The article explores issues of the Polish refugee reception policy from the perspective of frontline workers: officials, citizen volunteers, and NGO workers at reception centers. It presents conclusions from the research of two Warsaw reception points established by the Voivode of Mazowsze in the beginning of the Ukraine war crisis in 2022. Looking at reception policy from the perspective of frontline workers and examining institutional frameworks (policy goals, regulations and norms) as entry conditions for various actors to collaborate, the article concludes that actions taken by the state authorities in the first weeks of crisis were an example of the responsibilization practices. Insights from the research can be helpful for the Multilevel Governance scholars to better understand the impact of top-down policy on the process of service delivery and problems of collaboration between actors at the local level of policy implementation.
{"title":"Frontline of Refugee Reception Policy: Warsaw Reception Centers During the 2022 Ukrainian Crisis","authors":"M. Trochymiak, Nina Wróblewska","doi":"10.1515/npf-2023-0082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/npf-2023-0082","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The article explores issues of the Polish refugee reception policy from the perspective of frontline workers: officials, citizen volunteers, and NGO workers at reception centers. It presents conclusions from the research of two Warsaw reception points established by the Voivode of Mazowsze in the beginning of the Ukraine war crisis in 2022. Looking at reception policy from the perspective of frontline workers and examining institutional frameworks (policy goals, regulations and norms) as entry conditions for various actors to collaborate, the article concludes that actions taken by the state authorities in the first weeks of crisis were an example of the responsibilization practices. Insights from the research can be helpful for the Multilevel Governance scholars to better understand the impact of top-down policy on the process of service delivery and problems of collaboration between actors at the local level of policy implementation.","PeriodicalId":44152,"journal":{"name":"Nonprofit Policy Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141919226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article explores issues of the Polish refugee reception policy from the perspective of frontline workers: officials, citizen volunteers, and NGO workers at reception centers. It presents conclusions from the research of two Warsaw reception points established by the Voivode of Mazowsze in the beginning of the Ukraine war crisis in 2022. Looking at reception policy from the perspective of frontline workers and examining institutional frameworks (policy goals, regulations and norms) as entry conditions for various actors to collaborate, the article concludes that actions taken by the state authorities in the first weeks of crisis were an example of the responsibilization practices. Insights from the research can be helpful for the Multilevel Governance scholars to better understand the impact of top-down policy on the process of service delivery and problems of collaboration between actors at the local level of policy implementation.
{"title":"Frontline of Refugee Reception Policy: Warsaw Reception Centers During the 2022 Ukrainian Crisis","authors":"M. Trochymiak, Nina Wróblewska","doi":"10.1515/npf-2023-0082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/npf-2023-0082","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The article explores issues of the Polish refugee reception policy from the perspective of frontline workers: officials, citizen volunteers, and NGO workers at reception centers. It presents conclusions from the research of two Warsaw reception points established by the Voivode of Mazowsze in the beginning of the Ukraine war crisis in 2022. Looking at reception policy from the perspective of frontline workers and examining institutional frameworks (policy goals, regulations and norms) as entry conditions for various actors to collaborate, the article concludes that actions taken by the state authorities in the first weeks of crisis were an example of the responsibilization practices. Insights from the research can be helpful for the Multilevel Governance scholars to better understand the impact of top-down policy on the process of service delivery and problems of collaboration between actors at the local level of policy implementation.","PeriodicalId":44152,"journal":{"name":"Nonprofit Policy Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141919478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a relatively stable democracy, Ghana has long been a popular country for international donors. However, recent changes in its classification by the World Bank and government proclamations have led to a reduction in foreign aid, forcing Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) to confront the financial sustainability of their organizations. In this study, we test the typology proposed by Arhin et al. (2018. “Facing the Bullet? Non-Governmental Organisations’ (NGOs’) Responses to the Changing Aid Landscape in Ghana.” Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 29 (2): 348–60) which finds that CSOs in Ghana are using six different strategies to work toward financial sustainability. Based on an original survey of 42 CSOs, our findings indicate an almost exclusive focus on income generation in the form of social enterprises. The challenges this poses to the sector are discussed.
