diseases by enhancing immunity. The antagonistic activity of rhizospheric microorganisms was studied and the level of their action was determined. It has been established that wheat rhizospheric bacteria Escherichia hermannii, Enterobacter cloacae and Rahnella aquatilis affect the development of pathogens that cause Alternaria and Fusarium wilt. In the experiments, 46 strains of rhizobacteria of the genus Enterobacter (strain E. cloacae CCIM1022), Rahnella (R. aquatilis CCIM1023), Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Escherichia were isolated and the effectiveness of their antifungal properties on the reproduction of pathogenic fungi was tested. Pathogenic fungi Alternaria, Fusarium, causing diseases of vegetable and melon crops, were isolated from host plants. It is noted that rhizobacteria have a negative impact and block the development of pure cultures of fungi isolated from tomatoes, zucchini, figs, melons, causing fungal diseases on cups. The 46 isolated and tested strains of rhizobacteria effectively inhibited the development of pathogenic fungi. Of these, Rahnella is the first bacterium studied for this purpose, and has been given great importance in experiments to block the development of Alternaria (A. alternata CCIM 1021). The causative agents of alternariosis are widely open. However, large-scale analysis of their presence and control of pathogens has always been difficult. In experiments to combat the pathogen in the laboratory, a new agent was used to spread nitrogen-fixing bacteria.","PeriodicalId":44107,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Diversity","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78450691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article aims to shed light on the process of known degradation of the forest area of Benslimane province during the period 1990–2020 and to specify the most important human causes which contributed to it (quarries, extension of the built-up area, the impact of agricultural activities, grazing and collection of firewood), by using remote sensing techniques (spatial images for the years 1990–2000–2010–2020) to produce Land Cover maps. The following satellite images were used, Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI, with a spatial precision of 30 m, the Semi-Automatic Classification Plugin (SCP) in QGIS was used for atmospheric correction, and the Spectral Angle Mapping algorithm for the images’ classification. The rating evaluation of the Kappa coefficient shows the following ratios for the years 1990–2000–2010–2020 respectively ; 0.89–0.90–0.90–0.93. The results showed that the forest area of Benslimane province has declined by 11.4% or about 6,027.7 ha between 1990–2020 at the rate of 200 ha/year, which has been turned into matorral land or bare land. This forest also lost 35.2% of its vegetative density and has become much sparser, while the original grazing areas surrounding it have been reduced by 50.4%. Moreover, the area of quarries increased by 1,097.4%, the percentage of built-up area increased by 328.2%, and the agricultural area expanded by 32.7%. These results can be used as preliminary data for future studies and can help policymakers focus on the real drivers of forest degradation, in order to develop interventions to ensure the sustainability of natural resources.
{"title":"The degradation of forest areas in Morocco: Case of Benslimane province","authors":"A. Hammouyat, A. Ichen, M. Elmalki, D. Chahhou","doi":"10.15421/012238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/012238","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to shed light on the process of known degradation of the forest area of Benslimane province during the period 1990–2020 and to specify the most important human causes which contributed to it (quarries, extension of the built-up area, the impact of agricultural activities, grazing and collection of firewood), by using remote sensing techniques (spatial images for the years 1990–2000–2010–2020) to produce Land Cover maps. The following satellite images were used, Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI, with a spatial precision of 30 m, the Semi-Automatic Classification Plugin (SCP) in QGIS was used for atmospheric correction, and the Spectral Angle Mapping algorithm for the images’ classification. The rating evaluation of the Kappa coefficient shows the following ratios for the years 1990–2000–2010–2020 respectively ; 0.89–0.90–0.90–0.93. The results showed that the forest area of Benslimane province has declined by 11.4% or about 6,027.7 ha between 1990–2020 at the rate of 200 ha/year, which has been turned into matorral land or bare land. This forest also lost 35.2% of its vegetative density and has become much sparser, while the original grazing areas surrounding it have been reduced by 50.4%. Moreover, the area of quarries increased by 1,097.4%, the percentage of built-up area increased by 328.2%, and the agricultural area expanded by 32.7%. These results can be used as preliminary data for future studies and can help policymakers focus on the real drivers of forest degradation, in order to develop interventions to ensure the sustainability of natural resources.","PeriodicalId":44107,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Diversity","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81507792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Arepbaev, F. Akramova, U. Shakarbaev, Z. Yorkulov, A. Mirzayeva, S. Saidova, J. Esonboyev, F. Safarova, K. Saparov, M. Jumanov, D. Azimov