加纳是一个相对稳定的民主国家，长期以来一直受到国际捐助者的青睐。然而，世界银行最近对其分类的改变以及政府的声明导致外国援助减少，迫使民间社会组织（CSO）面对其组织的财务可持续性问题。在本研究中，我们对 Arhin 等人（2018."面对子弹？非政府组织（NGO）对加纳不断变化的援助形势的回应"。Voluntas：Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 29 (2)：Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonfit Organizations 29 (2): 348-60），发现加纳的民间社会组织正在使用六种不同的策略来努力实现财务可持续性。基于对 42 个民间社会组织的原始调查，我们的研究结果表明，几乎所有的民间社会组织都把重点放在以社会企业的形式创收上。本文讨论了这给该部门带来的挑战。
{"title":"The Social Enterprise Craze: CSO Financial Sustainability in Ghana","authors":"Noemí Oeding, Kara Newby","doi":"10.1515/npf-2022-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/npf-2022-0035","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As a relatively stable democracy, Ghana has long been a popular country for international donors. However, recent changes in its classification by the World Bank and government proclamations have led to a reduction in foreign aid, forcing Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) to confront the financial sustainability of their organizations. In this study, we test the typology proposed by Arhin et al. (2018. “Facing the Bullet? Non-Governmental Organisations’ (NGOs’) Responses to the Changing Aid Landscape in Ghana.” Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 29 (2): 348–60) which finds that CSOs in Ghana are using six different strategies to work toward financial sustainability. Based on an original survey of 42 CSOs, our findings indicate an almost exclusive focus on income generation in the form of social enterprises. The challenges this poses to the sector are discussed.","PeriodicalId":44152,"journal":{"name":"Nonprofit Policy Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141826010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In efforts to address the far-reaching effects of climate change and associated impacts in communities, research on environmental philanthropy suggests that more resources are being allocated to environmental societal challenges. However, understandings about which environmental nonprofits benefit from these funding flows is limited. This study integrates resource dependency theory with elitism and pluralism perspectives to analyze a network of environmental nonprofits and their funders in Texas. Resource dependency and a network-analytic approaches share underlying relationality principles, and we connect those dots by conceptualizing the funding dynamics in Texas as a network of funder-grantee relations. Drawing on statewide survey data (n = 114), we use a network analysis technique – exponential random graph modeling (ERGM) – to analyze funding allocations in Texas through the organizational attributes of environmental nonprofits, their funder-grantee relations, and their community context. We specifically observe elitism in funding allocations in Texas, which is evident in network effects (preferential attachment) and the focal areas of environmental work. However, we find limited evidence that age or resources of the nonprofit are predictive of funding and the most influential factor determining a funder-grantee relationship is the natural hazard risk of the community served by the nonprofit. Our findings suggest interconnected funding dynamics of pluralism and elitism in the Texas environmental philanthropy landscape, prompting further discussion about the potential synergies of these patterns and the implications for environmental funding practices.
{"title":"How Do Nonprofits’ Organizational Characteristics Shape Environmental Philanthropy in Texas? A Network Science Approach","authors":"Joycelyn Ovalle, R. P. Bixler, Ji Ma","doi":"10.1515/npf-2023-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/npf-2023-0018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In efforts to address the far-reaching effects of climate change and associated impacts in communities, research on environmental philanthropy suggests that more resources are being allocated to environmental societal challenges. However, understandings about which environmental nonprofits benefit from these funding flows is limited. This study integrates resource dependency theory with elitism and pluralism perspectives to analyze a network of environmental nonprofits and their funders in Texas. Resource dependency and a network-analytic approaches share underlying relationality principles, and we connect those dots by conceptualizing the funding dynamics in Texas as a network of funder-grantee relations. Drawing on statewide survey data (n = 114), we use a network analysis technique – exponential random graph modeling (ERGM) – to analyze funding allocations in Texas through the organizational attributes of environmental nonprofits, their funder-grantee relations, and their community context. We specifically observe elitism in funding allocations in Texas, which is evident in network effects (preferential attachment) and the focal areas of environmental work. However, we find limited evidence that age or resources of the nonprofit are predictive of funding and the most influential factor determining a funder-grantee relationship is the natural hazard risk of the community served by the nonprofit. Our findings suggest interconnected funding dynamics of pluralism and elitism in the Texas environmental philanthropy landscape, prompting further discussion about the potential synergies of these patterns and the implications for environmental funding practices.","PeriodicalId":44152,"journal":{"name":"Nonprofit Policy Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141665173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. MacIndoe, Erynn E. Beaton, Maria Manuella Pache de Athayde, O. Ojelabi
Abstract Representation is an important role of the nonprofit sector as these organizations can give voice to the priorities of their constituents. This is particularly important for disadvantaged communities that may lack access to traditional democratic processes. What advocacy tactics are most utilized by nonprofit organizations serving disadvantaged populations? Given variation in nonprofit advocacy tactics, which tactics are perceived as most effective? To answer these questions, we look to the framework of tactical repertoires from sociological studies of social movements. Analysis of a survey of New England nonprofits (N = 656, 55 % response rate) indicates that nonprofits serving disadvantaged populations use similar tactics to organizations advocating for other constituencies but employ them at higher rates. These tactics cluster into three tactical repertoires, each a different combination of advocacy tactics. Perceptions of advocacy effectiveness are associated with the size and nature of tactical repertoires, client participation in advocacy, government funding, and perceptions of the policy environment.
Abstract Representation is an important role of the nonprofit sector as these organizations can give voice to the priorities of their constituents.这对于可能无法参与传统民主进程的弱势群体尤为重要。为弱势群体服务的非营利组织最常用的宣传策略是什么？鉴于非营利组织宣传策略的差异，哪些策略被认为是最有效的？为了回答这些问题，我们借鉴了社会运动社会学研究中的策略再现框架。对新英格兰地区非营利组织的调查分析（N = 656，回复率为 55%）表明，为弱势群体服务的非营利组织使用的策略与为其他群体服务的组织相似，但使用率更高。这些策略可归纳为三种策略，每种策略都是不同的宣传策略组合。对宣传效果的看法与战术组合的规模和性质、客户参与宣传、政府资助以及对政策环境的看法有关。
{"title":"Giving Voice: Examining the Tactical Repertoires of Nonprofit Advocacy for Disadvantaged Populations","authors":"H. MacIndoe, Erynn E. Beaton, Maria Manuella Pache de Athayde, O. Ojelabi","doi":"10.1515/npf-2023-0054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/npf-2023-0054","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Representation is an important role of the nonprofit sector as these organizations can give voice to the priorities of their constituents. This is particularly important for disadvantaged communities that may lack access to traditional democratic processes. What advocacy tactics are most utilized by nonprofit organizations serving disadvantaged populations? Given variation in nonprofit advocacy tactics, which tactics are perceived as most effective? To answer these questions, we look to the framework of tactical repertoires from sociological studies of social movements. Analysis of a survey of New England nonprofits (N = 656, 55 % response rate) indicates that nonprofits serving disadvantaged populations use similar tactics to organizations advocating for other constituencies but employ them at higher rates. These tactics cluster into three tactical repertoires, each a different combination of advocacy tactics. Perceptions of advocacy effectiveness are associated with the size and nature of tactical repertoires, client participation in advocacy, government funding, and perceptions of the policy environment.","PeriodicalId":44152,"journal":{"name":"Nonprofit Policy Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141667916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Environmental nonprofit organizations (ENPOs) play a critical role in climate governance. Though ENPOs dedicate significant efforts to advocacy and providing public services, their interaction with public opinion on global warming has not been fully explored. Through multilevel regression analysis on county-level data in the U.S., this article examines the relationship between the presence of ENPOs and public perceptions of global warming, taking into account variations among ENPOs. The findings indicate that: (1) the overall presence of ENPOs is slightly, but not significantly, positively correlated with public perceptions of global warming, with advocacy-oriented ENPOs showing a more robust and statistically significant correlation; (2) there is an inverted-U relationship between the presence of ENPOs and public opinion on global warming, with advocacy-oriented ENPOs reaching tipping points earlier than service-oriented ENPOs; and (3) the partisanship of liberal counties influences this association. This study suggests a potential role for nonprofits in policymaking by interacting with public opinion.