The article studies some faunistic features of helminths of wetland birds in the ecological crisis zone in North-Western Uzbekistan. Parasites of wetland birds collected in the basin of the lower reaches of the Amu Darya during the hunting seasons of 2018–2022 were used as material for this work. 500 individuals of birds representing 39 species from 24 genera, 13 families and 9 orders were examined using the parasitological dissection method. The article discusses the distribution and ecology of the helminths in the studied groups of birds. A total of 112 helminth species were identified in the region – 28 species belong to the class Cestoda, the class Trematoda is represented by 57 species, Nematoda – 23 and Acanthocephala – 4 species. 92 species of heminths were identified in the study area for the first time. The work provides original data on the structure of the helminth fauna from 9 orders of wetland birds. Various paths of helminth transmission in the circulation of infection were specified. The researchers identified four ways parasites use to enter their definitive host: helminths penetrate the host’s body when the latter eats other organisms, intermediate or reservoir hosts of helminths, which are part of the definitive’s host’s diet; helminths enter the host as mechanical impurity to food or water; they make active efforts to penetrate their host; helminths are transmitted by the intermediate host when the latter forages on the definitive host. Most of intermediate hosts for representatives of the class Cestoda were crustaceans – inhabitants of different types of water bodies; Oligochaeta are also included here as second or reservoir hosts. The development of trematodes occurs with the participation of aquatic molluscs acting as the first intermediate host. Various species of insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles and small mammals were identified as the second hosts. Nematoda use a wider range of intermediate hosts (Oligochaeta, crustaceans, insects – aquatic and terrestrial). Fish and amphibians were registered as the second and reservoir hosts of nematodes. The food chains of individual orders of wetland birds largely determine the composition of helminths parasitising them and are the main factor in the formation of their helminth fauna. These processes undoubtedly occur in time and space under the strict control of environmental factors.
{"title":"Ecological and faunal characteristics of helminths of wetland birds in North-Western Uzbekistan","authors":"I. Arepbaev, F. Akramova, U. Shakarbaev, Z. Yorkulov, A. Mirzayeva, S. Saidova, J. Esonboyev, F. Safarova, K. Saparov, M. Jumanov, D. Azimov","doi":"10.15421/012237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/012237","url":null,"abstract":"The article studies some faunistic features of helminths of wetland birds in the ecological crisis zone in North-Western Uzbekistan. Parasites of wetland birds collected in the basin of the lower reaches of the Amu Darya during the hunting seasons of 2018–2022 were used as material for this work. 500 individuals of birds representing 39 species from 24 genera, 13 families and 9 orders were examined using the parasitological dissection method. The article discusses the distribution and ecology of the helminths in the studied groups of birds. A total of 112 helminth species were identified in the region – 28 species belong to the class Cestoda, the class Trematoda is represented by 57 species, Nematoda – 23 and Acanthocephala – 4 species. 92 species of heminths were identified in the study area for the first time. The work provides original data on the structure of the helminth fauna from 9 orders of wetland birds. Various paths of helminth transmission in the circulation of infection were specified. The researchers identified four ways parasites use to enter their definitive host: helminths penetrate the host’s body when the latter eats other organisms, intermediate or reservoir hosts of helminths, which are part of the definitive’s host’s diet; helminths enter the host as mechanical impurity to food or water; they make active efforts to penetrate their host; helminths are transmitted by the intermediate host when the latter forages on the definitive host. Most of intermediate hosts for representatives of the class Cestoda were crustaceans – inhabitants of different types of water bodies; Oligochaeta are also included here as second or reservoir hosts. The development of trematodes