{"title":"Environmental Nonprofit Organizations and Public Opinion on Global Warming","authors":"Yu Sun","doi":"10.1515/npf-2023-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/npf-2023-0029","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Environmental nonprofit organizations (ENPOs) play a critical role in climate governance. Though ENPOs dedicate significant efforts to advocacy and providing public services, their interaction with public opinion on global warming has not been fully explored. Through multilevel regression analysis on county-level data in the U.S., this article examines the relationship between the presence of ENPOs and public perceptions of global warming, taking into account variations among ENPOs. The findings indicate that: (1) the overall presence of ENPOs is slightly, but not significantly, positively correlated with public perceptions of global warming, with advocacy-oriented ENPOs showing a more robust and statistically significant correlation; (2) there is an inverted-U relationship between the presence of ENPOs and public opinion on global warming, with advocacy-oriented ENPOs reaching tipping points earlier than service-oriented ENPOs; and (3) the partisanship of liberal counties influences this association. This study suggests a potential role for nonprofits in policymaking by interacting with public opinion.","PeriodicalId":44152,"journal":{"name":"Nonprofit Policy Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141346153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Ferris, Tiana Marrese, Ram A. Cnaan, Daniel Choi, F. Handy
Abstract Refugee and immigrant nonprofit organizations rely on their volunteers to carry out services that are critical for supporting their mission. The primary aim of this paper is to explore the types of volunteers who support refugee and immigrant nonprofits. We report findings from two independent, but complementary studies. Study 1 examined the individuals who formally volunteered before and during the COVID-19 pandemic at refugee and immigrant nonprofit organizations. In our analysis, we employed a logistic regression to understand to what extent volunteering at refugee and immigrant organizations is associated with demographic characteristics, religiosity, political views, and civic engagement. We compare volunteers assisting refugees and immigrants to volunteers serving other causes and all individuals who volunteer in the US. In Study 2, we aimed to know individuals volunteering for refugees and immigrants more deeply and conducted 15 in-depth semi-structured interviews with volunteers who supported Afghan evacuees between August 2021 and August 2022 through a refugee resettlement organization or a community sponsorship group. Findings from Study 1 indicate that volunteers supporting refugees and immigrants are more likely to be part-time workers, born outside of the US, are more liberal in their political views, and are more likely to be religious than volunteers who serve other organizations. Results from Study 2 show that volunteers were not new to volunteering for refugee and immigrant causes, were often motivated by personal or family experiences with migration or displacement and were affiliated with a congregation or synagogue. Volunteers showed that they went beyond traditional resettlement support that focused on providing immediate needs and were also active in political advocacy for refugees and immigrants. We conclude by providing exploratory insight into the individuals that support refugee and immigrant nonprofits and we offer practice implications relating to sustaining this unique group of volunteers.