occurs with the participation of aquatic molluscs acting as the first intermediate host. Various species of insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles and small mammals were identified as the second hosts. Nematoda use a wider range of intermediate hosts (Oligochaeta, crustaceans, insects – aquatic and terrestrial). Fish and amphibians were registered as the second and reservoir hosts of nematodes. The food chains of individual orders of wetland birds largely determine the composition of helminths parasitising them and are the main factor in the formation of their helminth fauna. These processes undoubtedly occur in time and space under the strict control of environmental factors.","PeriodicalId":44107,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Diversity","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79323614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Moukrim, A. Benabou, S. Lahssini, A. Aafi, A. Chkhichekh, F. Moudden, M. Ben Bammou, A. El Aboudi, S. Laaribya
North African forest areas play several roles and functions and represent a heritage of great economic and ecological importance. As a result of global changes, that act independently or synergistically, these areas are currently undergoing a pronounced degradation and their productivity is decreasing due to several factors. This work aims to characterize spatio-temporal dynamics of vegetation within the Maamora forest. This forest is considered as the most extensive cork oak woodland in the world and is divided, from west to east, into five cantons A, B, C, D and E. The data, extracted between 2000–2021 from MODIS NDVI/EVI images of 250 m, were analyzed using statistical parameters with the Pettitt homogeneity and the Mann-Kendall trend tests, with their seasonal and spatial components, in order to better consider the vegetation distribution of this forest. Results show a clear temporal and spatial (inter-canton) variability of vegetation intensity, unrelated to the continental gradient. In fact, recorded mean values in cantons C and E are significantly higher than those of cantons B and D respectively. This is confirmed by both regressive and progressive trends, which were identified respectively from the months of March 2012 and October 2008, in the data series of cantons B and E successively. Spatially, the regressive dynamic remains generalized and affects more than 26.7% of the Maamora’s total area with extreme rates (46.1% and 14.0%) recorded respectively by the two aforementioned cantons. Similarly, all the stand types in canton B show the highest regressive rates, especially the cork oak regeneration strata (75.4%) and the bare lands (86.1%), which may explain the positive tendencies identified by the related series during the fall season. However, the cantons C and E record the lowest rates, respectively, for natural stands of cork oak and artificial plantations. These results highlight also the absence of a causal relationship between the contrasting vegetation dynamics of the Maamora and the climatic conditions, expressed here by the continental gradient. However, they do highlight the effects of other factors, particularly those of a technical nature.
{"title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of North African forest cover dynamics using time series of vegetation indices – case of the Maamora forest (Morocco)","authors":"S. Moukrim, A. Benabou, S. Lahssini, A. Aafi, A. Chkhichekh, F. Moudden, M. Ben Bammou, A. El Aboudi, S. Laaribya","doi":"10.15421/012236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/012236","url":null,"abstract":"North African forest areas play several roles and functions and represent a heritage of great economic and ecological importance. As a result of global changes, that act independently or synergistically, these areas are currently undergoing a pronounced degradation and their productivity is decreasing due to several factors. This work aims to characterize spatio-temporal dynamics of vegetation within the Maamora forest. This forest is considered as the most extensive cork oak woodland in the world and is divided, from west to east, into five cantons A, B, C, D and E. The data, extracted between 2000–2021 from MODIS NDVI/EVI images of 250 m, were analyzed using statistical parameters with the Pettitt homogeneity and the Mann-Kendall trend tests, with their seasonal and spatial components, in order to better consider the vegetation distribution of this forest. Results show a clear temporal and spatial (inter-canton) variability of vegetation intensity, unrelated to the continental gradient. In fact, recorded mean values in cantons C and E are significantly higher than those of cantons B and D respectively. This is confirmed by both regressive and progressive trends, which were identified respectively from the months of March 2012 and October 2008, in the data series of cantons B and E successively. Spatially, the regressive dynamic remains generalized and affects more than 26.7% of the Maamora’s total area with extreme rates (46.1% and 14.0%) recorded respectively by the two aforementioned cantons. Similarly, all the stand types in canton B show the highest regressive rates, especially the cork oak regeneration strata (75.4%) and the bare lands (86.1%), which may explain the positive tendencies identified by the related series during the fall season. However, the cantons C and E record the lowest rates, respectively, for natural stands of cork oak and artificial plantations. These results highlight also the absence of a causal relationship between the contrasting vegetation dynamics of the Maamora and the climatic conditions, expressed here by the continental gradient. However, they do highlight the effects of other factors, particularly those of a technical nature.","PeriodicalId":44107,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Diversity","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91260865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Langraf, K. Petrovičová, J. Schlarmannová, P. Cenke, V. Brygadyrenko
Soil is an irreplaceable natural resource that enables the production of food and raw materials, forms agricultural and forest landscapes, filters and maintains water, ensures the cycle of substances in the ecosystem and contributes to maintaining biodiversity. Agricultural intensification is one of the most important factors for biodiversity loss. Spatial dispersion of epigeic arthropods reflects the ecological status of habitats and points to its quality. The aim of our research was to point out the differences in epigeic arthropod diversity in the examined crops Triticum aestivum, T. spelta and the influence of their ecotones on epigeic arthropods. Between the years 2019 to 2021 an investigation using the pitfall trap method recorded 5,232 individuals belonging to 13 taxonomic groups. The crop T. aestivum was represented by 2493 individuals and 13 taxa while in T. spelta we recorded 2739 individuals and 11 taxa. We observed significantly more taxa in the crop T. aestivum than in the crop T. spelta. We also confirmed the ecotone rule only for the T. aestivum crop. We confirmed the significant influence of crops and environmental variables (pH, potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen) on the spatial dispersion of individuals around pitfall traps. On the basis of our results, both ecological farming and their ecotone systems are important for epigeic arthropods and with topical and trophic conditions, which is important for the production of biomass and also affects crop. In any anthropogenic activity, it is important to give priority to less invasive procedures with non-toxic effects on organisms and to use effective technologies in land management.
{"title":"Influence of ecological farming on the community structure of epigeic arthropods in crops Triticum aestivum and T. spelta","authors":"V. Langraf, K. Petrovičová, J. Schlarmannová, P. Cenke, V. Brygadyrenko","doi":"10.15421/012228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/012228","url":null,"abstract":"Soil is an irreplaceable natural resource that enables the production of food and raw materials, forms agricultural and forest landscapes, filters and maintains water, ensures the cycle of substances in the ecosystem and contributes to maintaining biodiversity. Agricultural intensification is one of the most important factors for biodiversity loss. Spatial dispersion of epigeic arthropods reflects the ecological status of habitats and points to its quality. The aim of our research was to point out the differences in epigeic arthropod diversity in the examined crops Triticum aestivum, T. spelta and the influence of their ecotones on epigeic arthropods. Between the years 2019 to 2021 an investigation using the pitfall trap method recorded 5,232 individuals belonging to 13 taxonomic groups. The crop T. aestivum was represented by 2493 individuals and 13 taxa while in T. spelta we recorded 2739 individuals and 11 taxa. We observed significantly more taxa in the crop T. aestivum than in the crop T. spelta. We also confirmed the ecotone rule only for the T. aestivum crop. We confirmed the significant influence of crops and environmental variables (pH, potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen) on the spatial dispersion of individuals around pitfall traps. On the basis of our results, both ecological farming and their ecotone systems are important for epigeic arthropods and with topical and trophic conditions, which is important for the production of biomass and also affects crop. In any anthropogenic activity, it is important to give priority to less invasive procedures with non-toxic effects on organisms and to use effective technologies in land management.","PeriodicalId":44107,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Diversity","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87476890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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