{"title":"Who Volunteers at Refugee and Immigrant Nonprofits? Results from Two Studies","authors":"Anna Ferris, Tiana Marrese, Ram A. Cnaan, Daniel Choi, F. Handy","doi":"10.1515/npf-2023-0066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/npf-2023-0066","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Refugee and immigrant nonprofit organizations rely on their volunteers to carry out services that are critical for supporting their mission. The primary aim of this paper is to explore the types of volunteers who support refugee and immigrant nonprofits. We report findings from two independent, but complementary studies. Study 1 examined the individuals who formally volunteered before and during the COVID-19 pandemic at refugee and immigrant nonprofit organizations. In our analysis, we employed a logistic regression to understand to what extent volunteering at refugee and immigrant organizations is associated with demographic characteristics, religiosity, political views, and civic engagement. We compare volunteers assisting refugees and immigrants to volunteers serving other causes and all individuals who volunteer in the US. In Study 2, we aimed to know individuals volunteering for refugees and immigrants more deeply and conducted 15 in-depth semi-structured interviews with volunteers who supported Afghan evacuees between August 2021 and August 2022 through a refugee resettlement organization or a community sponsorship group. Findings from Study 1 indicate that volunteers supporting refugees and immigrants are more likely to be part-time workers, born outside of the US, are more liberal in their political views, and are more likely to be religious than volunteers who serve other organizations. Results from Study 2 show that volunteers were not new to volunteering for refugee and immigrant causes, were often motivated by personal or family experiences with migration or displacement and were affiliated with a congregation or synagogue. Volunteers showed that they went beyond traditional resettlement support that focused on providing immediate needs and were also active in political advocacy for refugees and immigrants. We conclude by providing exploratory insight into the individuals that support refugee and immigrant nonprofits and we offer practice implications relating to sustaining this unique group of volunteers.","PeriodicalId":44152,"journal":{"name":"Nonprofit Policy Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141347998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"McMullin, C. (2023). Non-profit Organizations and Co-production: The Logics Shaping Professional and Citizen Collaboration","authors":"Ignacio Ruelas Ávila","doi":"10.1515/npf-2024-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/npf-2024-0023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44152,"journal":{"name":"Nonprofit Policy Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141352777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An increasing number of philanthropic organizations (inter alias, POs) are contributing to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and its 17 SDGs and are involved with the multi-stakeholder process at the UN and other international Organisations. POs’ interest in participating in the SDG process has over the years increased due to the multiple crises that the world has to face caused by pandemics, war, food insecurity, poverty, and climate change. The interventions of POs are in general greatly appreciated but also questioned by some Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) who have some reservations about the intentions of POs. Within the family of UN agencies, several International Organizations (IOs) welcome POs and provide mechanisms of engagement (UN, UNDESA, UNDP, WHO). Some POs are taking part in the implementation of the SDGs and the related UN processes and are creating intermediary actors or organizations and platforms for greater scale and impact. Some POs are interested in creating a joint representation at the UN in the High-Level Political Forum (HLPF). This new development is the subject matter of this short commentary.
{"title":"Philanthropy, the 2030 Agenda and UN Diplomacy","authors":"Raymond Saner, Lichia Yiu","doi":"10.1515/npf-2023-0109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/npf-2023-0109","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An increasing number of philanthropic organizations (inter alias, POs) are contributing to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and its 17 SDGs and are involved with the multi-stakeholder process at the UN and other international Organisations. POs’ interest in participating in the SDG process has over the years increased due to the multiple crises that the world has to face caused by pandemics, war, food insecurity, poverty, and climate change. The interventions of POs are in general greatly appreciated but also questioned by some Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) who have some reservations about the intentions of POs. Within the family of UN agencies, several International Organizations (IOs) welcome POs and provide mechanisms of engagement (UN, UNDESA, UNDP, WHO). Some POs are taking part in the implementation of the SDGs and the related UN processes and are creating intermediary actors or organizations and platforms for greater scale and impact. Some POs are interested in creating a joint representation at the UN in the High-Level Political Forum (HLPF). This new development is the subject matter of this short commentary.","PeriodicalId":44152,"journal":{"name":"Nonprofit Policy Forum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141102243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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